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Abstract :
[en] This paper evaluates the multidimensional performance and efficiency of the Eu- rope 2030 objectives across the EU-27 countries over the period 2021–2024. We construct a composite sustainability framework combining digital, social, and envi- ronmental dimensions using a target-based normalization and geometric aggregation approach. The framework integrates indicators related to 5G coverage, artificial in- telligence adoption, digital skills, poverty, employment, PM2.5 emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, and renewable energy. To better understand the sources of perfor- mance heterogeneity, the composite indicators are further decomposed following the multiplicative approach proposed by Walheer (2018), distinguishing country effects, group effects, and objective effects. Beyond absolute performance measurement, we assess relative multidimensional efficiency using a Benefit-of-the-Doubt Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA-BoD) model with three outputs: the Digital Index (DI), Social Resilience Index (SRI), and Environmental Index (EI). The empirical results reveal substantial heterogeneity across EU countries. Northern European countries—particularly Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Austria—exhibit the highest composite sustainability performance. However, DEA results indicate that absolute performance and relative efficiency are not necessarily aligned: Czechia, Poland, and Latvia achieve comparatively high efficiency scores despite moderate composite performance. The decomposition analysis shows that performance differences are primarily driven by country-specific factors. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of combining composite indicators with efficiency analysis to understand the structural dynamics underlying the Europe 2030 objectives.
