Almeev, R.R., Holtz, F., Koepke, J., Parat, F., 2012. Experimental calibration of the effect of H2O on plagioclase crystallization in basaltic melt at 200 MPa. Am. Mineral. 97, 1234–1240. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2012.4100
Almeev, R.R., Holtz, F., Koepke, J., Parat, F., Botcharnikov, R.E., 2007. The effect of H2O on olivine crystallization in MORB: experimental calibration at 200 MPa. Am. Mineral. 92, 670–674. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2007.2484
Andersen, O., 1915. The system anorthite-forsterite-silica. Am. J. Sci.. s4-39, 407–454. .
Anzures, B.A., Parman, S.W., Milliken, R.E., Namur, O., Cartier, C., McCubbin, F.M., Vander Kaaden, K.E., Prissel, K., Iacovino, K., Lanzirotti, A., Newville, M., 2025. An oxygen fugacity-temperature-pressure-composition model for sulfide speciation in Mercurian magmas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 388, 61–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.11.012
Anzures, B.A., Parman, S.W., Milliken, R.E., Namur, O., Cartier, C., Wang, S., 2020. Effect of sulfur speciation on chemical and physical properties of very reduced mercurian melts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 286, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2020.07.024
Armienti, P., Tarquini, S., 2002. Power law olivine crystal size distributions in lithospheric mantle xenoliths. Lithos. 65, 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(02)00195-0
Berthet, S., Malavergne, V., Righter, K., 2009. Melting of the Indarch meteorite (EH4 chondrite) at 1GPa and variable oxygen fugacity: implications for early planetary differentiation processes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 73, 6402–6420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.07.030
Botcharnikov, R.E., Almeev, R.R., Koepke, J., Holtz, F., 2008. Phase relations and liquid lines of descent in hydrous ferrobasalt-implications for the skaergaard intrusion and columbia river flood basalts. J. Petrol. 49, 1687–1727. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egn043
Boujibar, A., Righter, K., Fontaine, E., Collinet, M., Lambart, S., Nittler, L.R., Pando, K.M., 2025. A Pyroxenite mantle on Mercury? Experimental insights from enstatite chondrite melting at pressures up to 5 GPa. Icarus 437, 116602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116602
Cartier, C., Hammouda, T., Doucelance, R., Boyet, M., Devidal, J.-L., Moine, B., 2014. Experimental study of trace element partitioning between enstatite and melt in enstatite chondrites at low oxygen fugacities and 5 GPa. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 130, 167–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.01.002
Cartier, C., Wood, B.J., 2019. The role of reducing conditions in building Mercury. Elements 15, 39–45. https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.15.1.39
Filiberto, J., Treiman, A.H., 2009. The effect of chlorine on the liquidus of basalt: first results and implications for basalt genesis on Mars and Earth. Chem. Geol. 263, 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.08.025
Filiberto, J., Wood, J., Dasgupta, R., Shimizu, N., Le, L., Treiman, A.H., 2012. Effect of fluorine on near-liquidus phase equilibria of an Fe-Mg rich basalt. Chem. Geol. 312-313, 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.04.015
Fogel, R.A., 2005. Aubrite basalt vitrophyres: the missing basaltic component and high-sulfur silicate melts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69, 1633–1648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.11.032
Goossens, S., Renaud, J.P., Henning, W.G., Mazarico, E., Bertone, S., Genova, A., 2022. Evaluation of recent measurements of Mercury’s moments of inertia and tides using a comprehensive Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Planet. Sci. J. 3, 37. https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac4bb8
Green, E.C., Holland, T.J., Powell, R., Weller, O.M., Riel, N., 2025. Corrigendum to: melting of peridotites through to granites: a simple thermodynamic model in the system kncfmashtocr, and, a thermodynamic model for the subsolidus evolution and melting of peridotite. J. Petrol. 66 (1), egae079. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egae079
Hauck, S.A., Margot, J.L., Solomon, S.C., Phillips, R.J., Johnson, C.L., Lemoine, F.G., Mazarico, E., McCoy, T.J., Padovan, S., Peale, S.J., Perry, M.E., Smith, D.E., Zuber, M.T., 2013. The curious case of Mercury’s internal structure. J. Geophys. Res., Planets 118, 1204–1220. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgre.20091
Hirschmann, M.M., Tenner, T., Aubaud, C., Withers, A.C., 2009. Dehydration melting of nominally anhydrous mantle: the primacy of partitioning. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 176, 54–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2009.04.001
Holland, T.J.B., Green, E.C.R., Powell, R., 2018. Melting of peridotites through to granites: a simple thermodynamic model in the system KNCFMASHTOCr. J. Petrol. 59, 881–900. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egy048
Huebner, J.S., 1971. Buffering techniques for hydrostatic systems at elevated pressures. In: Ulmer, G.C. (Ed.), Research Techniques for High Pressure and High Temperature, pp. 123–177. .
Jarosewich, E., 1990. Chemical analyses of meteorites: a compilation of stony and iron meteorite analyses. Meteoritics 25, 323–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.1990.tb00717.x
Jugo, P.J., Wilke, M., Botcharnikov, R.E., 2010. Sulfur K-edge XANES analysis of natural and synthetic basaltic glasses: implications for S speciation and S content as function of oxygen fugacity. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 74, 5926–5938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.022
Katz, R.F., Spiegelman, M., Langmuir, C.H., 2003. A new parameterization of hydrous mantle melting. Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems 4, 1073. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000433
Kilburn, M.R., Wood, B.J., 1997. Metal-silicate partitioning and the incompatibility of S and Si during core formation. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 152, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00125-8
Knibbe, J.S., Rivoldini, A., Luginbuhl, S.M., Namur, O., Charlier, B., Mezouar, M., Sifre, D., Berndt, J., Kono, Y., Neuville, D.R., Westrenen van, W., Hoolst, T.V., 2021. Mercury’s interior structure constrained by density and P-wave velocity measurements of liquid Fe-Si-C alloys. J. Geophys. Res.: Planets 126, e2020JE006651. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006651
Koch, L., Almeev, R.R., Linsler, S.A., Marxer, F., Holtz, F., 2025. The effect of H2O on the crystallization of orthopyroxene in a high-Mg andesitic melt. Am. Mineral. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2024-9593
Kojitani, H., Akaogi, M., 1997. Melting enthalpies of mantle peridotite: calorimetric determinations in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 and application to magma generation. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 153, 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00186-6
Lin, Y., Ishii, T., van Westrenen, W., Katsura, T., Mao, H.-K., 2024. Melting at the base of a terrestrial magma ocean controlled by oxygen fugacity. Nat. Geosci. 17, 803–808. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01495-1
Lin, Y., Tronche, E.J., Steenstra, E.S., van Westrenen, W., 2017. Evidence for an early wet Moon from experimental crystallization of the lunar magma ocean. Nat. Geosci. 10, 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2845
Lin, Y., van Westrenen, W., 2021. Oxygen as a catalyst in the Earth’s interior? Natl. Sci. Rev. 8, nwab009. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwab009
Lin, Y., van Westrenen, W., Mao, H.-K., 2021. Oxygen controls on magmatism in rocky exoplanets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 118, e2110427118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110427118
Liu, T.-C., Presnall, D.C., 1990. Liquidus phase relationships on the join anorthite-forsterite-quartz at 20 kbar with applications to basalt petrogenesis and igneous sapphirine. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 104, 735–742. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01167290
Lodders, K., Fegley, B.J.R, 1998. The Planetary Scientist’s Companion. Oxford University Press.
Longhi, J., 1987. Liquidus equilibria and solid solution in the system CaAl2Si2O8-Mg2SiO4-CaSiO3-SiO2 at low pressure. Am. J. Sci. 287, 265–331. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.287.4.265
Malavergne, V., Cordier, P., Righter, K., Brunet, F., Zanda, B., Addad, A., Smith, T., Bureau, H., Surblé, S., Raepsaet, C., Charon, E., Hewins, R.H., 2014. How Mercury can be the most reduced terrestrial planet and still store iron in its mantle. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 394, 186–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.03.028
Malavergne, V., Toplis, M.J., Berthet, S., Jones, J., 2010. Highly reducing conditions during core formation on Mercury: implications for internal structure and the origin of a magnetic field. Icarus 206, 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118812
Margot, J.L., Hauck, S.A., Mazarico, E., Padovan, S., Peale, S.J., 2018. Mercury’s internal structure. in: Mercury. View MSSENGER, pp. 85–113. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316650684.005
McCubbin, F.M., Riner, M.A., Vander Kaaden, K.E., Burkemper, L.K., 2012. Is Mercury a volatile-rich planet? Geophys. Res. Lett. 39. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051711
McKenzie, D., Bickle, M.J., 1988. The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere. J. Petrol. 29, 625–679. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/29.3.625
Médard, E., Grove, T.L., 2008. The effect of H2O on the olivine liquidus of basaltic melts: experiments and thermodynamic models. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 155, 417–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-007-0250-4
Métrich, N., Berry, A.J., O’Neill, H.S.T.C., Susini, J., 2009. The oxidation state of sulfur in synthetic and natural glasses determined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 73, 2382–2399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.025
Mouser, M.D., Dygert, N., 2023. On the potential for cumulate mantle overturn in Mercury. J. Geophys. Res.: Planets 128, e2023JE007739. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JE007739
Mouser, M.D., Dygert, N., Anzures, B.A., Grambling, N.L., Hrubiak, R., Kono, Y., Shen, G., Parman, S.W., 2021. Experimental investigation of Mercury’s magma ocean viscosity: implications for the formation of Mercury’s cumulate mantle, Its subsequent dynamic evolution, and crustal petrogenesis. J. Geophys. Res.: Planets 126, e2021JE006946. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE006946
Namur, O., Charlier, B., Holtz, F., Cartier, C., McCammon, C., 2016a. Sulfur solubility in reduced mafic silicate melts: implications for the speciation and distribution of sulfur on Mercury. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 448, 102–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.024
Namur, O., Collinet, M., Charlier, B., Grove, T.L., Holtz, F., McCammon, C., 2016b Melting processes and mantle sources of lavas on Mercury. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 439, 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.030
Nittler, L.R., Chabot, N.L., Grove, T.L., Peplowski, P.N., 2018. The Chemical Composition of Mercury. Mercury: The View After MESSENGER Ch 2. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316650684.003
Peplowski, P.N., Klima, R.L., Lawrence, D.J., Ernst, C.M., Denevi, B.W., Frank, E.A., Goldsten, J.O., Murchie, S.L., Nittler, L.R., Solomon, S.C., 2016. Remote sensing evidence for an ancient carbon-bearing crust on mercury. Nat. Geosci. 9, 273–276. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2669
Pommier, A., Tauber, M.J., Pirotte, H., Cody, G.D., Steele, A., Bullock, E.S., Charlier, B., Mysen, B.O., 2023. Experimental investigation of the bonding of sulfur in highly reduced silicate glasses and melts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 363, 114–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2023.10.027
Prockter, L.M., Ernst, C.M., Denevi, B.W., Chapman, C.R., Head, J.W., Fassett, C.I., Merline, W.J., Solomon, S.C., Watters, T.R., Strom, R.G., Cremonese, G., Marchi, S., Massironi, M., 2010. Evidence for young volcanism on Mercury from the third MESSENGER flyby. Science 329, 668–671. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188186
Riel, N., Kaus, B.J.P., Green, E.C.R., Berlie, N., 2022. MAGEMin, an efficient gibbs energy minimizer: application to igneous systems. Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems 23, e2022GC010427. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GC010427
Robie, R.A., Hemingway, B.S., 1995. Thermodynamic properties of minerals and related substances at 298.15 K and 1 Bar (105 Pascals) pressure and at higher temperatures. Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.3133/b2131
Saracino, F., Charlier, B., Zhang, Y., Lécaille, M., Lin, Y., Namur, O., 2025. The role of sulfur on the liquidus temperature and olivine-orthopyroxene equilibria in highly reduced magmas. Chem. Geol. 683, 122777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2025.122777
Sen, G., Presnall, D.C., 1984. Liquidus phase relationships on the join anorthite-forsterite-quartz at 10 kbar with applications to basalt petrogenesis. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 85, 404–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01150296
Sisson, T.W., Grove, T.L., 1993. Experimental investigations of the role of H2O in calc-alkaline differentiation and subduction zone magmatism. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 113, 143–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00283225
Solomatov, V.S., 2015. WITHDRAWN: the terrestrial magma ocean hypothesis. Gondwana Res.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2015.07.018
Steenstra, E.S., Seegers, A.X., Eising, J., Tomassen, B.G.J., Webers, F.P.F., Berndt, J., Klemme, S., Matveev, S., Van Westrenen, W., 2018. Evidence for a sulfur-undersaturated lunar interior from the solubility of sulfur in lunar melts and sulfide-silicate partitioning of siderophile elements. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 231, 130–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2020.07.002
Steenstra, E.S., Seegers, A.X., Putter, R., Berndt, J., Klemme, S., Matveev, S., Bullock, E.S., van Westrenen, W., 2020. Metal-silicate partitioning systematics of siderophile elements at reducing conditions: a new experimental database. Icarus 335, 113391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.04.008
Vander Kaaden, K.E., McCubbin, F.M., 2015. Exotic crust formation on Mercury: consequences of shallow, FeO-poor mantle. J. Geophys. Res. Planets. 120, 195–209. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JE004733
Weider, S.Z., Nittler, L.R., Starr, R.D., Crapster-Pregont, E.J., Peplowski, P.N., Denevi, B.W., Head, J.W., Byrne, P.K., Hauck, S.A., Ebel, D.S., Solomon, S.C., 2015. Evidence for geochemical terranes on Mercury: global mapping of major elements with MESSENGER’s X-Ray Spectrometer. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 416, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.01.023
Weider, S.Z., Nittler, L.R., Starr, R.D., McCoy, T.J., Solomon, S.C., 2014. Variations in the abundance of iron on Mercury’s surface from MESSENGER X-Ray Spectrometer observations. Icarus 235, 170–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.002
Wu, P., Xu, Y., Lin, Y., 2024. A novel rapid cooling assembly design in a high-pressure cubic press apparatus. Matter Radiat. Extrem. 9, 027402. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0176025
Xu, Q., Gao, S., van Westrenen, W., Gréaux, S., Kono, Y., Wu, P., Shang, S., Xiang, H., Kakizawa, S., Tsujino, N., Higo, Y., Lin, Y., 2026. Reactive formation of magnesiowüstite at the lunar core-mantle boundary. Nat. Commun. 17, 3705. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-71701-8
Xu, R., Xiao, Z., Wang, Y., Cui, J., 2024. Less than one weight percent of graphite on the surface of Mercury. Nat. Astron. 8, 280–289. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-023-02169-5
Xu, Y., Wu, P., Shang, S., Wang, X., Li, T., Gao, S., Lv, S., Cheng, H., Xu, Q., Lei, S., Feng, J., Zhao, L., van Westrenen, W., Ishii, T., Chen, B., Su, L., Ding, Y., Yang, W., Mao, H.-K., Lin, Y., 2026. Pressure calibrations of high-pressure large-volume presses at HPSTAR. Matter Radiat. Extremes 11 (1). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0289378
Zeng, Q., Nekvasil, H., Grey, C.P., 1999. Proton environments in hydrous aluminosilicate glasses: A 1H MAS, 1H/27Al, and 1H/23Na TRAPDOR NMR Study. J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 7406–7415. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp990726l
Zhang, Y., Dasgupta, R., 2026. The effects of sulfur on near-liquidus phase relations of highly reduced basaltic melts with implications for magmatism in Mercury. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 420, 399–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2026.02.034
Zhang, Z., Pan, J.S., Zhang, J., Tok, E.S., 2010. Kinetics of Ge diffusion, desorption and pit formation dynamics during annealing of Si0.8Ge0.2/Si (001) virtual substrates. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 7171–7183. https://doi.org/10.1039/B927274G
Zolotov, M.Y.U., Sprague, A.L., Hauck II, S.A., Nittler, L.R., Solomon, S.C., Weider, S.Z., 2013. The redox state, FeO content, and origin of sulfur-rich magmas on Mercury. J. Geophys. Res.: Planets 118, 138–146. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JE004274
