planets and satellites: detection; planets and satellites: individual: Gliese 12 b; planets and satellites: interiors; planets and satellites: terrestrial planets; stars: individual: Gliese 12; techniques: radial velocities; Planet and satellite: individual: gliese 12 b; Planet and satellite: terrestrial planet; Planets and satellites; Planets and satellites: detections; Planets and satellites: individual; Planets and satellites: interiors; Star: individual: gliese 12; Stars: individual: proxima Centauri; Techniques: radial velocities; Terrestrial planets; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science
Abstract :
[en] Small temperate planets are prime targets for exoplanet studies due to their possible similarities with the rocky planets in the Solar system. M dwarfs are promising hosts since the planetary signals are within our current detection capabilities. Gliese 12 b is a Venus-sized temperate planet orbiting a quiet M dwarf. We present here the first precise mass measurement of this small exoplanet. We performed a detailed analysis using HARPS-N (High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher for the Northern Hemisphere), ESPRESSO (Echelle Spectrograph for Rocky Exoplanets and Stable Spectroscopic Observations), and CARMENES (Calar Alto high-Resolution search for M dwarfs with Exoearths with Near-infrared and optical Echelle Spectrographs) radial velocities, along with new and archival TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite), CHEOPS (CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite), and MuSCAT2/3 (Multicolor Simultaneous Camera for studying Atmospheres of Transiting exoplanets) photometry data. From fitting the available data, we find that the planet has a radius of Rp = 0.93 ± 0.06 R⊕ and a mass of Mp = 0.95+0.29-0.30, M⊕ (a 3.2σ measurement of the semi-amplitude K = 0.67 ± 0.21 ms-1), and is on an orbit with a period of 12.761418+0.000060-0.000055, d. A variety of techniques were utilized to attenuate stellar activity signals. Gliese 12b has an equilibrium temperature of Teq = 317 ± 8 K, assuming an albedo of zero, and a density consistent with that of Earth and Venus (ϱp = 6.4 ± 2.4 g cm-3). We find that Gliese 12 b has a predominantly rocky interior and simulations indicate that it is unlikely to have retained any of its primordial gaseous envelope. The bulk properties of Gliese 12 b place it in an extremely sparsely populated region of both mass–radius and density–Teq parameter space, making it a prime target for follow-up observations, including Lyman-α studies.
Research Center/Unit :
STAR - Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research - ULiège Astrobiology - ULiège
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Turner, Daisy A. ; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Eschen, Yoshi Nike Emilia ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Murgas, Felipe; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Mortier, Annelies ; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Wilson, Thomas G. ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Fernández Fernández, Jorge; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Gromek, Nicole; Department of Physics & Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
Morello, Giuseppe; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Granada, Spain ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Tabernero, Hugo M.; CSIC, Campus UAB, Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (ICE, Bellaterra, Spain ; Campus UPC, Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Castelldefels, Spain
Egger, Jo Ann; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Vissapragada, Shreyas; Carnegie Science Observatories, Pasadena, United States
Caballero, José A.; Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain
Dreizler, Stefan; Institut für Astrophysik und Geophysik, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
Freckelton, Alix Violet; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Lakeland, Ben Scott; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Nagel, Evangelos; Institut für Astrophysik und Geophysik, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
Naponiello, Luca; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Vanaverbeke, Siegfried; Vereniging Voor Sterrenkunde (VVS), Brugge, Belgium ; Public Observatory ASTROLAB IRIS, Ieper, Belgium
Venner, Alexander; Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa; Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain
Amado, Pedro J.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Granada, Spain
Béjar, Víctor J.S.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Buchhave, Lars A.; Department of Space Research and Space Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Collier Cameron, Andrew; SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Carleo, Ilaria; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Chaturvedi, Priyanka; Thueringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Tautenburg, Germany ; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
Cloutier, Ryan; Department of Physics & Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
Damasso, Mario; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Daspute, Mangesh; Department of Physics, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
Dholakia, Shishir; Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
Dufoer, Sjoerd; Vereniging Voor Sterrenkunde (VVS), Brugge, Belgium
Dumusque, Xavier; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Herrero, Enrique; Campus UPC, Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Castelldefels, Spain
John, Ancy Anna; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Lillo-Box, Jorge; Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain
Lodieu, Nicolas; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
López-Morales, Mercedes; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, United States
Malavolta, Luca; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ‘Galileo Galilei’, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Mancini, Luigi; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy ; Department of Physics, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Roma, Italy ; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
Mantovan, Giacomo; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ‘Galileo Galilei’, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Montes, David; Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, IPARCOS-UCM, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos de la UCM, Madrid, Spain
Morales, Juan Carlos; CSIC, Campus UAB, Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (ICE, Bellaterra, Spain ; Campus UPC, Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Castelldefels, Spain
Nicholson, Belinda; Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
Orell-Miquel, Jaume; Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
Palethorpe, Larissa; SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Palle, Enric; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
Quirrenbach, Andreas; Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Reffert, Sabine; Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Reiners, Ansgar; Institut für Astrophysik und Geophysik, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
Ribas, Ignasi; CSIC, Campus UAB, Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (ICE, Bellaterra, Spain ; Campus UPC, Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Castelldefels, Spain
Rice, Ken; SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Silva, André M.; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, CAUP, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Sozzetti, Alessandro; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Stalport, Manu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Tal-Or, Lev; Department of Physics, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel ; Astrophysics, Geophysics, And Space Science Research Center, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
Trifonov, Trifon; Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University ‘St Kliment Ohridski’, Sofia, Bulgaria
Udry, Stéphane; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Zechmeister, Mathias; Institut für Astrophysik und Geophysik, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
CARMENES is an instrument at the Centro Astron\u00F3mico Hispano en Andaluc\u00EDa (CAHA) at Calar Alto (Almer\u00EDa, Spain), operated jointly by the Junta de Andaluc\u00EDa and the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Andaluc\u00EDa (CSIC). CARMENES was funded by the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00EDficas (CSIC), the Ministerio de Econom\u00EDa y Competitividad (MINECO), and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through projects FICTS-2011-02, ICTS-2017-07-CAHA-4, and CAHA16-CE-3978, and the members of the CARMENES Consortium (Max-Planck-Institut f\u00FCr Astronomie, Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Andaluc\u00EDa, Landessternwarte K\u00F6nigstuhl, Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai, Institut f\u00FCr Astrophysik G\u00F6ttingen, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Th\u00FCringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias, Hamburger Sternwarte, Centro de Astrobiolog\u00EDa and Centro Astron\u00F3mico Hispano-Alem\u00E1n), with additional contributions by the MINECO, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through the Major Research Instrumentation Programme and Research Unit FOR2544 \u2018Blue Planets around Red Stars\u2019, the Klaus Tschira Stiftung, the states of Baden-W\u00FCrttemberg and Niedersachsen, and by the Junta de Andaluc\u00EDa.We thank the referee for a constructive and timely report that improved the quality of this manuscript.This work is based on observations made with the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) operated on the island of La Palma by the Fundaci\u00F3n Galileo Galilei of the INAF (Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica) at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. The HARPS-N project was funded by the Prodex Program of the Swiss Space Office (SSO), the Harvard University Origin of Life Initiative (HUOLI), the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), the University of Geneva, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), the Italian National Astrophysical Institute (INAF), University of St. Andrews, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, and University of Edinburgh.CARMENES is an instrument at the Centro Astron\u00F3mico Hispano en Andaluc\u00EDa (CAHA) at Calar Alto (Almer\u00EDa, Spain), operated jointly by the Junta de Andaluc\u00EDa and the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Andaluc\u00EDa (CSIC). CARMENES was funded by the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00EDficas (CSIC), the Ministerio de Econom\u00EDa y Competitividad (MINECO), and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through projects FICTS-2011-02, ICTS-2017-07-CAHA-4, and CAHA16-CE-3978, and the members of the CARMENES Consortium (Max-Planck-Institut f\u00FCr Astronomie, Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Andaluc\u00EDa, Landessternwarte K\u00F6nigstuhl, Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai, Institut f\u00FCr Astrophysik G\u00F6ttingen, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Th\u00FCringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias, Hamburger Sternwarte, Centro de Astrobiolog\u00EDa and Centro Astron\u00F3mico Hispano-Alem\u00E1n), with additional contributions by the MINECO, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through the Major Research Instrumentation Programme and Research Unit FOR2544 \u2018Blue Planets around Red Stars\u2019, the Klaus Tschira Stiftung, the states of Baden-W\u00FCrttemberg and Niedersachsen, and by the Junta de Andaluc\u00EDa.This work is based on observations collected with ESPRESSO at the European Southern Observatory under ESO programme 113.26RH.CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. CHEOPS data analysed in this article will be made available in the CHEOPS mission archive (https://cheops.unige.ch/archive_browser/).This paper made use of data collected by the TESS mission and are publicly available from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) operated by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate. We acknowledge the use of public TESS data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. This research has made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Programme (ExoFOP; doi:10.26134/ExoFOP5) website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Programme.This article is based on observations made with the MuSCAT2 instrument, developed by ABC, at Telescopio Carlos S\u00E1nchez, operated on the island of Tenerife by the IAC in the Spanish Observatorio del Teide.This paper is based on observations made with the MuSCAT3 instrument, developed by the Astrobiology Center and under financial supports by JSPS KAKENHI (JP18H05439) and JST PRESTO (JPMJPR1775), at Faulkes Telescope North on Maui, HI, operated by the Las Cumbres Observatory.This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement.This publication makes use of The Data & Analysis Center for Exoplanets (DACE), which is a facility based at the University of Geneva (CH) dedicated to extrasolar planets data visualization, exchange, and analysis. DACE is a platform of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) PlanetS, federating the Swiss expertise in Exoplanet research. The DACE platform is available at https://dace.unige.ch.This research has made use of the NASA Exoplanet Archive, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program.DAT acknowledges the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC).YNEE acknowledges support from a Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) studentship, grant no. ST/Y509693/1.AM, AAJ, and BSL acknowledge funding from a UKRI Future Leader Fellowship, grant no. MR/X033244/1. AM acknowledges funding from a UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) small grant ST/Y002334/1.TGW acknowledges support from the University of Warwick and UKSA.We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, the ERDF \u2018A way of making Europe\u2019, and the Fondo Social Europeo plus (FSE+) through projects PID2023-152906NA-I00, PID2022-137241NBC4[1:4], PID2021-125627OB-C3[1:2], PID2020-112949GB-I00, PID2019-107061GB-C61, CNS2023-144309, and RYC2022-037854-I, and from the Centre of Excellence \u2018Severo Ochoa\u2019 award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (CEX2021-001131-S).This research was partially funded by The Israel Science Foundation through grant no. 1404/22.This work was funded by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. This work was also supported by FCT\u2013Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia through national funds by these grants: UIDB/04434/2020, doi:10.54499/UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, doi:10.54499/UIDP/04434/2020, PTDC/FIS-AST/4862/2020, UID/04434/2025. CEECIND/CP2839/CT0004, 2023.08117.CEECIND/CP2839/CT0004.SD and APH acknowledge support from the DFG under Research Unit FOR2544 \u2018Blue Planets around Red Stars\u2019 through projects DR 281/39-1 and HA 3279/14-1, respectively.LN and LM acknowledge financial contribution from the INAF Large Grant 2023 \u2018EXODEMO\u2019.AVF acknowledges the support of the Institude of Physics through the Bell Burnell Graduate Scholarship Fund.LM acknowledges the financial contribution from PRIN MUR 2022 project 2022J4H55R.ASB acknowledges financial contribution from the European Union\u2013Next Generation EU RRF M4C2 1.1 PRIN MUR 2022 project 2022CERJ49 (ESPLORA).TT acknowledges support from the BNSF program \u2018VIHREN-2021\u2019 project no. KP-06-DV/5.IC acknowledges financial contribution from the European Union\u2013Next Generation EU PNRR M4C2 1.2 project SOE2024.MS thanks the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract no. C4000140754.This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606.ACC acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant no. ST/V000861/1 and UKRI/ERC Synergy Grant EP/Z000181/1 (REVEAL).EN acknowledges the support from the Deutsches Zentrum f\u00FCr Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR, German Aerospace Center) \u2013 project no. 50OP2502.TGW acknowledges support from the University of Warwick and UKSA.This work is based on observations made with the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) operated on the island of La Palma by the Fundaci\u00F3n Galileo Galilei of the INAF (Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica) at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. The HARPS-N project was funded by the Prodex Program of the Swiss Space Office (SSO), the Harvard University Origin of Life Initiative (HUOLI), the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), the University of Geneva, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), the Italian National Astrophysical Institute (INAF), University of St. Andrews, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, and University of Edinburgh.EN acknowledges the support from the Deutsches Zentrum f\u00FCr Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR, German Aerospace Center) \u2013 project no. 50OP2502.YNEE acknowledges support from a Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) studentship, grant no. ST/Y509693/1.TT acknowledges support from the BNSF program \u2018VIHREN-2021\u2019 project no. KP-06-DV/5.This work was funded by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. This work was also supported by FCT\u2013Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia through national funds by these grants: UIDB/04434/2020, doi:10.54499/UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, doi:10.54499/UIDP/04434/2020, PTDC/FIS-AST/4862/2020, UID/04434/2025. CEECIND/CP2839/CT0004, 2023.08117.CEECIND/CP2839/CT0004.We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, the ERDF \u2018A way of making Europe\u2019, and the Fondo Social Europeo plus (FSE+) through projects PID2023-152906NA-I00, PID2022-137241NBC4[1:4], PID2021-125627OB-C3[1:2], PID2020-112949GB-I00, PID2019-107061GB-C61, CNS2023-144309, and RYC2022-037854-I, and from the Centre of Excellence \u2018Severo Ochoa\u2019 award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (CEX2021-001131-S).This paper is based on observations made with the MuSCAT3 instrument, developed by the Astrobiology Center and under financial supports by JSPS KAKENHI (JP18H05439) and JST PRESTO (JPMJPR1775), at Faulkes Telescope North on Maui, HI, operated by the Las Cumbres Observatory.MS thanks the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract no. C4000140754.AM, AAJ, and BSL acknowledge funding from a UKRI Future Leader Fellowship, grant no. MR/X033244/1. AM acknowledges funding from a UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) small grant ST/Y002334/1.ACC acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant no. ST/V000861/1 and UKRI/ERC Synergy Grant EP/Z000181/1 (REVEAL).This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606.This paper made use of data collected by the TESS mission and are publicly available from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) operated by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate. We acknowledge the use of public TESS data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. This research has made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Programme (ExoFOP; doi:10.26134/ExoFOP5) website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Programme.ASB acknowledges financial contribution from the European Union\u2013Next Generation EU RRF M4C2 1.1 PRIN MUR 2022 project 2022CERJ49 (ESPLORA).SD and APH acknowledge support from the DFG under Research Unit FOR2544 \u2018Blue Planets around Red Stars\u2019 through projects DR 281/39-1 and HA 3279/14-1, respectively.This research was partially funded by The Israel Science Foundation through grant no. 1404/22.IC acknowledges financial contribution from the European Union\u2013Next Generation EU PNRR M4C2 1.2 project SOE2024.
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