Giant Outer Transiting Exoplanet Mass (GOTa EM) survey: VII. TOI-6041: A multi-planet system including a warm Neptune exhibiting strong transit-timing variations - 2026
Giant Outer Transiting Exoplanet Mass (GOTa EM) survey: VII. TOI-6041: A multi-planet system including a warm Neptune exhibiting strong transit-timing variations
Planets and satellites: detection; Planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability; Exo-planets; Neptune; Orbital periods; Peak to peak amplitudes; Planets and satellites: detections; Planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stabilities; Radial velocity; Radial velocity measurements; Timing variations; Transit timing; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science
Abstract :
[en] We present the characterisation of the TOI-6041 system, a bright (V = 9.84 ± 0.03) G7-type star hosting at least two planets. The inner planet, TOI-6041 b, is a warm Neptune with a radius of 4.55-0.17+0.18 R⊕, initially identified as a single-transit event in TESS photometry. Subsequent observations with TESS and CHEOPS revealed additional transits, enabling the determination of its 26.04945-0.00034+0.00033 orbital period and the detection of significant transit-timing variations (TTVs), exhibiting a peak-to-peak amplitude of about 1 hour. Radial-velocity (RV) measurements obtained with the APF spectrographs allowed us to place a 3ÏÂ upper mass limit of 28.9 M⊕ on TOI-6041 b. In addition, the RV data reveal a second companion, TOI-6041 c, on an 88 d orbit, with a minimum mass of 0.25 MJup. A preliminary TTV analysis suggested that the observed variations could be caused by gravitational perturbations from planet c; however, reproducing the observed amplitudes requires a relatively high eccentricity of about 0.3 for that planet. Our dynamical stability analysis indicates that such a configuration is dynamically viable and places a 1ÏÂ upper limit on the mass of TOI-6041 c at 0.8 MJup. An alternative is the presence of a third, low-mass planet located between planets b and c, or on an inner orbit relative to planet b -particularly near a mean-motion resonance with planet b -which could account for the observed variations. These findings remain tentative, and further RV and photometric observations are essential in to better constrain the mass of planet b and to refine the TTV modeling, thereby improving our understanding of the systema s dynamical architecture.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Heidari, N. ; Institut d'astrophysique de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UMR 7095, Paris, France
Alnajjarine, A. ; LTE, UMR8255 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Paris, France
Osborn, H.P. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Zurich, Switzerland
Dragomir, D. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
Dalba, P. ; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, United States
Benz, W.; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Hébrard, G.; Institut d'astrophysique de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UMR 7095, Paris, France ; Observatoire de Haute-Provence, CNRS, Université da Aix-Marseille, Saint-Michel-la Observatoire, France
Laskar, J. ; LTE, UMR8255 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Paris, France
Billot, N. ; Observatoire astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Günther, M.N. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Wilson, T.G. ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Alibert, Y.; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Bonfanti, A. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Bieryla, A. ; Center for Astrophysics |Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Broeg, C.; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Correia, A.C.M. ; CFisUC, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Egger, J.A. ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Essack, Z. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
Furlan, E. ; Caltech/IPAC-NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, Pasadena, United States
Gandolfi, D. ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Grieves, N. ; Observatoire de Genève, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
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Lacourse, D.; Amateur Astronomer, Marysville, United States
Pezzotti, Camilla ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Pritchard, T.; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, United States
Sousa, S.G. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Ulmer-Moll, S. ; Space sciences Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
Villanueva, S. ; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, United States
Alonso, R. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Asquier, J.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Bárczy, T. ; Admatis, Miskolc, Hungary
Barrado, D. ; Depto. de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
Barros, S.C.C. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Baumjohann, W. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Borsato, L. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Brandeker, A. ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Buder, M. ; Institute of Space Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Collier Cameron, A. ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Csizmadia, S. ; Institute of Space Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Cubillos, P.E.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese To, Italy
Davies, M.B.; Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Deleuil, M.; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Delfosse, X. ; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
Deline, A.; Observatoire astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
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Demory, B. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Derekas, A. ; ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szombathely, Hungary
Edwards, B. ; SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, Netherlands
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Erikson, A.; Institute of Space Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
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Fossati, L. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Fridlund, M.; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Gazeas, K. ; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, Athens, Greece
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Güdel, M. ; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Hasiba, J.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Heitzmann, A. ; Observatoire astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Helling, C.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; Institute for Theoretical Physics and Computational Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
Jenkins, J.M. ; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States
Keller, T.; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Kane, S.R. ; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, United States
Stassun, K.G. ; Vanderbilt University, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Nashville, United States
Kiss, L.L. ; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary ; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Budapest, Hungary
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Lam, K.W.F. ; Institute of Space Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Latham, D.W. ; Center for Astrophysics |Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Des Etangs, A. Lecavelier ; Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, UniversitéPierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France
Leleu, A.; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Observatoire astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
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Mcdermott, S.; Proto-Logic LLC, Washington, United States
Merín, B. ; European Space Agency, ESA -European Space Astronomy Centre, Madrid, Spain
Mordasini, C. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Nascimbeni, V. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Nowak, G. ; Institute of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Olofsson, G. ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Pagano, I. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Pallé, E. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Piotto, G. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galileia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Pollacco, D.; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Queloz, D.; ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Zurich, Switzerland ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Ribas, I. ; Institut de Ciencies de la Espai (ICE,CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut da Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Ricker, G. ; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Santos, N.C. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Scandariato, G. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
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Ségransan, D. ; Observatoire astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
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Smith, A.M.S. ; Institute of Space Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Stalport, Manu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
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Vanderspek, R.; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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Walton, N.A. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Winn, J.N. ; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
Wolf, S.; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Giant Outer Transiting Exoplanet Mass (GOTa EM) survey: VII. TOI-6041: A multi-planet system including a warm Neptune exhibiting strong transit-timing variations
N.H. acknowledges support from a postdoctoral fellowship funded by the Domaine de Recherche et d\u2019Innovation Majeur (DIM), financed by the \u00CEle-de-France Region. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region \u00CEle-de-France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d\u2019Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. We warmly thank the OHP staff for their support on the observations. We received funding from the French Programme National de Physique Stellaire (PNPS) and the Programme National de Plan\u00E9tologie (PNP) of CNRS (INSU). This paper made use of data collected by the TESS mission which is publicly available from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) operated by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate. We acknowledge the use of public TESS data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. Some of the observations in this paper made use of the High-Resolution Imaging instrument \u2018Alopeke and were obtained under Gemini LLP Proposal Number: GN/S-2021A-LP-105. \u2018Alopeke was funded by the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program and built at the NASA Ames Research Center by Steve B. Howell, Nic Scott, Elliott P. Horch, and Emmett Quigley. Alopeke was mounted on the Gemini North telescope of the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF\u2019s OIR Lab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), National Research Council (Canada), Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00F3n y Desarrollo (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00EDa e Innovaci\u00F3n (Argentina), Minist\u00E9rio da Ci\u00EAncia, Tecnologia, Inova\u00E7\u00F5es e Comunica\u00E7\u00F5es (Brazil), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea). the catalog described here is a subset of the full AllWISE catalog available from IRSA ( http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/ ) with a selection of the columns of the full catalog. D. D. and Z. E. acknowledge support from the TESS Guest Investigator Program grant 80NSSC23K0769. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. MNG is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and Mission Representative. B.M.M. is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist. All of them are/were responsible for the Guest Observers (GO) Programme. None of them relay/relayed proprietary information between the GO and Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) Programmes, nor do/did they decide on the definition and target selection of the GTO Programme. TWi acknowledges support from the UKSA and the University of Warwick. YAl acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020_192038. C.B. acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program.; This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. ACMC acknowledges support from the FCT, Portugal, through the CFisUC projects UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020, with DOI identifiers 10.54499/UIDB/04564/2020 and 10.54499/UIDP/04564/2020, respectively.; A.C., A.D., B.E., K.G., and J.K. acknowledge their role as ESA-appointed CHEOPS Science Team Members. DG gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 \u201CGaseousor rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds\u201D. S.G.S. acknowledge support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC); The Portuguese team thanks the Portuguese Space Agency for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142255. DB, EP, EV, IR and RA acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2021125627OB-C31, PID2021125627OBC32, PID2021127289NBI00, PID2023150468NBI00 and PID2023149439NBC41; from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019000920S), the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai (CEX2020001058M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. SCCB acknowledges the support from Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e Tecnologia (FCT) in the form of work contract through the Scientific Employment Incentive program with reference 2023.06687.CEECIND and DOI 10.54499/2023.06687.CEECIND/CP2839/CT0002. LBo, GBr, VNa, IPa, GPi, RRa, GSc, VSi, and TZi acknowledge support from CHEOPS ASIINAF agreement n. 201929HH.0. ABr was supported by the SNSA. ACC acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant number ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/X002217/1. P.E.C. is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship, program J4595N. This project was supported by the CNES. A.De. acknowledges financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) for project 200021_200726. This work was supported by FCT Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, 2022.06962.PTDC.; O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. B.O. D. acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00046. A.C., A.D., B.E., K.G., and J.K. acknowledge their role as ESAappointed CHEOPS Science Team Members. This project has received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726. It has also been carried out within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant 51NF40_205606. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF. MF and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). M.G. is an F.R.S.FNRS Research Director. He acknowledges financial support from the \u00D6sterreichische Akademie 1158 der Wissenschaften and from the European Union H2020MSCAITN2019 1159 under Grant Agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). Calculations were performed using supercomputer resources provided by the Vienna Scientific Cluster (VSC). K.W.F.L. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants RA714/141 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR10EQPX2901) of the programme Investissements d\u2019Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. A.L. acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number TMSGI2-211697. ML acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576. PM acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/R000638/1. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grant number 327127). NCSa acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. A. S. acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. V.V.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Research Associate. J.V. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2_208945. NAW acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. This research made use of nep-des (available in https://github.com/castro-gzlz/nep-des ). GyMSz acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K125015, a a PRODEX Experiment Agreement No. 4000137122, the Lend\u00FClet LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely. The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Li\u00E8ge through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. AL acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number TMSGI2-211697. AL and JK acknowledge support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number TMSGI2-211697.
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