KAP1/TRIM28; innate immunity; post-translational modifications; transcriptional regulation; viral latency; virus–host interaction; Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein 28; TRIM28 protein, human; Humans; Animals; SARS-CoV-2/immunology; Influenza A virus/immunology; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology; Retroviridae/immunology; Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein 28/immunology; Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein 28/metabolism; Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein 28/genetics; Virus Diseases/immunology; Virus Diseases/virology; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Influenza A virus; Retroviridae; SARS-CoV-2; Virus Diseases; Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology (medical); Infectious Diseases
Abstract :
[en] Krüppel-associated box (KRAB)-associated protein 1 (KAP1), also known as TRIM28 due to its tripartite motif (TRIM) domain, is a member of the transcription intermediary factor 1 (TIF1) family. Since its discovery in 1996, KAP1 has been widely studied as a scaffold protein involved in histone methylation, heterochromatin formation, and genome maintenance. Its function and stability are dynamically regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, SUMOylation, and acetylation. In addition, KAP1 serves as a signal transducer via its SUMO/ubiquitin E3 ligase activity. This review summarizes current advances in understanding the roles of KAP1 in regulating retroviruses (RVs), herpesviruses, and emerging respiratory viruses such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza A virus (IAV), with a particular focus on the interplay between its structural domains and physiological functions. Recent findings on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are highlighted to address ongoing mechanistic controversies, particularly those involving KAP1-mediated latency control. We further examine novel insights into KAP1's involvement in other viruses, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and African swine fever virus (ASFV). as well as its emerging regulatory roles in host innate immune responses through PTM-mediated modulation of antiviral signaling pathways. Although KAP1 exerts both antiviral and proviral effects, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely defined, especially in systems where conflicting observations exist for the same pathogen. These discrepancies-reflecting both methodological variation and KAP1's inherent regulatory complexity-underscore the need for deeper mechanistic insight. Future studies utilizing precise genetic tools and in vivo models will be critical for elucidating the context-specific roles of KAP1 in viral gene regulation and advancing its translational potential.
Disciplines :
Veterinary medicine & animal health
Author, co-author :
Xin, Ruihua ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre ; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Technology Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
Garigliany, Mutien-Marie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de morphologie et pathologie (DMP) > Pathologie générale et autopsies
Li, Jianxi; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Technology Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
Language :
English
Title :
KAP1 in antiviral immunity: dual roles in viral silencing and immune regulation.
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (25-LZIHPS-06), Agricultural Science and Technology Support Project of Gansu Province (KJZC-2024-32), Key Research and Development Fund of Gansu Province (23YFNA0010), Lanzhou Science and Technology Project (2025-2-21).
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