phase change materials; building energy efficiency; thermal energy storage; passive systems; active systems; HVAC integration; thermal comfort
Abstract :
[en] Phase change materials (PCMs) have emerged as a key enabler of high-performance, low-carbon buildings through latent heat-based thermal energy storage. This paper presents a systematic and critical synthesis of advances in PCM technologies for building applications published between 2022 and 2025, analyzing over 300 peer-reviewed studies to evaluate thermal performance, economic viability, environmental impact, and climate adaptability across three integration approaches: passive, active, and hybrid systems. The studies analyzed show that passive envelope integration employing macroencapsulated or form-stable PCMs in walls, roofs, and glazing is reported to deliver 15–45% energy savings with payback periods of 8–15 years, primarily through enhanced thermal inertia and indoor temperature stabilization. Active systems, which couple PCMs with HVAC, heat pumps, or air handling units, are found to achieve 20–40% energy reductions and shorter payback periods (3–8 years) by enabling load shifting, peak shaving, and improved coefficient of performance (COP). Hybrid configurations integrating passive and active strategies with AI-driven control demonstrate, in the literature, the highest potential, with reported energy savings of up to 50%, though they entail greater complexity and capital cost. The review further highlights material-level innovations, including ternary composite PCMs, bio-based alternatives, and nano-enhanced formulations that address intrinsic limitations such as low thermal conductivity (0.1–0.3 W/m·K for organics) and cycling instability. Despite significant progress, critical gaps persist in standardized testing protocols, long-term field validation, comprehensive lifecycle assessments, and real-world scalability, particularly in tropical and cold climates. By bridging material science, building physics, and energy system engineering, this work provides a forward-looking roadmap to accelerate the deployment of PCM-based solutions in the global decarbonization of the built environment.
Disciplines :
Energy
Author, co-author :
Laafer, Abdelkader ; University of Blida 1, Institute of Architecture and Urbanism, Ovamus Laboratory, Blida 09000, Algeria
Hammouma, Thanina ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Urban and Environmental Engineering ; University of Blida 1, Faculty of Technology, Renewable Energy Department, LSTM Laboratory, Blida 09000, Algeria
Hmida, Abir ; University of Quebec in Abitibi-Témiscamingue, School of Engineering, Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada
Bourouis, Mahmoud ; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Av. Països Catalans No. 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
Language :
English
Title :
Comprehensive Review of Phase Change Materials for Building Applications: Passive, Active, and Hybrid Systems (2022–2025)
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