[en] BACKGROUND: Endocrine science remains underrepresented in European Union research programmes despite the fundamental role of hormone health in human well-being. Analysis of the CORDIS database reveals a persistent gap between the societal impact of endocrine disorders and their research prioritization. At national funding level, endocrine societies report limited or little attention of national research funding towards endocrinology. The EndoCompass project-a joint initiative between the European Society of Endocrinology and the European Society of Paediatric Endocrinology, aimed to identify and promote strategic research priorities in endocrine science to address critical hormone-related health challenges. METHODS: Research priorities were established through a comprehensive analysis of the EU CORDIS database covering the Horizon 2020 framework period (2014-2020). An expert analysis was conducted by leading researchers in environmental endocrinology, integrating literature review, epidemiological evidence, and emerging research priorities to identify key challenges and opportunities across endocrine systems. RESULTS: Research priorities span 5 critical domains: mechanisms and biomarkers of endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) actions; environmental pharmaceutical contamination; climate change effects on endocrine function; endocrine consequences of air and water pollution; and mechanisms linking environmental stress to hormone disruption. Special emphasis is placed on understanding developmental programming, transgenerational effects, and implications for public health policy. CONCLUSIONS: This component of the EndoCompass project provides an evidence-based roadmap for strategic research investment. The analysis demonstrates that environmental factors like EDCs fundamentally impact multiple endocrine systems, requiring coordinated research approaches. The findings support the broader EndoCompass objective of aligning research funding with areas of highest potential impact in endocrine health.
Disciplines :
Endocrinology, metabolism & nutrition Pediatrics
Author, co-author :
Andersson, Anna-Maria ; Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Cianfarani, Stefano; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133 Rome, Italy. ; Endocrinology & Diabetes Unit, 'Bambino Gesù' Children's Hospital, I.R.C.C.S., 00165 Rome, Italy. ; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
Köhrle, Josef ; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
Main, Katharina M; Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Parent, Anne-Simone ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cliniques > Pédiatrie
Peeters, Robin; Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Reincke, Martin ; Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) University Hospital, 80539 Munich, Germany.
Saravinovska, Kristina ; Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Beograd, Serbia.
Street, Maria E; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma and Paediatrics, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
Parent A-S, Teilmann G, Juul A, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J, Bourguignon J-P. The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration. Endocr Rev. 2003;24(5):668–693. 10.1210/er.2002-0019
Eckert-Lind C, Busch AS, Petersen JH, et al. Worldwide secular trends in age at pubertal onset assessed by breast development among girls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(4):e195881. 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.5881
Levine H, Jorgensen N, Martino-Andrade A, et al. Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of samples collected globally in the 20th and 21st centuries. Hum Reprod Update. 2023;29(2):157–176. 10.1093/humupd/dmac035
Kalka E, Pastuszak A, Busko K. Secular trends in body height, body weight, BMI and fat percentage in Polish university students in a period of 50 years. PLoS One. 2019;14(8):e0220514. 10.1371/journal.pone.0220514
Lundblad MW, Johansson J, Jacobsen BK, et al. Secular and longitudinal trends in body composition: the Tromso Study, 2001 to 2016. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2021;29(11):1939–1949. 10.1002/oby.23267
Naidu R, Biswas B, Willett IR, et al. Chemical pollution: a growing peril and potential catastrophic risk to humanity. Environ Int. 2021;156:106616. 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106616
CDC. National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2023.
Govarts E, Gilles L, Rodriguez Martin L, et al. Harmonized human biomonitoring in European children, teenagers and adults: EU-wide exposure data of 11 chemical substance groups from the HBM4EU Aligned Studies (2014–2021). Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2023;249:114119. 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114119
Ali N, Katsouli J, Marczylo EL, Gant TW, Wright S, Bernardino de la Serna J. The potential impacts of micro-and-nano plastics on various organ systems in humans. EBioMedicine. 2023;99:104901. 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104901
One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP); Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, et al. One health: a new definition for a sustainable and healthy future. PLoS Pathog. 2022;18(6):e1010537. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010537
Catalan V, Aviles-Olmos I, Rodriguez A, et al. Time to consider the “exposome hypothesis” in the development of the obesity pandemic. Nutrients. 2022;14(8):1597. 10.3390/nu14081597
WHO. Preventing Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) by Reducing Environmental Risk Factors. World Health Organisation; 2017.
EC. Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability Towards a Toxic-Free Environment. European Commission; 2020.
Colborn T, Clement C. Chemically-induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development: the Wildlife/Human Connection. Princeton Scientific Pub. Co; 1992.
Damstra Terri, Barlow Sue, Bergman Aake, Kavlock Robert, Van Der Kraak Glen, eds. Global Assessment of the State-of-the-Science of Endocrine Disrupters. The World Health Organization (WHO); 2002.
Bergman A, Brandt I, Brouwer A, et al. European Workshop on the Impact of Endocrine Disrupters on Human Health and Wildlife, 2–4 December 1996, Weybridge, UK: Report of Proceedings. European Environmental Agency (EEA); 1997.
Toppari J, Larsen JC, Christiansen P, et al. Male reproductive health and environmental xenoestrogens. EnvironHealth Perspect. 1996;104(4):741–803. 10.1289/ehp.96104s4741
Bergman Åke, Heindel Jerry J, Jobling Susan, Kidd Karen A, Zoeller R Thomas, eds. State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals-2012. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO); 2013.
Zoeller RT, Brown TR, Doan LL, et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and public health protection: a statement of principles from The Endocrine Society. Endocrinology. 2012;153(9):4097–4110. 10.1210/en.2012-1422
Reincke M, Arlt W, Damdimopoulou P, Kohrle J, Bertherat J. Endocrine disrupting chemicals are a threat to hormone health: a commentary on behalf of the ESE. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2024;20(4):187–188. 10.1038/s41574-024-00958-0
EC. Amending Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 as Regards Hazard Classes and Criteria for the Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures. European Commission; 2022.
Eales J, Bethel A, Galloway T, et al. Human health impacts of exposure to phthalate plasticizers: an overview of reviews. Environ Int. 2022;158:106903. 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106903
Baldacci S, Gorini F, Santoro M, Pierini A, Minichilli F, Bianchi F. Environmental and individual exposure and the risk of congenital anomalies: a review of recent epidemiological evidence. Epidemiol Prev. 2018;42(3-4 Suppl 1):1–34. 10.19191/EP18.3-4.S1.P001.057
Skakkebæk NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Jørgensen N, et al. Germ cell cancer and disorders of spermatogenesis: an environmental connection? APMIS. 1998;106(1):3–11. 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1998.tb01314.x
Skakkebæk NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Main KM. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod. 2001;16(5):972–978. 10.1093/humrep/16.5.972
Caporale N, Leemans M, Birgersson L, et al. From cohorts to molecules: adverse impacts of endocrine disrupting mixtures. Science. 2022;375(6582):eabe8244. 10.1126/science.abe8244
Filer D, Patisaul HB, Schug T, Reif D, Thayer K. Test driving ToxCast: endocrine profiling for 1858 chemicals included in phase II. CurrOpinPharmacol. 2014;19:145–152. 10.1016/j.coph.2014.09.021
The Danish Environmental Protection Agency . Endocrine Disruptor List. (https://edlists.org) Accessed January 17, 2024.
La Merrill MA, Vandenberg LN, Smith MT, et al. Consensus on the key characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals as a basis for hazard identification. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16(1):45–57. 10.1038/s41574-019-0273-8
Roepke TA, Sadlier NC. REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY: impact of endocrine disruptors on neurons expressing GnRH or kisspeptin and pituitary gonadotropins. Reproduction. 2021;162(5):F131–F145. 10.1530/REP-20-0612
Merlo E, Podratz PL, Sena GC, et al. The environmental pollutant tributyltin chloride disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis at different levels in female rats. Endocrinology. 2016;157(8):2978–2995. 10.1210/en.2015-1896
Pötzl B, Kürzinger L, Kendl S, et al. Disruptive effects of plasticizers bisphenol A, F, and S on steroidogenesis of adrenocortical cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1387133. 10.3389/fendo.2024.1387133
Pötzl B, Kürzinger L, Stopper H, Fassnacht M, Kurlbaum M, Dischinger U. Endocrine disruptors: focus on the adrenal cortex. Horm Metab Res. 2024;56(1):78–90. 10.1055/a-2198-9307
Repouskou A, Papadopoulou A-K, Panagiotidou E, et al. Long term transcriptional and behavioral effects in mice developmentally exposed to a mixture of endocrine disruptors associated with delayed human neurodevelopment. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):9367. 10.1038/s41598-020-66379-x
Kitraki E, Nalvarte I, Alavian-Ghavanini A, Rüegg J. Developmental exposure to bisphenol A alters expression and DNA methylation of Fkbp5, an important regulator of the stress response. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015;417:191–199. 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.028
Panagiotidou E, Zerva S, Mitsiou DJ, Alexis MN, Kitraki E. Perinatal exposure to low-dose bisphenol A affects the neuroendocrine stress response in rats. J Endocrinol. 2014;220(3):207–218. 10.1530/JOE-13-0416
Elango A, Shepherd B, Chen TT. Effects of endocrine disrupters on the expression of growth hormone and prolactin mRNA in the rainbow trout pituitary. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2006;145(2):116–127. 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.08.003
Euling SY, Herman-Giddens ME, Lee PA, et al. Examination of US puberty-timing data from 1940 to 1994 for secular trends: panel findings. Pediatrics. 2008;121(Suppl 3):S172–S191. 10.1542/peds.2007-1813D
Reinehr T, Roth CL. Is there a causal relationship between obesity and puberty? Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2019;3(1):44–54. 10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30306-7
Sørensen K, Mouritsen A, Aksglaede L, Hagen CP, Mogensen SS, Juul A. Recent secular trends in pubertal timing: implications for evaluation and diagnosis of precocious puberty. Horm Res Paediatr. 2012;77(3):137–145. 10.1159/000336325
Mouritsen A, Aksglaede L, Sørensen K, et al. Hypothesis: exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals may interfere with timing of puberty. Int J Androl. 2010;33(2):346–359. 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01051.x
Lopez-Rodriguez D, Franssen D, Bakker J, Lomniczi A, Parent A-S. Cellular and molecular features of EDC exposure: consequences for the GnRH network. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17(2):83–96. 10.1038/s41574-020-00436-3
Lopez-Rodriguez D, Franssen D, Heger S, Parent A-S. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their effects on puberty. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;35(5):101579. 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101579
Liu W, Yan X, Li C, et al. A secular trend in age at menarche in Yunnan Province, China: a multiethnic population study of 1,275,000 women. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1890. 10.1186/s12889-021-11951-x
Garenne M. Age at menarche in Nigerian demographic surveys. J Biosoc Sci. 2021;53(5):745–757. 10.1017/S0021932020000504
Marván ML, Castillo-López RL, Del-Callejo-Canal DD, Canal-Martínez ME, Núñez-de la Mora A. Secular trends in age at menarche in 20th century Mexico: differences by ethnicity, area of residency, and socioeconomic status. Am J Hum Biol. 2020;32(6):e23404. 10.1002/ajhb.23404
Brix N, Ernst A, Lauridsen LLB, et al. Timing of puberty in boys and girls: a population-based study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2019;33(1):70–78. 10.1111/ppe.12507
Ohlsson C, Bygdell M, Celind J, et al. Secular trends in pubertal growth acceleration in Swedish boys born from 1947 to 1996. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(9):860–865. 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.2315
Bräuner EV, Busch AS, Eckert-Lind C, Koch T, Hickey M, Juul A. Trends in the incidence of central precocious puberty and normal variant puberty among children in Denmark, 1998 to 2017. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(10):e2015665. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.15665
Le Moal J, Rigou A, Le Tertre A, De Crouy-Channel P, Léger J, Carel J-C. Marked geographic patterns in the incidence of idiopathic central precocious puberty: a nationwide study in France. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018;178(1):33–41. 10.1530/EJE-17-0379
Kim SH, Huh K, Won S, Lee K-W, Park M-J. A significant increase in the incidence of central precocious puberty among Korean girls from 2004 to 2010. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0141844. 10.1371/journal.pone.0141844
Huttunen H, Kärkinen J, Varimo T, Miettinen PJ, Raivio T, Hero M. Central precocious puberty in boys: secular trend and clinical features. Eur J Endocrinol. 2024;190(3):211–219. 10.1093/ejendo/lvae021
Watkins DJ, Téllez-Rojo MM, Ferguson KK, et al. In utero and peripubertal exposure to phthalates and BPA in relation to female sexual maturation. Environ Res. 2014;134:233–241. 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.010
Watkins DJ, Sánchez BN, Téllez-Rojo MM, et al. Phthalate and bisphenol A exposure during in utero windows of susceptibility in relation to reproductive hormones and pubertal development in girls. Environ Res. 2017;159:143–151. 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.051
Berger K, Eskenazi B, Kogut K, et al. Association of prenatal urinary concentrations of phthalates and bisphenol A and pubertal timing in boys and girls. Environ Health Perspect. 2018;126(9):97004. 10.1289/EHP3424
Grandjean P, Grønlund C, Kjær IM, et al. Reproductive hormone profile and pubertal development in 14-year-old boys prenatally exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. Reprod Toxicol. 2012;34(4):498–503. 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.07.005
Herbison AE. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator. Endocrinology. 2018;159(11):3723–3736. 10.1210/en.2018-00653
Parent A-S, Franssen D, Fudvoye J, Gérard A, Bourguignon J-P. Developmental variations in environmental influences including endocrine disruptors on pubertal timing and neuroendocrine control: revision of human observations and mechanistic insight from rodents. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2015;38:12–36. 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.12.004
Franssen D, Johansson HKL, Lopez-Rodriguez D, et al. Perinatal exposure to the fungicide ketoconazole alters hypothalamic control of puberty in female rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1140886. 10.3389/fendo.2023.1140886
Pellegrino G, Martin M, Allet C, et al. GnRH neurons recruit astrocytes in infancy to facilitate network integration and sexual maturation. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24(12):1660–1672. 10.1038/s41593-021-00960-z
Ruiz-Pino F, Miceli D, Franssen D, et al. Environmentally relevant perinatal exposures to bisphenol A disrupt postnatal kiss1/NKB neuronal maturation and puberty onset in female mice. Environ Health Perspect. 2019;127(10):107011. 10.1289/EHP5570
Almstrup K, Frederiksen H, Andersson A-M, Juul A. Levels of endocrine-disrupting chemicals are associated with changes in the peri-pubertal epigenome. Endocr Connect. 2020;9(8):845–857. 10.1530/EC-20-0286
López-Rodríguez D, Aylwin CF, Delli V, et al. Multi- and transgenerational outcomes of an exposure to a mixture of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on puberty and maternal behavior in the female rat. Environ Health Perspect. 2021;129(8):87003. 10.1289/EHP8795
Aylwin CF, Vigh-Conrad K, Lomniczi A. The emerging role of chromatin remodeling factors in female pubertal development. Neuroendocrinology. 2019;109(3):208–217. 10.1159/000497745
van Duursen MBM, Boberg J, Christiansen S, et al. Safeguarding female reproductive health against endocrine disrupting chemicals—the FREIA project. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(9):3215. 10.3390/ijms21093215
Li M, Zhu Y, Wei J, Chen L, Chen S, Lai D. The global prevalence of premature ovarian insufficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Climacteric. 2023;26(2):95–102. 10.1080/13697137.2022.2153033
Aitken RJ. The changing tide of human fertility. Hum Reprod. 2022;37(4):629–638. 10.1093/humrep/deac011
Fudvoye J, Lopez-Rodriguez D, Franssen D, Parent A-S. Endocrine disrupters and possible contribution to pubertal changes. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;33(3):101300. 10.1016/j.beem.2019.101300
European IVF-monitoring Consortium (EIM) for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE); Wyns C, Bergh C, et al. ART in Europe, 2016: results generated from European registries by ESHRE. Hum Reprod Open. 2020;2020(3):hoaa032. 10.1093/hropen/hoaa032
GBD 2021 Fertility and Forecasting Collaborators. Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2021, with forecasts to 2100: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403(10440):2057–2099. 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00550-6
Kim YR, White N, Bräunig J, et al. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in follicular fluid from women experiencing infertility in Australia. Environ Res. 2020;190:109963. 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109963
Kang Q, Gao F, Zhang X, et al. Nontargeted identification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human follicular fluid and their blood-follicle transfer. Environ Int. 2020;139:105686. 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105686
Dusza HM, Manz KE, Pennell KD, Kanda R, Legler J. Identification of known and novel nonpolar endocrine disruptors in human amniotic fluid. Environ Int. 2022;158:106904. 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106904
Gingrich J, Ticiani E, Veiga-Lopez A. Placenta disrupted: endocrine disrupting chemicals and pregnancy. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2020;31(7):508–524. 10.1016/j.tem.2020.03.003
Kelley AS, Banker M, Goodrich JM, et al. Early pregnancy exposure to endocrine disrupting chemical mixtures are associated with inflammatory changes in maternal and neonatal circulation. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):5422. 10.1038/s41598-019-41134-z
Hoover RN, Hyer M, Pfeiffer RM, et al. Adverse health outcomes in women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(14):1304–1314. 10.1056/NEJMoa1013961
Titus-Ernstoff L, Troisi R, Hatch EE, et al. Menstrual and reproductive characteristics of women whose mothers were exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol (DES). Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(4):862–868. 10.1093/ije/dyl106
Blatt J, Van Le L, Weiner T, Sailer S. Ovarian carcinoma in an adolescent with transgenerational exposure to diethylstilbestrol. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2003;25(8):635–636. 10.1097/00043426-200308000-00009
Gomez E, Pillon A, Fenet H, et al. Estrogenic activity of cosmetic components in reporter cell lines: parabens, UV screens, and musks. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2005;68(4):239–251. 10.1080/15287390590895054
Sun L, Yu T, Guo J, et al. The estrogenicity of methylparaben and ethylparaben at doses close to the acceptable daily intake in immature Sprague-Dawley rats. Sci Rep. 2016;6:25173. 10.1038/srep25173
Okubo T, Yokoyama Y, Kano K, Kano I. ER-dependent estrogenic activity of parabens assessed by proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and expression of ERalpha and PR. Food Chem Toxicol. 2001;39(12):1225–1232. 10.1016/s0278-6915(01)00073-4
Smith KW, Souter I, Dimitriadis I, et al. Urinary paraben concentrations and ovarian aging among women from a fertility center. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(11-12):1299–1305. 10.1289/ehp.1205350
Jurewicz J, Radwan M, Wielgomas B, et al. Parameters of ovarian reserve in relation to urinary concentrations of parabens. Environ Health. 2020;19(1):26. 10.1186/s12940-020-00580-3
Nishihama Y, Yoshinaga J, Iida A, et al. Association between paraben exposure and menstrual cycle in female university students in Japan. Reprod Toxicol. 2016;63:107–113. 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.05.010
Younis JS, Iskander R, Fauser BCJM, Izhaki I. Does an association exist between menstrual cycle length within the normal range and ovarian reserve biomarkers during the reproductive years? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2020;26(6):904–928. 10.1093/humupd/dmaa013
Rosen MP, Johnstone E, McCulloch CE, et al. A characterization of the relationship of ovarian reserve markers with age. Fertil Steril. 2012;97(1):238–243. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.10.031
Ehrlich S, Williams PL, Missmer SA, et al. Urinary bisphenol A concentrations and early reproductive health outcomes among women undergoing IVF. Hum Reprod. 2012;27(12):3583–3592. 10.1093/humrep/des328
Souter I, Smith KW, Dimitriadis I, et al. The association of bisphenol-A urinary concentrations with antral follicle counts and other measures of ovarian reserve in women undergoing infertility treatments. Reprod Toxicol. 2013;42:224–231. 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.09.008
Peretz J, Gupta RK, Singh J, Hernández-Ochoa I, Flaws JA. Bisphenol A impairs follicle growth, inhibits steroidogenesis, and downregulates rate-limiting enzymes in the estradiol biosynthesis pathway. Toxicol Sci. 2011;119(1):209–217. 10.1093/toxsci/kfq319
Mlynarcíková A, Kolena J, Ficková M, Scsuková S. Alterations in steroid hormone production by porcine ovarian granulosa cells caused by bisphenol A and bisphenol A dimethacrylate. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2005;244(1-2):57–62. 10.1016/j.mce.2005.02.009
Shen H, Gao M, Li Q, et al. Effect of PFOA exposure on diminished ovarian reserve and its metabolism. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2023;21(1):16. 10.1186/s12958-023-01056-y
Ma X, Cui L, Chen L, et al. Parental plasma concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances and in vitro fertilization outcomes. Environ Pollut. 2021;269:116159. 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116159
Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, et al. EDC-2: the Endocrine Society's second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endocr Rev. 2015;36(6):E1–E150. 10.1210/er.2015-1010
Lizneva D, Suturina L, Walker W, Brakta S, Gavrilova-Jordan L, Azziz R. Criteria, prevalence, and phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2016;106(1):6–15. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.05.003
Teede H, Deeks A, Moran L. Polycystic ovary syndrome: a complex condition with psychological, reproductive and metabolic manifestations that impacts on health across the lifespan. BMC Med. 2010;8:41. 10.1186/1741-7015-8-41
Vagi SJ, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Sjödin A, et al. Exploring the potential association between brominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, perfluorinated compounds, phthalates, and bisphenol A in polycystic ovary syndrome: a case-control study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2014;14:86. 10.1186/1472-6823-14-86
Heffernan AL, Cunningham TK, Drage DS, et al. Perfluorinated alkyl acids in the serum and follicular fluid of UK women with and without polycystic ovarian syndrome undergoing fertility treatment and associations with hormonal and metabolic parameters. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2018;221(7):1068–1075. 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.07.009
Zhan W, Qiu W, Ao Y, et al. Environmental exposure to emerging alternatives of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and polycystic ovarian syndrome in women diagnosed with infertility: a mixture analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2023;131(5):57001. 10.1289/EHP11814
Hammarstrand S, Jakobsson K, Andersson E, et al. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water and risk for polycystic ovarian syndrome, uterine leiomyoma, and endometriosis: a Swedish cohort study. Environ Int. 2021;157:106819. 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106819
Urbanetz LAML, Soares-Junior JM, Dos Santos Simões R, Maciel GAR, Baracat MCP, Baracat EC. Bisphenol A and polycystic ovary syndrome in human: a systematic review. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2024;166(1):190–203. 10.1002/ijgo.15349
Takeuchi T, Tsutsumi O, Ikezuki Y, Takai Y, Taketani Y. Positive relationship between androgen and the endocrine disruptor, bisphenol A, in normal women and women with ovarian dysfunction. Endocr J. 2004;51(2):165–169. 10.1507/endocrj.51.165
Akın L, Kendirci M, Narin F, et al. The endocrine disruptor bisphenol A may play a role in the aetiopathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescent girls. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104(4):e171–e177. 10.1111/apa.12885
Guo Z, Qiu H, Wang L, et al. Association of serum organochlorine pesticides concentrations with reproductive hormone levels and polycystic ovary syndrome in a Chinese population. Chemosphere. 2017;171:595–600. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.127
Yang Q, Zhao Y, Qiu X, Zhang C, Li R, Qiao J. Association of serum levels of typical organic pollutants with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a case-control study. Hum Reprod. 2015;30(8):1964–1973. 10.1093/humrep/dev123
Hossein Rashidi B, Amanlou M, Behrouzi Lak T, et al. The association between bisphenol A and polycystic ovarian syndrome: a case-control study. Acta Med Iran. 2017;55(12):759–764.
Kandaraki E, Chatzigeorgiou A, Livadas S, et al. Endocrine disruptors and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): elevated serum levels of bisphenol A in women with PCOS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(3):E480–E484. 10.1210/jc.2010-1658
Becker CM, Bokor A, Heikinheimo O, et al. ESHRE guideline: endometriosis. Hum Reprod Open. 2022;2022(2):hoac009. 10.1093/hropen/hoac009
Louis GM, Peterson CM, Chen Z, et al. Perfluorochemicals and endometriosis: the ENDO study. Epidemiology. 2012;23(6):799–805. 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31826cc0cf
Campbell S, Raza M, Pollack AZ. Perfluoroalkyl substances and endometriosis in US women in NHANES 2003–2006. Reprod Toxicol. 2016;65:230–235. 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.009
Kim SH, Cho S, Ihm HJ, et al. Possible role of phthalate in the pathogenesis of endometriosis: in vitro, animal, and human data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(12):E1502–E1511. 10.1210/jc.2015-2478
Skakkebaek NE, Lindahl-Jacobsen R, Levine H, et al. Environmental factors in declining human fertility. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022;18(3):139–157. 10.1038/s41574-021-00598-8
Scheutz Henriksen L, Holm Petersen J, Skakkebaek NE, et al. Serum testosterone levels in 3-month-old boys predict their semen quality as young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(7):1965–1975. 10.1210/clinem/dgac173
Holmboe SA, Beck AL, Andersson A-M, et al. The epidemiology of cryptorchidism and potential risk factors, including endocrine disrupting chemicals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1343887. 10.3389/fendo.2024.1343887
Bonde JP, Flachs EM, Rimborg S, et al. The epidemiologic evidence linking prenatal and postnatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals with male reproductive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2016;23(1):104–125. 10.1093/humupd/dmw036
Wu Y, Wang J, Wei Y, et al. Contribution of prenatal endocrine-disrupting chemical exposure to genital anomalies in males: the pooled results from current evidence. Chemosphere. 2022;286(Pt 3):131844. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131844
Rodprasert W, Toppari J, Virtanen HE. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and reproductive health in boys and men. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:706532. 10.3389/fendo.2021.706532
Znaor A, Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, et al. Global patterns in testicular cancer incidence and mortality in 2020. Int J Cancer. 2022;151(5):692–698. 10.1002/ijc.33999
Brauner EV, Lim Y-H, Koch T, et al. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and risk of testicular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(12):e4834–e4860. 10.1210/clinem/dgab523
Seyyedsalehi MS, Boffetta P. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and risk of kidney, liver, and testicular cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Lav. 2023;114(5):e2023040. 10.23749/mdl.v114i5.15065
Virtanen HE, Rodprasert W, Toppari J. Deteriorating semen quality: the role of the environment. Semin Reprod Med. 2023;41(6):226–240. 10.1055/s-0044-1782151
Dean A, Sharpe RM. Clinical review: anogenital distance or digit length ratio as measures of fetal androgen exposure: relationship to male reproductive development and its disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(6):2230–2238. 10.1210/jc.2012-4057
Zarean M, Keikha M, Feizi A, Kazemitabaee M, Kelishadi R. The role of exposure to phthalates in variations of anogenital distance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Pollut. 2019;247:172–179. 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.026
Eisenberg ML, Lipshultz LI. Anogenital distance as a measure of human male fertility. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2015;32(3):479–484. 10.1007/s10815-014-0410-1
Foresta C, Valente U, Di Nisio A, et al. Anogenital distance is associated with genital measures and seminal parameters but not anthropometrics in a large cohort of young adult men. Hum Reprod. 2018;33(9):1628–1635. 10.1093/humrep/dey249
Priskorn L, Bang AK, Nordkap L, et al. Anogenital distance is associated with semen quality but not reproductive hormones in 1106 young men from the general population. Hum Reprod. 2019;34(1):12–24. 10.1093/humrep/dey326
Du X, Wu Y, Tao G, et al. Association between PFAS exposure and thyroid health: a systematic review and meta-analysis for adolescents, pregnant women, adults and toxicological evidence. Sci Total Environ. 2024;953:175958. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175958
Bath SC. Thyroid function and iodine intake: global recommendations and relevant dietary trends. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2024;20(8):474–486. 10.1038/s41574-024-00983-z
Grossklaus R, Liesenkötter KP, Doubek K, Völzke H, Gaertner R. Iodine deficiency, maternal hypothyroxinemia and endocrine disrupters affecting fetal brain development: a scoping review. Nutrients. 2023;15(10):2249. 10.3390/nu15102249
Sun M, Cao X, Wu Y, Shen L, Wei G. Prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and thyroid function in neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2022;231:113215. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113215
Derakhshan A, Kortenkamp A, Shu H, et al. Association of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with thyroid homeostasis during pregnancy in the SELMA study. Environ Int. 2022;167:107420. 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107420
Goodrich JA, Walker DI, He J, et al. Metabolic signatures of youth exposure to mixtures of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: a multi-cohort study. Environ Health Perspect. 2023;131(2):27005. 10.1289/EHP11372
Yang X, Zhang M, Lu T, et al. Metabolomics study and meta-analysis on the association between maternal pesticide exposome and birth outcomes. Environ Res. 2020;182:109087. 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109087
Kim MJ, Moon S, Oh B-C, Jung D, Choi K, Park YJ. Association between diethylhexyl phthalate exposure and thyroid function: a meta-analysis. Thyroid. 2019;29(2):183–192. 10.1089/thy.2018.0051
Chen D, Liu J, Yan W, et al. Associations of prenatal exposure to triclosan and maternal thyroid hormone levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:607055. 10.3389/fendo.2020.607055
Wise A, Parham F, Axelrad DA, et al. Upstream adverse effects in risk assessment: a model of polychlorinated biphenyls, thyroid hormone disruption and neurological outcomes in humans. Environ Res. 2012;117:90–99. 10.1016/j.envres.2012.05.013
Suh M, Abraham L, Hixon JG, Proctor DM. The effects of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate on free thyroxine for potentially sensitive subpopulations of the 2001–2002 and 2007–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2014;24(6):579–587. 10.1038/jes.2013.67
Hu Q, Han X, Dong G, et al. Association between mercury exposure and thyroid hormones levels: a meta-analysis. Environ Res. 2021;196:110928. 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110928
Köhrle J. Selenium, iodine and iron-essential trace elements for thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(4):3393. 10.3390/ijms24043393
Liu J, Zhao K, Qian T, et al. Association between ambient air pollution and thyroid hormones levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ. 2023;904:166780. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166780
Cajachagua-Torres KN, Quezada-Pinedo HG, Wu T, Trasande L, Ghassabian A. Exposure to endocrine disruptors in early life and neuroimaging findings in childhood and adolescence: a scoping review. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2024;11(3):416–442. 10.1007/s40572-024-00457-4
Heindel JJ, Alvarez JA, Atlas E, et al. Obesogens and obesity: state-of-the-science and future directions summary from a healthy environment and endocrine disruptors strategies workshop. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023;118(1):329–337. 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.024
Egusquiza RJ, Blumberg B. Environmental obesogens and their impact on susceptibility to obesity: new mechanisms and chemicals. Endocrinology. 2020;161(3):bqaa024. 10.1210/endocr/bqaa024
Barrett JR. DDT and obesity in humans: exploring the evidence in a new way. Environ Health Perspect. 2018;126(2):024003. 10.1289/EHP2545
Blanco J, Guardia-Escote L, Mulero M, et al. Obesogenic effects of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020;137:111171. 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111171
Silva MH. Chlorpyrifos and Δ(9) tetrahydrocannabinol exposure and effects on parameters associated with the endocannabinoid system and risk factors for obesity. Curr Res Toxicol. 2021;2:296–308. 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.08.002
Kahn LG, Philippat C, Nakayama SF, Slama R, Trasande L. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: implications for human health. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(8):703–718. 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30129-7
Braun JM. Early-life exposure to EDCs: role in childhood obesity and neurodevelopment. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(3):161–173. 10.1038/nrendo.2016.186
Lucas A, Herrmann S, Lucas M. The role of endocrine-disrupting phthalates and bisphenols in cardiometabolic disease: the evidence is mounting. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2022;29(2):87–94. 10.1097/MED.0000000000000712
Biemann R, Blüher M, Isermann B. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds such as phthalates and bisphenol A is associated with an increased risk for obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;35(5):101546. 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101546
Xiao T, Huang Z, Zheng C, et al. Associations of bisphenol A exposure with metabolic syndrome and its components: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2024;25(6):e13738. 10.1111/obr.13738
Guo J, Liu K, Yang J, Su Y. The association between prenatal exposure to bisphenol A and offspring obesity: a systematic review. Environ Pollut. 2024;344:123391. 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123391
Deodati A, Bottaro G, Germani D, et al. Urinary bisphenol A and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolite concentrations in children with obesity: a case-control study. Horm Res Paediatr. 2024;97(4):388–396. 10.1159/000535305
Li J, Lai H, Chen S, Zhu H, Lai S. Gender differences in the associations between urinary bisphenol A and body composition among American children: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2006. J Epidemiol. 2017;27(5):228–234. 10.1016/j.je.2016.12.001
Svensson K, Gennings C, Lindh C, et al. EDC mixtures during pregnancy and body fat at 7 years of age in a Swedish cohort, the SELMA study. Environ Res. 2024;248:118293. 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118293
Lobstein T, Brownell KD. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and obesity risk: a review of recommendations for obesity prevention policies. Obes Rev. 2021;22(11):e13332. 10.1111/obr.13332
Shulhai A-M, Palanza P, Street ME. Current evidence on the effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on bone growth and health. Expo Health. 2024;16(4):1001–1025. 10.1007/s12403-023-00607-3
Hwang JK, Min KH, Choi KH, et al. Bisphenol A reduces differentiation and stimulates apoptosis of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Life Sci. 2013;93(9-11):367–372. 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.07.020
Salhotra A, Shah HN, Levi B, Longaker MT. Mechanisms of bone development and repair. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020;21(11):696–711. 10.1038/s41580-020-00279-w
Kim S, Cho YH, Lee I, et al. Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and methylation of LINE-1 and imprinted genes in placenta: a CHECK cohort study. Environ Int. 2018;119:398–406. 10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.039
Goodrich JM, Dolinoy DC, Sánchez BN, et al. Adolescent epigenetic profiles and environmental exposures from early life through peri-adolescence. Environ Epigenet. 2016;2(3):dvw018. 10.1093/eep/dvw018
Ish J, Gimeno Ruiz de Porras D, Symanski E, et al. Maternal occupational exposures and fetal growth in a Spanish birth cohort. PLoS One. 2022;17(4):e0264530. 10.1371/journal.pone.0264530
Delvaux I, Van Cauwenberghe J, Den Hond E, et al. Prenatal exposure to environmental contaminants and body composition at age 7–9 years. Environ Res. 2014;132:24–32. 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.019
Huang P-C, Chang W-H, Wu M-T, et al. Characterization of phthalate exposure in relation to serum thyroid and growth hormones, and estimated daily intake levels in children exposed to phthalate-tainted products: a longitudinal cohort study. Environ Pollut. 2020;264:114648. 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114648
Berman YE, Doherty DA, Main KM, et al. Associations between prenatal exposure to phthalates and timing of menarche and growth and adiposity into adulthood: a twenty-years birth cohort study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4725. 10.3390/ijerph18094725
de Cock M, de Boer MR, Lamoree M, Legler J, van de Bor M. First year growth in relation to prenatal exposure to endocrine disruptors—a Dutch prospective cohort study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(7):7001–7021. 10.3390/ijerph110707001
Huang B, Ning S, Zhang Q, et al. Bisphenol A represses dopaminergic neuron differentiation from human embryonic stem cells through downregulating the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1. Mol Neurobiol. 2017;54(5):3798–3812. 10.1007/s12035-016-9898-y
Hou J, He C, He W, Yang M, Luo X, Li C. Obesity and bone health: a complex link. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:600181. 10.3389/fcell.2020.600181
Sol CM, van Zwol-Janssens C, Philips EM, et al. Maternal bisphenol urine concentrations, fetal growth and adverse birth outcomes: a population-based prospective cohort. Environ Health. 2021;20(1):60. 10.1186/s12940-021-00747-6
van Zwol-Janssens C, Trasande L, Asimakopoulos AG, et al. Fetal exposure to bisphenols and phthalates and childhood bone mass: a population-based prospective cohort study. Environ Res. 2020;186:109602. 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109602
Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Mondal D, Armstrong BG, Eskenazi B, Fletcher T. Perfluoroalkyl substances, sex hormones, and insulin-like growth factor-1 at 6–9 years of age: a cross-sectional analysis within the C8 health project. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(8):1269–1275. 10.1289/ehp.1509869
Buckley JP, Kuiper JR, Lanphear BP, et al. Associations of maternal serum perfluoroalkyl substances concentrations with early adolescent bone mineral content and density: the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) study. Environ Health Perspect. 2021;129(9):97011. 10.1289/EHP9424
Shoaff J, Papandonatos GD, Calafat AM, et al. Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances: infant birth weight and early life growth. Environ Epidemiol. 2018;2(2):e010. 10.1097/EE9.0000000000000010
Smith JT, Schneider AD, Katchko KM, Yun C, Hsu EL. Environmental factors impacting bone-relevant chemokines. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017;8:22. 10.3389/fendo.2017.00022
Cluett R, Seshasayee SM, Rokoff LB, et al. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance plasma concentrations and bone mineral density in midchildhood: a cross-sectional study (Project Viva, United States). Environ Health Perspect. 2019;127(8):87006. 10.1289/EHP4918
Højsager FD, Andersen M, Juul A, et al. Prenatal and early postnatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and bone mineral content and density in the Odense child cohort. Environ Int. 2022;167:107417. 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107417
Khalil N, Ebert JR, Honda M, et al. Perfluoroalkyl substances, bone density, and cardio-metabolic risk factors in obese 8–12 year old children: a pilot study. Environ Res. 2018;160:314–321. 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.014
Snijder CA, Roeleveld N, Te Velde E, et al. Occupational exposure to chemicals and fetal growth: the generation R study. Hum Reprod. 2012;27(3):910–920. 10.1093/humrep/der437
Jedrychowski W, Bendkowska I, Flak E, et al. Estimated risk for altered fetal growth resulting from exposure to fine particles during pregnancy: an epidemiologic prospective cohort study in Poland. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112(14):1398–1402. 10.1289/ehp.7065
Perera FP, Rauh V, Tsai WY, et al. Effects of transplacental exposure to environmental pollutants on birth outcomes in a multiethnic population. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111(2):201–205. 10.1289/ehp.5742
Ribelin WE. The effects of drugs and chemicals upon the structure of the adrenal gland. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1984;4(1):105–119. 10.1016/0272-0590(84)90224-0
Hinson JP, Raven PW. Effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on adrenal function. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;20(1):111–120. 10.1016/j.beem.2005.09.006
Darnerud PO, Risberg S. Tissue localisation of tetra- and pentabromodiphenyl ether congeners (BDE-47, -85 and -99) in perinatal and adult C57BL mice. Chemosphere. 2006;62(3):485–493. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.04.004
Kabuto H, Amakawa M, Shishibori T. Exposure to bisphenol A during embryonic/fetal life and infancy increases oxidative injury and causes underdevelopment of the brain and testis in mice. Life Sci. 2004;74(24):2931–2940. 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.07.060
Sedha S, Kumar S, Shukla S. Role of oxidative stress in male reproductive dysfunctions with reference to phthalate compounds. Urol J. 2015;12(5):2304–2316.
Samarasinghe SVAC, Krishnan K, Naidu R, et al. Parabens generate reactive oxygen species in human spermatozoa. Andrology. 2018;6(4):532–541. 10.1111/andr.12499
Olukole SG, Lanipekun DO, Ola-Davies EO, Oke BO. Melatonin attenuates bisphenol A-induced toxicity of the adrenal gland of Wistar rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019;26(6):5971–5982. 10.1007/s11356-018-4024-5
Sheikh IA, Yasir M, Abu-Elmagd M, et al. Human sex hormone-binding globulin as a potential target of alternate plasticizers: an in silico study. BMC Struct Biol. 2016;16(Suppl 1):15. 10.1186/s12900-016-0067-3
Sheikh IA, Beg MA. Endocrine disruption: in silico interactions between phthalate plasticizers and corticosteroid binding globulin. J Appl Toxicol. 2017;37(12):1471–1480. 10.1002/jat.3497
Madrigal JM, Sargis RM, Persky V, Turyk ME. Multiple organochlorine pesticide exposures and measures of sex steroid hormones in adult males: cross-sectional findings from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2021;231:113609. 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113609
Alquraini A. Potency of hexaconazole to disrupt endocrine function with sex hormone-binding globulin. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(4):3882. 10.3390/ijms24043882
Chen F, Zhou L, Bai Y, Zhou R, Chen L. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity accounts for anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rats perinatally exposed to bisphenol A. J Biomed Res. 2015;29(3):250–258. 10.7555/JBR.29.20140058
Li H, Cai J, Chen R, et al. Particulate matter exposure and stress hormone levels: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of air purification. Circulation. 2017;136(7):618–627. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026796
Goudarzi H, Araki A, Itoh S, et al. The association of prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals with glucocorticoid and androgenic hormones in cord blood samples: the Hokkaido study. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125(1):111–118. 10.1289/EHP142
Zhao B, Hu G-X, Chu Y, et al. Inhibition of human and rat 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 activities by perfluoroalkylated substances. Chem Biol Interact. 2010;188(1):38–43. 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.07.001
Benjamin JJ, MaheshKumar K, Koshy T, Maruthy KN, Padmavathi R. DHEA and polycystic ovarian syndrome: meta-analysis of case-control studies. PLoS One. 2021;16(12):e0261552. 10.1371/journal.pone.0261552
Bornstein SR. Predisposing factors for adrenal insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(22):2328–2339. 10.1056/NEJMra0804635
Løvås K, Husebye ES. High prevalence and increasing incidence of Addison's disease in western Norway. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;56(6):787–791. 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.t01-1-01552.x
Olafsson AS, Sigurjonsdottir HA. Increasing prevalence of Addison disease: results from a nationwide study. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(1):30–35. 10.4158/EP15754.OR
Yaglova NV, Obernikhin SS, Nazimova SV, Yaglov VV, Kosmachevskaya OV, Topunov AF. Changes in transcriptional regulation of postnatal morphogenesis of the adrenal zona fasciculata caused by endocrine disruptor dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2020;168(6):797–801. 10.1007/s10517-020-04805-w
Yaglova NV, Obernikhin SS, Yaglov VV, Nazimova SV, Timokhina EP, Tsomartova DA. Low-dose exposure to endocrine disruptor dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) affects transcriptional regulation of adrenal zona reticularis in male rats. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2021;170(5):682–685. 10.1007/s10517-021-05132-4
Yaglova NV, Timokhina EP, Yaglov VV, Obernikhin SS, Nazimova SV, Tsomartova DA. Changes in histophysiology of the adrenal medulla in rats after prenatal and postnatal exposure to endocrine disruptor DDT. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2020;169(3):398–400. 10.1007/s10517-020-04895-6
Modica R, Benevento E, Colao A. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and cancer: new perspectives on an old relationship. J Endocrinol Invest. 2023;46(4):667–677. 10.1007/s40618-022-01983-4
Macedo S, Teixeira E, Gaspar TB, et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and endocrine neoplasia: a forty-year systematic review. Environ Res. 2023;218:114869. 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114869
Alavian-Ghavanini A, Rüegg J. Understanding epigenetic effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals: from mechanisms to novel test methods. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018;122(1):38–45. 10.1111/bcpt.12878
O'Shaughnessy KL, Fischer F, Zenclussen AC. Perinatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and neurodevelopment: how articles of daily use influence the development of our children. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;35(5):101568. 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101568
Buoso E, Masi M, Racchi M, Corsini E. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals’ (EDCs) effects on tumour microenvironment and cancer progression: emerging contribution of RACK1. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(23):9229. 10.3390/ijms21239229
Lu L, Shen L, Cui S, et al. Angiogenic activity and mechanism for bisphenols on endothelial cell and mouse: evidence of a structural-selective effect. Environ Sci Technol. 2023;57(32):11803–11813. 10.1021/acs.est.3c03883
Alsen M, Sinclair C, Cooke P, Ziadkhanpour K, Genden E, van Gerwen M. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and thyroid cancer: an overview. Toxics. 2021;9(1):14. 10.3390/toxics9010014
Yang Y, Bai X, Lu J, Zou R, Ding R, Hua X. Assessment of five typical environmental endocrine disruptors and thyroid cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1283087. 10.3389/fendo.2023.1283087
Fommei E, Turci R, Ripoli A, et al. Evidence for persistent organochlorine pollutants in the human adrenal cortex. J Appl Toxicol. 2017;37(9):1091–1097. 10.1002/jat.3460
Eker F, Gungunes A, Durmaz S, Kisa U, Celik ZR. Nonfunctional adrenal incidentalomas may be related to bisphenol-A. Endocrine. 2021;71(2):459–466. 10.1007/s12020-020-02502-2
Das S, Dasari A. Epidemiology, incidence, and prevalence of neuroendocrine neoplasms: are there global differences? Curr Oncol Rep. 2021;23(4):43. 10.1007/s11912-021-01029-7
Lin JYY RX. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and type 2 diabetes mellitus in later life. Expo Health. 2023;15:199–229. 10.1007/s12403-022-00486-0
Barone E, Corrado A, Gemignani F, Landi S. Environmental risk factors for pancreatic cancer: an update. Arch Toxicol. 2016;90(11):2617–2642. 10.1007/s00204-016-1821-9
Lauretta R, Sansone A, Sansone M, Romanelli F, Appetecchia M. Endocrine disrupting chemicals: effects on endocrine glands. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:178. 10.3389/fendo.2019.00178
Caserta D, De Marco MP, Besharat AR, Costanzi F. Endocrine disruptors and endometrial cancer: molecular mechanisms of action and clinical implications, a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(6):2956. 10.3390/ijms23062956
Eve L, Fervers B, Le Romancer M, Etienne-Selloum N. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and risk of breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(23):9139. 10.3390/ijms21239139
The pharmaceutical industry in figures. European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations; 2022.
Schettler T. Human exposure to phthalates via consumer products. Int J Androl. 2006;29(1):134–139. 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00567.x
Nassan FL, Coull BA, Skakkebaek NE, et al. A crossover-crossback prospective study of dibutyl-phthalate exposure from mesalamine medications and serum reproductive hormones in men. Environ Res. 2018;160:121–131. 10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.006
Helwig K, Niemi L, Stenuick J-Y, et al. Broadening the perspective on reducing pharmaceutical residues in the environment. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2024;43(3):653–663. 10.1002/etc.5563
IISD. Integrating policy: water, endocrine disruptors, and pharmaceuticals; 2023. Accessed November 13, 2023. https://sdg.iisd.org/commentary/policy-briefs/integrating-policy-water-endocrine-disruptors-and-pharmaceuticals/
Kumirska J. Pharmaceutical residues in the environment. Molecules. 2020;25(12):2941. 10.3390/molecules25122941
Kristensen DM, Mazaud-Guittot S, Gaudriault P, et al. Analgesic use—prevalence, biomonitoring and endocrine and reproductive effects. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12(7):381–393. 10.1038/nrendo.2016.55
Tadokoro-Cuccaro R, Fisher BG, Thankamony A, Ong KK, Hughes IA. Maternal paracetamol intake during pregnancy—impacts on offspring reproductive development. Front Toxicol. 2022;4:884704. 10.3389/ftox.2022.884704
Boizet-Bonhoure B, Dejardin S, Rossitto M, Poulat F, Philibert P. Using experimental models to decipher the effects of acetaminophen and NSAIDs on reproductive development and health. Front Toxicol. 2022;4:835360. 10.3389/ftox.2022.835360
Lecante LL, Leverrier-Penna S, Gicquel T, et al. Acetaminophen (APAP, paracetamol) interferes with the first trimester human fetal ovary development in an ex vivo model. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(6):1647–1661. 10.1210/clinem/dgac080
Bauer AZ, Swan SH, Kriebel D, et al. Paracetamol use during pregnancy—a call for precautionary action. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17(12):757–766. 10.1038/s41574-021-00553-7
Tavlo M, Skakkebaek NE, Mathiesen ER, et al. Hypothesis: metformin is a potential reproductive toxicant. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:1000872. 10.3389/fendo.2022.1000872
Munkboel CH, Rasmussen TB, Elgaard C, Olesen M-LK, Kretschmann AC, Styrishave B. The classic azole antifungal drugs are highly potent endocrine disruptors in vitro inhibiting steroidogenic CYP enzymes at concentrations lower than therapeutic Cmax. Toxicology. 2019;425:152247. 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152247
Draskau MK, Rosenmai AK, Scholze M, et al. Human-relevant concentrations of the antifungal drug clotrimazole disrupt maternal and fetal steroid hormone profiles in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2021;422:115554. 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115554
Yang Y, Liu J, Yang K, et al. Endocrine adverse events caused by different types and different doses of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of solid tumors: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;61(3):282–297. 10.1002/jcph.1804
Vanos J, Guzman-Echavarria G, Baldwin JW, Bongers C, Ebi KL, Jay O. A physiological approach for assessing human survivability and liveability to heat in a changing climate. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):7653. 10.1038/s41467-023-43121-5
Zeng Y, He H, Wang X, Zhang M, An Z. Climate and air pollution exposure are associated with thyroid function parameters: a retrospective cross-sectional study. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021;44(7):1515–1523. 10.1007/s40618-020-01461-9
Hatch-McChesney A, Lieberman HR. Iodine and iodine deficiency: a comprehensive review of a re-emerging issue. Nutrients. 2022;14(17):3474. 10.3390/nu14173474
Corella JP, Maffezzoli N, Spolaor A, et al. Climate changes modulated the history of Arctic iodine during the Last Glacial Cycle. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):88. 10.1038/s41467-021-27642-5
Hosseini MJ, Dezhangah S, Esmi F MSG-N, Hashempour-Baltork F, Mirza Alizadeh A. A worldwide systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of nitrate and nitrite in vegetables and fruits. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2023;257:114934. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114934
Oliveras-Cañellas N, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Lorenzo PM, et al. Downregulated adipose tissue expression of browning genes with increased environmental temperatures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;109(1):e145–e154. 10.1210/clinem/dgad469
Qiu L, Shen W, Ye C, et al. Association of exposure to PM(2.5)-bound metals with maternal thyroid function in early pregnancy. Sci Total Environ. 2022;810:151167. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151167
Sun Q, Chen Y, Ye F, et al. Association of hypothyroidism during pregnancy with preconception and early pregnancy exposure to ambient particulate matter. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023;30(37):88084–88094. 10.1007/s11356-023-28683-7
Chiarello DI, Ustariz J, Marin R, et al. Cellular mechanisms linking to outdoor and indoor air pollution damage during pregnancy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1084986. 10.3389/fendo.2023.1084986
Johnson NM, Hoffmann AR, Behlen JC, et al. Air pollution and children's health—a review of adverse effects associated with prenatal exposure from fine to ultrafine particulate matter. Environ Health Prev Med. 2021;26(1):72. 10.1186/s12199-021-00995-5
Zhang X, Huels A, Makuch R, et al. Association of exposure to ambient particulate matter with maternal thyroid function in early pregnancy. Environ Res. 2022;214(2):113942. 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113942
Liu S, Zhao J, Ye X, et al. Fine particulate matter and its constituent on ovarian reserve: identifying susceptible windows of exposure. Sci Total Environ. 2023;904:166744. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166744
Yang BY, Fan S, Thiering E, et al. Ambient air pollution and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Res. 2020;180:108817. 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108817
Wu J, Guo B, Guan H, et al. The association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and bone strength in China. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(12):5097–5108. 10.1210/clinem/dgab462
Zeman M, Okuliarova M, Rumanova VS. Disturbances of hormonal circadian rhythms by light pollution. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(8):7255. 10.3390/ijms24087255
Stagi S, De Masi S, Bencini E, et al. Increased incidence of precocious and accelerated puberty in females during and after the Italian lockdown for the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Ital J Pediatr. 2020;46(1):165. 10.1186/s13052-020-00931-3
Street ME, Sartori C, Catellani C, Righi B. Precocious puberty and COVID-19 into perspective: potential increased frequency, possible causes, and a potential emergency to be addressed. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:734899. 10.3389/fped.2021.734899
Khalil WJ, Akeblersane M, Khan AS, Moin ASM, Butler AE. Environmental pollution and the risk of developing metabolic disorders: obesity and diabetes. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(10):8870. 10.3390/ijms24108870
Chrousos GP. Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5(7):374–381. 10.1038/nrendo.2009.106
Ferguson KK, Rosen EM, Barrett ES, et al. Joint impact of phthalate exposure and stressful life events in pregnancy on preterm birth. Environ Int. 2019;133(Pt B):105254. 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105254
Hogberg B. Educational stressors and secular trends in school stress and mental health problems in adolescents. Soc Sci Med. 2021;270:113616. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113616
Kim Y, Hagquist C. Trends in adolescent mental health during economic upturns and downturns: a multilevel analysis of Swedish data 1988–2008. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2018;72(2):101–108. 10.1136/jech-2017-209784
Sanchez-Garrido MA, Garcia-Galiano D, Tena-Sempere M. Early programming of reproductive health and fertility: novel neuroendocrine mechanisms and implications in reproductive medicine. Hum Reprod Update. 2022;28(3):346–375. 10.1093/humupd/dmac005
Boersma GJ, Bale TL, Casanello P, et al. Long-term impact of early life events on physiology and behaviour. J Neuroendocrinol. 2014;26(9):587–602. 10.1111/jne.12153
Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Mitchell MD. Developmental origins of health and disease: reducing the burden of chronic disease in the next generation. Genome Med. 2010;2(2):14. 10.1186/gm135
Bale TL, Epperson CN. Sex differences and stress across the lifespan. Nat Neurosci. 2015;18(10):1413–1420. 10.1038/nn.4112
Kramer AC, Jansson T, Bale TL, Powell TL. Maternal-fetal cross-talk via the placenta: influence on offspring development and metabolism. Development. 2023;150(20):202088. 10.1242/dev.202088
Duffy KA, Bale TL, Epperson CN. Germ cell drivers: transmission of preconception stress across generations. Front Hum Neurosci. 2021;15:642762. 10.3389/fnhum.2021.642762