Dumont_2026_suppl_Multi-year observations of BVOCs and ozone concentrations and fluxes measured above and below the canopy in a mixed temperate forest.pdf
[en] Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ozone (O3) are key constituents of tropospheric chemistry, affecting both air quality and climate. Forests are major emitters of biogenic VOCs (BVOCs), yet large uncertainties remain regarding the diversity of exchanged compounds, the drivers of their bidirectional fluxes, and their in-canopy chemistry. Long-term and comprehensive in situ datasets remain scarce, limiting our understanding of these complex processes. We conducted a 3-year field campaign (2022–2024) at the Integrated Carbon Observation System mixed temperate forest station of Vielsalm (BE-Vie), combining vertical concentration profile and eddy covariance flux measurements above and below the canopy (concentration dataset: https://doi.org/10.18758/NVFBA74V, Verreyken et al., 2025c; flux dataset: https://doi.org/10.18758/KHV8ZXU2, Dumont et al., 2025a; concentration-turbulence profile dataset: https://doi.org/10.18758/BED4Q2VY, Dumont et al., 2025b). Using a PTR-ToF-MS and an open-source data-processing workflow, we identified 48 significantly exchanged VOCs. The vertical and diurnal gradients of the mixing ratios reflected the interplay between emission, deposition, chemistry, and transport. Combined with a profile of turbulence statistics, these observations offer an opportunity to investigate their behaviour within the canopy. The forest acted as a net VOC source in summer (∼ 1.25 µg m−2 s−1), while deposition dominated in autumn. Many oxygenated VOCs displayed bidirectional exchange. Monoterpenes, isoprene, and methanol were the most abundant flux contributors, but 15–30 (30–43) compounds were needed to account for 90 % of total emissions (depositions), depending on the season. Below-canopy BVOC and O3 fluxes reached ∼ 10 % of above-canopy ones, with proportionally enhanced below-canopy ozone uptake at night. This study provides one of the most detailed long-term datasets of VOC and O3 exchange in a temperate forest and serves as a key reference for improving process-based models of biogenic, physical, and chemical exchange in forest ecosystems.
Research Center/Unit :
BIODYNE - TERRA Research Centre. Biosystems Dynamics and Exchanges - ULiège
Dumont, Clément ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Biosystems Dynamics and Exchanges (BIODYNE)
Verreyken, Bert ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Biosystems Dynamics and Exchanges (BIODYNE) ; Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy
Schoon, Niels; Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy
Bergmans, Benjamin ; ISSeP - Institut Scientifique de Service Public
Heinesch, Bernard ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Biosystems Dynamics and Exchanges (BIODYNE)
Amelynck, Crist; Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy ; UGent - Ghent University > Department of Chemistry
Language :
English
Title :
Multi-year observations of BVOCs and ozone: concentrations and fluxes measured above and below the canopy in a mixed temperate forest
BELSPO - Belgian Federal Science Policy Office SPW - Service Public de Wallonie
Funding number :
Prf-2021034_BERTRAC#2; FSIRI/00/AC1; 1217769
Funding text :
This research has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (grant nos. Prf-2021034_BERTRAC#2 and FSIRI/00/AC1) and the Service Public de Wallonie (grant no. 1217769).
Andersen, S. T., McGillen, M. R., Xue, C., Seubert, T., Dewald, P., Türk, G. N., Schuladen, J., Denjean, C., Etienne, J. C., Garrouste, O., Jamar, M., Harb, S., Cirtog, M., Michoud, V., Cazaunau, M., Bergé, A., Cantrell, C., Dusanter, S., Picquet-Varrault, B., Kukui, A., Mellouki, A., Carpenter, L. J., Lelieveld, J., and Crowley, J. N.: Measurement report: Sources, sinks, and lifetime of NOx in a suburban temperate forest at night, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11603–11618, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11603-2024, 2024.
Ashworth, K., Chung, S. H., McKinney, K. A., Liu, Y., Munger, J. W., Martin, S. T., and Steiner, A. L.: Modelling bidirectional fluxes of methanol and acetaldehyde with the FORCAsT canopy exchange model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15461–15484, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15461-2016, 2016.
Aubinet, M., Grelle, A., Ibrom, A., Rannik, U., Moncrieff, J., Foken, T., Kowalski, A., Martin, P., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Clement, R., Elbers, J., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Morgenstern, K., Pilegaard, K., Rebmann, C., Snijders, W., Valentini, R., and Vesala, T.: Estimates of the Annual Net Carbon and Water Exchange of Forests: The EUROFLUX Methodology, in: vol. 30 of Advances in Ecological Research, Academic Press, 113–175, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60018-5, 1999.
Aubinet, M., Chermanne, B., Vandenhaute, M., Longdoz, B., Yernaux, M., and Laitat, E.: Long term carbon dioxide exchange above a mixed forest in the Belgian Ardennes, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 108, 293–315, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00244-1, 2001.
Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., and Papale, D. (Eds.): Eddy Covariance: A Practical Guide to Measurement and Data Analysis, Springer Atmospheric Sciences, Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, ISBN 978-94-007-2350-4, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1, 2012.
Aubinet, M., Hurdebise, Q., Chopin, H., Debacq, A., De Ligne, A., Heinesch, B., Manise, T., and Vincke, C.: Inter-annual variability of Net Ecosystem Productivity for a temperate mixed forest: A predominance of carry-over effects?, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 262, 340–353, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.07.024, 2018.
Bachy, A., Aubinet, M., Schoon, N., Amelynck, C., Bodson, B., Moureaux, C., and Heinesch, B.: Are BVOC exchanges in agricultural ecosystems overestimated? Insights from fluxes measured in a maize field over a whole growing season, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5343–5356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5343-2016, 2016.
Bachy, A., Aubinet, M., Amelynck, C., Schoon, N., Bodson, B., Moureaux, C., Delaplace, P., De Ligne, A., and Heinesch, B.: Methanol exchange dynamics between a temperate cropland soil and the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 176, 229–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.12.016, 2018.
Bamberger, I., Hörtnagl, L., Ruuskanen, T. M., Schnitzhofer, R., Müller, M., Graus, M., Karl, T., Wohlfahrt, G., and Hansel, A.: Deposition fluxes of terpenes over grassland, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015457, 2011.
Brilli, F., Gioli, B., Zona, D., Pallozzi, E., Zenone, T., Fratini, G., Calfapietra, C., Loreto, F., Janssens, I. A., and Ceulemans, R.: Simultaneous leaf- and ecosystem-level fluxes of volatile organic compounds from a poplar-based SRC plantation, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 187, 22–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.11.006, 2014.
Brilli, F., Gioli, B., Fares, S., Terenzio, Z., Zona, D., Gielen, B., Loreto, F., Janssens, I. A., and Ceulemans, R.: Rapid leaf development drives the seasonal pattern of volatile organic compound (VOC) fluxes in a 'coppiced' bioenergy poplar plantation, Plant Cell Environ., 39, 539–555, https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12638, 2016.
Canadell, J., Monteiro, P., Costa, M., Cotrim da Cunha, L., Cox, P., Eliseev, A., Henson, S., Ishii, M., Jaccard, S., Koven, C., Lohila, A., Patra, P., Piao, S., Rogelj, J., Syampungani, S., Zaehle, S., and Zickfeld, K.: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 673–816, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.007, 2021.
Cieslik, S.: Energy and ozone fluxes in the atmospheric surface layer observed in Southern Germany highlands, Atmos. Environ., 32, 1273–1281, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00190-8, 1998.
Clifton, O. E., Fiore, A. M., Massman, W. J., Baublitz, C. B., Coyle, M., Emberson, L., Fares, S., Farmer, D. K., Gentine, P., Gerosa, G., Guenther, A. B., Helmig, D., Lombardozzi, D. L., Munger, J. W., Patton, E. G., Pusede, S. E., Schwede, D. B., Silva, S. J., Sörgel, M., Steiner, A. L., and Tai, A. P. K.: Dry Deposition of Ozone Over Land: Processes, Measurement, and Modeling, Rev. Geophys., 58, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000670, 2020.
Dudareva, N., Klempien, A., Muhlemann, J. K., and Kaplan, I.: Biosynthesis, function and metabolic engineering of plant volatile organic compounds, New Phytol., 198, 16–32, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12145, 2013.
Dumont, C., Verreyken, B. W. D., Schoon, N., Amelynck, C., and Heinesch, B.: 3-years of (O)VOC and ozone flux measurements at a mixed temperate forest at the Vielsalm ICOS ecosystem station (Belgium), Data repository of BIRA-IASB [data set], https://doi.org/10.18758/KHV8ZXU2, 2025a.
Dumont, C., Verreyken, B. W. D., Schoon, N., Heinesch, B., and Amelynck, C.: 3-years of (O)VOC, ozone, and turbulence profile measurements at a mixed temperate forest at the Vielsalm ICOS ecosystem station (Belgium), Data repository of BIRA-IASB [data set], https://doi.org/10.18758/BED4Q2VY, 2025b.
Dusanter, S., Holzinger, R., Klein, F., Salameh, T., and Jamar, M.: Measurement Guidelines for VOC Analysis by PTR-MS, https://actris.eu/sites/default/files/inline-files/PTRMS SOP(April2025).pdf (last access: 13 January 2026), 2025.
Ester, M., Kriegel, H.-P., Sander, J., and Xu, X.: A Density-Based Algorithm for Discovering Clusters in Large Spatial Databases with Noise, https://aaai.org/ (last access: 13 January 2026), 1996.
Fagerli, H., Benedictow, A., Van Caspel, W., Gauss, M., Ge, Y., Jonson, J. E., Klein, H., Nyíri, Á., Simpson, D., Tsyro, S., Valdebenito, Á., Wind, P., Aas, W., Hjellbrekke, A., Solberg, S., Tørseth, K., Espen Yttri, K., Matthews, B., Schindlbacher, S., Ullrich, B., Wankmüller, R., Klimont, Z., Scheuschner, T., Kuenen, J. J. P., Hellén, H., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Tusha, D., Mothes, F., Salameh, T., van Drooge, B. L., and Wegener, R.: EMEP Status report: Transboundary particulate matter, photo-oxidants, acidifying and eutrophying components, Tech. rep., Norwegian Meteorological Institute, https://emep.int/publ/reports/2023/EMEP_Status_Report_1_2023.pdf (last access: 13 January 2026), 2023.
Faiola, C., Ossola, R., and McGlynn, D.: Chapter 5-The role of biogenic volatile organic compounds and plant surfaces in the formation and scavenging of ozone and particulate matter, including secondary organic aerosol, in: Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds and Climate Change, edited by: Brilli, F. and Decesari, S., Elsevier, 165–195, ISBN 978-0-12-821076-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821076-5.00004-5, 2024.
Fares, S., Savi, F., Muller, J., Matteucci, G., and Paoletti, E.: Simultaneous measurements of above and below canopy ozone fluxes help partitioning ozone deposition between its various sinks in a Mediterranean Oak Forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 198-199, 181–191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.08.014, 2014.
Filella, I., Wilkinson, M. J., Llusià, J., Hewitt, C. N., and Peñuelas, J.: Volatile organic compounds emissions in Norway spruce (Picea abies) in response to temperature changes, Physiologia Plantarum, 130, 58–66, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.00881.x, 2007.
Finco, A., Coyle, M., Nemitz, E., Marzuoli, R., Chiesa, M., Loubet, B., Fares, S., Diaz-Pines, E., Gasche, R., and Gerosa, G.: Characterization of ozone deposition to a mixed oak–hornbeam forest-flux measurements at five levels above and inside the canopy and their interactions with nitric oxide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17945–17961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17945-2018, 2018.
Finkelstein, P. and Sims, P.: Sampling error in eddy correlation flux measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 3503–3509, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900731, 2001.
Fischer, L., Breitenlechner, M., Canaval, E., Scholz, W., Striednig, M., Graus, M., Karl, T. G., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., and Hansel, A.: First eddy covariance flux measurements of semi-volatile organic compounds with the PTR3-TOF-MS, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 8019–8039, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-8019-2021, 2021.
Fiscus, E. L., Booker, F. L., and Burkey, K. O.: Crop responses to ozone: uptake, modes of action, carbon assimilation and partitioning, Plant Cell Environ., 28, 997–1011, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01349.x, 2005.
Foken, T. and Wichura, B.: Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 78, 83–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(95)02248-1, 1996.
Forkel, R., Guenther, A., Ashworth, K., Bedos, C., Delon, C., Lathiere, J., Noe, S., Potier, E., Rinne, J., Tchepel, O., and Zhang, L.: Bi-directional Exchange of Volatile Organic Compounds, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 169–179, ISBN 978-94-017-7285-3, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7285-3_8, 2015.
Gerosa, G. A., Bignotti, L., and Marzuoli, R.: Effect of corrections for water vapor sensitivity of coumarin targets and for density fluctuations (WPL) on O3 fluxes measured with the eddy covariance technique, Bull. Atmos. Sci. Technol., 3, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42865-022-00053-0, 2022a.
Gerosa, G. A., Marzuoli, R., and Finco, A.: Interannual variability of ozone fluxes in a broadleaf deciduous forest in Italy, Elementa, 10, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00105, 2022b.
Goldstein, A. H. and Galbally, I. E.: Known and Unexplored Organic Constituents in the Earth's Atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1514–1521, https://doi.org/10.1021/es072476p, 2007.
Goldstein, A. H., McKay, M., Kurpius, M. R., Schade, G. W., Lee, A., Holzinger, R., and Rasmussen, R. A.: Forest thinning experiment confirms ozone deposition to forest canopy is dominated by reaction with biogenic VOCs, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021259, 2004.
Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., Mckay, W. A., Pierce, T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmerman, P.: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 8873–8892, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD02950, 1995.
Guenther, A. B., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Emmons, L. K., and Wang, X.: The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1471–1492, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012, 2012.
Güsten, H. and Heinrich, G.: On-line measurements of ozone surface fluxes: Part I. Methodology and instrumentation, Atmos. Environ., 30, 897–909, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00269-3, 1996.
Heinesch, B., Dumont, C., Verreyken, B., Schoon, N., and Amelynck, C.: Test dataset compatible with GEddySoft version 4.0, Data repository of BIRA-IASB [data set], https://doi.org/10.18758/IYPN6FNM, 2025.
Hellén, H., Praplan, A. P., Tykkä, T., Ylivinkka, I., Vakkari, V., Bäck, J., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., and Hakola, H.: Long-term measurements of volatile organic compounds highlight the importance of sesquiterpenes for the atmospheric chemistry of a boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13839–13863, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13839-2018, 2018.
Hodzic, A., Aumont, B., Knote, C., Lee-Taylor, J., Madronich, S., and Tyndall, G.: Volatility dependence of Henry's law constants of condensable organics: Application to estimate depositional loss of secondary organic aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 4795–4804, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060649, 2014.
Horváth, L., Koncz, P., Móring, A., Nagy, Z., Pintér, K., and Weidinger, T.: An Attempt to Partition Stomatal and Non-stomatal Ozone Deposition Parts on a Short Grassland, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 167, 303–326, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-017-0310-x, 2017.
Huang, G., Brook, R., Crippa, M., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Schieberle, C., Dore, C., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., and Friedrich, R.: Speciation of anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds: A global gridded data set for 1970–2012, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7683–7701, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7683-2017, 2017.
Inomata, S., Tanimoto, H., Kameyama, S., Tsunogai, U., Irie, H., Kanaya, Y., and Wang, Z.: Technical Note: Determination of formaldehyde mixing ratios in air with PTR-MS: laboratory experiments and field measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 273–284, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-273-2008, 2008.
Isidorov, V. A. and Zaitsev, A. A.: Reviews and syntheses: VOC emissions from soil cover in boreal and temperate natural ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere, Biogeosciences, 19, 4715–4746, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4715-2022, 2022.
Isidorov, V. A., Pirożnikow, E., Spirina, V. L., Vasyanin, A. N., Kulakova, S. A., Abdulmanova, I. F., and Zaitsev, A. A.: Emission of volatile organic compounds by plants on the floor of boreal and mid-latitude forests, J. Atmos. Chem., 79, 153–166, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-022-09434-3, 2022.
Jardine, K., Yañez Serrano, A., Arneth, A., Abrell, L., Jardine, A., Artaxo, P., Alves, E., Kesselmeier, J., Taylor, T., Saleska, S., and Huxman, T.: Ecosystem-scale compensation points of formic and acetic acid in the central Amazon, Biogeosciences, 8, 3709–3720, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3709-2011, 2011.
Jensen, N. R., Gruening, C., Goded, I., Müller, M., Hjorth, J., and Wisthaler, A.: Eddy-covariance flux measurements in an Italian deciduous forest using PTR-ToF-MS, PTR-QMS and FIS, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 98, 758–788, https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2018.1502758, 2018.
Juráň, S., Pallozzi, E., Guidolotti, G., Fares, S., Šigut, L., Calfapietra, C., Alivernini, A., Savi, F., Večeřová, K., Křůmal, K., Večeřa, Z., and Urban, O.: Fluxes of biogenic volatile organic compounds above temperate Norway spruce forest of the Czech Republic, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 232, 500–513, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.10.005, 2017.
Juráň, S., Karl, T., Ofori-Amanfo, K. K., Šigut, L., Zavadilová, I., Grace, J., and Urban, O.: Drought shifts ozone deposition pathways in spruce forest from stomatal to non-stomatal flux, Environ. Pollut., 372, 126081, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126081, 2025.
Kammer, J., Perraudin, E., Flaud, P.-M., Lamaud, E., Bonnefond, J., and Villenave, E.: Observation of nighttime new particle formation over the French Landes forest, Sci. Total Environ., 621, 1084–1092, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.118, 2018.
Karl, T., Potosnak, M., Guenther, A., Clark, D., Walker, J., Herrick, J. D., and Geron, C.: Exchange processes of volatile organic compounds above a tropical rain forest: Implications for modeling tropospheric chemistry above dense vegetation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004738, 2004.
Karl, T., Harley, P., Emmons, L., Thornton, B., Guenther, A., Basu, C., Turnipseed, A., and Jardine, K.: Efficient atmospheric cleansing of oxidized organic trace gases by vegetation, Science, 330, 816–819, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1192534, 2010.
Kaser, L., Karl, T., Guenther, A., Graus, M., Schnitzhofer, R., Turnipseed, A., Fischer, L., Harley, P., Madronich, M., Gochis, D., Keutsch, F. N., and Hansel, A.: Undisturbed and disturbed above canopy ponderosa pine emissions: PTR-TOF-MS measurements and MEGAN 2.1 model results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11935–11947, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11935-2013, 2013.
Kim, S., Karl, T., Guenther, A., Tyndall, G., Orlando, J., Harley, P., Rasmussen, R., and Apel, E.: Emissions and ambient distributions of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) in a ponderosa pine ecosystem: interpretation of PTR-MS mass spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1759–1771, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1759-2010, 2010.
Kljun, N., Calanca, P., Rotach, M. W., and Schmid, H. P.: A simple two-dimensional parameterisation for Flux Footprint Prediction (FFP), Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3695–3713, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3695-2015, 2015.
Kreuzwieser, J.: Biosynthesis of aldehydes and organic acids, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 101–114, ISBN 978-94-015-9856-9, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9856-9_5, 2002.
Kurpius, M. R. and Goldstein, A. H.: Gas-phase chemistry dominates O3 loss to a forest, implying a source of aerosols and hydroxyl radicals to the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016785, 2003.
Laffineur, Q., Aubinet, M., Schoon, N., Amelynck, C., Müller, J. F., Dewulf, J., Van Langenhove, H., Steppe, K., Šimpraga, M., and Heinesch, B.: Isoprene and monoterpene emissions from a mixed temperate forest, Atmos. Environ., 45, 3157–3168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.054, 2011.
Laffineur, Q., Aubinet, M., Schoon, N., Amelynck, C., Müller, J. F., Dewulf, J., Van Langenhove, H., Steppe, K., and Heinesch, B.: Abiotic and biotic control of methanol exchanges in a temperate mixed forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 577–590, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-577-2012, 2012.
Laffineur, Q., Aubinet, M., Schoon, N., Amelynck, C., Müller, J. F., Dewulf, J., Steppe, K., and Heinesch, B.: Impact of diffuse light on isoprene and monoterpene emissions from amixed temperate forest, Atmos. Environ., 74, 385–392, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.025, 2013.
Lamaud, E., Carrara, A., Brunet, Y., Lopez, A., and Druilhet, A.: Ozone fluxes above and within a pine forest canopy in dry and wet conditions, Atmos. Environ., 36, 77–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00468-X, 2002.
Langford, B., Acton, W., Ammann, C., Valach, A., and Nemitz, E.: Eddy-covariance data with low signal-to-noise ratio: time-lag determination, uncertainties and limit of detection, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 4197–4213, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4197-2015, 2015.
Lanssens, B.: Estimation de la biomasse par espèce forestière par télédétection: application à la validation d'un modèle dynamique de végétation, MS thesis, University of Liège, http://hdl.handle.net/2268.2/8298 (last access: 13 January 2026), 2019.
Leuning, R.: Estimation of Scalar Source/Sink Distributions in Plant Canopies Using Lagrangian Dispersion Analysis: Corrections for Atmospheric Stability and Comparison with a Multilayer Canopy Model, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 96, 293–314, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002449700617, 2000.
Link, M. F., Pothier, M. A., Vermeuel, M. P., Riches, M., Millet, D. B., and Farmer, D. K.: In-Canopy Chemistry, Emissions, Deposition, and Surface Reactivity Compete to Drive Bidirectional Forest-Atmosphere Exchange of VOC Oxidation Products, ACS ES T. Air, 1, 305–315, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.3c00074, 2024.
Loubet, B., Buysse, P., Gonzaga-Gomez, L., Lafouge, F., Ciuraru, R., Decuq, C., Kammer, J., Bsaibes, S., Boissard, C., Durand, B., Gueudet, J.-C., Fanucci, O., Zurfluh, O., Abis, L., Zannoni, N., Truong, F., Baisnée, D., Sarda-Estève, R., Staudt, M., and Gros, V.: Volatile organic compound fluxes over a winter wheat field by PTR-Qi-TOF-MS and eddy covariance, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2817–2842, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2817-2022, 2022.
Mahilang, M., Deb, M. K., and Pervez, S.: Biogenic secondary organic aerosols: A review on formation mechanism, analytical challenges and environmental impacts, Chemosphere, 262, 127771, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127771, 2021.
Mahrt, L.: Flux Sampling Errors for Aircraft and Towers, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 15, 416–429, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<0416:FSEFAA>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
Manco, A., Brilli, F., Famulari, D., Gasbarra, D., Gioli, B., Vitale, L., di Tommasi, P., Loubet, B., Arena, C., and Magliulo, V.: Cross-correlations of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) emissions typify different phenological stages and stressful events in a Mediterranean Sorghum plantation, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 303, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108380, 2021.
Mauder, M. and Foken, T.: Documentation and Instruction Manual of the Eddy-Covariance Software Package TK2, Abt. Mikrometeorologie, 60 pp., https://epub.uni-bayreuth.de/id/eprint/884/1/ARBERG026.pdf (last access: 13 January 2026), 2004.
Mikkelsen, T., Ro-Poulsen, H., Hovmand, M., Jensen, N., Pilegaard, K., and Egeløv, A.: Five-year measurements of ozone fluxes to a Danish Norway spruce canopy, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2361–2371, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.12.036, 2004.
Millet, D. B., Jacob, D. J., Custer, T. G., de Gouw, J. A., Goldstein, A. H., Karl, T., Singh, H. B., Sive, B. C., Talbot, R. W., Warneke, C., and Williams, J.: New constraints on terrestrial and oceanic sources of atmospheric methanol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6887–6905, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6887-2008, 2008.
Millet, D. B., Alwe, H. D., Chen, X., Deventer, M. J., Griffis, T. J., Holzinger, R., Bertman, S. B., Rickly, P. S., Stevens, P. S., Léonardis, T., Locoge, N., Dusanter, S., Tyndall, G. S., Alvarez, S. L., Erickson, M. H., and Flynn, J. H.: Bidirectional Ecosystem–Atmosphere Fluxes of Volatile Organic Compounds Across the Mass Spectrum: How Many Matter?, ACS Earth Space Chem., 2, 764–777, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00061, 2018.
Milliman, T.: vegindex: Python tools for generating vegetation index time series from PhenoCam images, python package, https://python-vegindex.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ (last access: 13 January 2026), 2022.
Min, K.-E., Pusede, S. E., Browne, E. C., LaFranchi, B. W., and Cohen, R. C.: Eddy covariance fluxes and vertical concentration gradient measurements of NO and NO2 over a ponderosa pine ecosystem: observational evidence for within-canopy chemical removal of NOx, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5495–5512, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5495-2014, 2014.
Montagnani, L., Grünwald, T., Kowalski, A., Mammarella, I., Merbold, L., Metzger, S., Sedlák, P., and Siebicke, L.: Estimating the storage term in eddy covariance measurements: the ICOS methodology, Int. Agrophys., 32, 551–567, https://doi.org/10.1515/intag-2017-0037, 2018.
Muller, J. B., Percival, C. J., Gallagher, M. W., Fowler, D., Coyle, M., and Nemitz, E.: Sources of uncertainty in eddy covariance ozone flux measurements made by dry chemiluminescence fast response analysers, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 163–176, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-163-2010, 2010.
Müller, M., Mikoviny, T., Jud, W., D'Anna, B., and Wisthaler, A.: A new software tool for the analysis of high resolution PTR-TOF mass spectra, Chemometr. Intel. Labor. Syst., 127, 158–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2013.06.011, 2013.
Naik, V., Fiore, A. M., Horowitz, L. W., Singh, H. B., Wiedinmyer, C., Guenther, A., de Gouw, J. A., Millet, D. B., Goldan, P. D., Kuster, W. C., and Goldstein, A.: Observational constraints on the global atmospheric budget of ethanol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5361–5370, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5361-2010, 2010.
Nemitz, E., Sutton, M. A., Gut, A., San José, R., Husted, S., and Schjoerring, J. K.: Sources and sinks of ammonia within an oilseed rape canopy, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 105, 385–404, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00205-7, 2000.
Nguyen, T. B., Crounse, J. D., Teng, A. P., Clair, J. M., Paulot, F., Wolfe, G. M., and Wennberg, P. O.: Rapid deposition of oxidized biogenic compounds to a temperate forest, P. Natl. Acai. Sci. USA, 112, E392–E401, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418702112, 2015.
Niinemets, Ü., Fares, S., Harley, P., and Jardine, K. J.: Bidirectional exchange of biogenic volatiles with vegetation: Emission sources, reactions, breakdown and deposition, Plant Cell Environ., 37, 1790–1809, https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12322, 2014.
Opacka, B., Müller, J.-F., Stavrakou, T., Bauwens, M., Sindelarova, K., Markova, J., and Guenther, A. B.: Global and regional impacts of land cover changes on isoprene emissions derived from spaceborne data and the MEGAN model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8413–8436, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8413-2021, 2021.
Padro, J.: Summary of ozone dry deposition velocity measurements and model estimates over vineyard, cotton, grass and deciduous forest in summer, Atmos. Environ., 30, 2363–2369, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00352-5, 1996.
Pagonis, D., Sekimoto, K., and de Gouw, J.: A Library of Proton-Transfer Reactions of H3O+ Ions Used for Trace Gas Detection, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 30, 1330–1335, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-019-02209-3, 2019.
Park, J.-H., Goldstein, A. H., Timkovsky, J., Fares, S., Weber, R., Karlik, J., and Holzinger, R.: Active Atmosphere-Ecosystem Exchange of the Vast Majority of Detected Volatile Organic Compounds, Science, 341, 643–647, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235053, 2013a.
Park, J. H., Goldstein, A. H., Timkovsky, J., Fares, S., Weber, R., Karlik, J., and Holzinger, R.: Eddy covariance emission and deposition flux measurementsusing proton transfer reaction-Time of flight-Mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS): Comparison with PTR-MS measured vertical gradients and fluxes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1439–1456, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1439-2013, 2013b.
Pellegrini, E., Lorenzini, G., and Nali, C.: The 2003 European Heat Wave: Which Role for Ozone? Some Data from Tuscany, Central Italy, Water Air Soil Pollut., 181, 401–408, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9310-z, 2007.
Peltola, O., Aslan, T., Ibrom, A., Nemitz, E., Rannik, U., and Mammarella, I.: The high-frequency response correction of eddy covariance fluxes-Part 1: An experimental approach and its interdependence with the time-lag estimation, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5071–5088, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5071-2021, 2021.
Peñuelas, J. and Llusià, J.: Seasonal emission of monoterpenes by the Mediterranean tree Quercus ilex in field conditions: Relations with photosynthetic rates, temperature and volatility, Physiolog. Plantar., 105, 641–647, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.105407.x, 1999.
Peñuelas, J. and Llusià, J.: Seasonal patterns of non-terpenoid C6–C10 VOC emission from seven Mediterranean woody species, Chemosphere, 45, 237–244, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00572-5, 2001.
Petersen, R., Holst, T., Mölder, M., Kljun, N., and Rinne, J.: Vertical distribution of sources and sinks of volatile organic compounds within a boreal forest canopy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7839–7858, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7839-2023, 2023.
Pfannerstill, E. Y., Reijrink, N. G., Edtbauer, A., ingsdorf, A., Zannoni, N., Araújo, A., Ditas, F., Holanda, B. A., Sá, M. O., Tsokankunku, A., Walter, D., Wolff, S., Lavrič, J. V., Pöhlker, C., Sörgel, M., and Williams, J.: Total OH reactivity over the Amazon rainforest: variability with temperature, wind, rain, altitude, time of day, season, and an overall budget closure, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6231–6256, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6231-2021, 2021.
Piel, F., Müller, M., Winkler, K., Skytte af Sätra, J., and Wisthaler, A.: Introducing the extended volatility range proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (EVR PTR-MS), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1355–1363, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1355-2021, 2021.
Pleim, J. and Ran, L.: Surface Flux Modeling for Air Quality Applications, Atmosphere, 2, 271–302, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos2030271, 2011.
Poraicu, C., Müller, J.-F., Stavrakou, T., Amelynck, C., Verreyken, B. W. D., Schoon, N., Vigouroux, C., Kumps, N., Brioude, J., Tulet, P., and Mouchel-Vallon, C.: Constraining the budget of NOx and volatile organic compounds at a remote tropical island using multi-platform observations and WRF-Chem model simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6903–6941, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6903-2025, 2025.
Potier, E., Ogée, J., Jouanguy, J., Lamaud, E., Stella, P., Personne, E., Durand, B., Mascher, N., and Loubet, B.: Multilayer modelling of ozone fluxes on winter wheat reveals large deposition on wet senescing leaves, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 211-212, 58–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.05.006, 2015.
Potier, E., Loubet, B., Durand, B., Flura, D., Bourdat-Deschamps, M., Ciuraru, R., and Ogée, J.: Chemical reaction rates of ozone in water infusions of wheat, beech, oak and pine leaves of different ages, Atmos. Environ., 151, 176–187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.069, 2017.
Rannik, Ü., Vesala, T., and Keskinen, R.: On the damping of temperature fluctuations in a circular tube relevant to the eddy covariance measurement technique, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 12789–12794, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00362, 1997.
Rantala, P., Taipale, R., Aalto, J., Kajos, M. K., Patokoski, J., Ruuskanen, T. M., and Rinne, J.: Continuous flux measurements of VOCs using PTR-MS-reliability and feasibility of disjunct-eddy-covariance, surface-layer-gradient, and surface-layer-profile methods, Boreal Environ. Res., 19, 87–107, 2014.
Raupach, M.: Applying Lagrangian fluid mechanics to infer scalar source distributions from concentration profiles in plant canopies, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 47, 85–108, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(89)90089-0, 1989.
Rinne, J., Taipale, R., Markkanen, T., Ruuskanen, T. M., Hellén, H., Kajos, M. K., Vesala, T., and Kulmala, M.: Hydrocarbon fluxes above a Scots pine forest canopy: Measurements and modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3361–3372, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3361-2007, 2007.
Rinne, J., Karl, T., and Guenther, A.: Simple, stable, and affordable: Towards long-term ecosystem scale flux measurements of VOCs, Atmos. Environ., 131, 225–227, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.02.005, 2016.
Rowlinson, M. J., Rap, A., Hamilton, D. S., Pope, R. J., Hantson, S., Arnold, S. R., Kaplan, J. O., Arneth, A., Chipperfield, M. P., Forster, P.., and Nieradzik, L.: Tropospheric ozone radiative forcing uncertainty due to pre-industrial fire and biogenic emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10937–10951, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10937-2020, 2020.
Ruuskanen, T. M., Müller, M., Schnitzhofer, R., Karl, T., Graus, M., Bamberger, I., Hörtnagl, L., Brilli, F., Wohlfahrt, G., and Hansel, A.: Eddy covariance VOC emission and deposition fluxes above grassland using PTR-TOF, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 611–625, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-611-2011, 2011.
Sabbatini, S., Mammarella, I., Arriga, N., Fratini, G., Graf, A., Hörtnagl, L., Ibrom, A., Longdoz, B., Mauder, M., Merbold, L., Metzger, S., Montagnani, L., Pitacco, A., Rebmann, C., Sedlák, P., Šigut, L., Vitale, D., and Papale, D.: Eddy covariance raw data processing for CO2 and energy fluxes calculation at ICOS ecosystem stations, Int. Agrophys., 32, 495–515, https://doi.org/10.1515/intag-2017-0043, 2018.
Safieddine, S. A., Heald, C. L., and Henderson, B. H.: The global nonmethane reactive organic carbon budget: A modeling perspective, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 3897–3906, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072602, 2017.
Saunois, M., Bousquet, P., Poulter, B., Peregon, A., Ciais, P., Canadell, J. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Etiope, G., Bastviken, D., Houweling, S., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Tubiello, F. N., Castaldi, S., Jackson, R. B., Alexe, M., Arora, V. K., Beerling, D. J., Bergamaschi, P., Blake, D. R., Brailsford, G., Brovkin, V., Bruhwiler, L., Crevoisier, C., Crill, P., Covey, K., Curry, C., Frankenberg, C., Gedney, N., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Ishizawa, M., Ito, A., Joos, F., Kim, H. S., Kleinen, T., Krummel, P., Lamarque, J. F., Langenfelds, R., Locatelli, R., Machida, T., Maksyutov, S., McDonald, K. C., Marshall, J., Melton, J. R., Morino, I., Naik, V., O'Doherty, S., Parmentier, F. J. W., Patra, P. K., Peng, C., Peng, S., Peters, G. P., Pison, I., Prigent, C., Prinn, R., Ramonet, M., Riley, W. J., Saito, M., Santini, M., Schroeder, R., Simpson, I. J., Spahni, R., Steele, P., Takizawa, A., Thornton, B. F., Tian, H., Tohjima, Y., Viovy, N., Voulgarakis, A., Van Weele, M., Van Der Werf, G. R., Weiss, R., Wiedinmyer, C., Wilton, D. J., Wiltshire, A., Worthy, D., Wunch, D., Xu, X., Yoshida, Y., Zhang, B., Zhang, Z., and Zhu, Q.: The global methane budget 2000–2012, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 697–751, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-697-2016, 2016.
Scala, A., Allmann, S., Mirabella, R., Haring, M. A., and Schuurink, R. C.: Green leaf volatiles: A plant's multifunctional weapon against herbivores and pathogens, Int. J. Molec. Sci., 14, 17781–17811, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140917781, 2013.
Schallhart, S., Rantala, P., Nemitz, E., Taipale, D., Tillmann, R., Mentel, T. F., Loubet, B., Gerosa, G., Finco, A., Rinne, J., and Ruuskanen, T. M.: Characterization of total ecosystem-scale biogenic VOC exchange at a Mediterranean oak–hornbeam forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7171–7194, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7171-2016, 2016.
Schallhart, S., Rantala, P., Kajos, M. K., Aalto, J., Mammarella, I., Ruuskanen, T. M., and Kulmala, M.: Temporal variation of VOC fluxes measured with PTR-TOF above a boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 815–832, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-815-2018, 2018.
Seco, R., Karl, T., Guenther, A., Hosman, K. P., Pallardy, S. G., Gu, L., Geron, C., Harley, P., and Kim, S.: Ecosystem-scale volatile organic compound fluxes during an extreme drought in a broadleaf temperate forest of the Missouri Ozarks (central USA), Global Change Biol., 21, 3657–3674, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12980, 2015.
Seco, R., Karl, T., Turnipseed, A., Greenberg, J., Guenther, A., Llusia, J., Peñuelas, J., Dicken, U., Rotenberg, E., Kim, S., and Yakir, D.: Springtime ecosystem-scale monoterpene fluxes from Mediterranean pine forests across a precipitation gradient, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 237-238, 150–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.02.007, 2017.
Sekimoto, K., Li, S.-M., Yuan, B., Koss, A., Coggon, M., Warneke, C., and de Gouw, J.: Calculation of the sensitivity of proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) for organic trace gases using molecular properties, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 421, 71–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2017.04.006, 2017.
Seliger, A., Ammer, C., Kreft, H., and Zerbe, S.: Diversification of coniferous monocultures in the last 30 years and implications for forest restoration: a case study from temperate lower montane forests in Central Europe, Eur. J. Forest Res., 142, 1353–1368, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-023-01595-4, 2023.
Seyednasrollah, B., Young, A. M., Hufkens, K., Milliman, T., Friedl, M. A., Frolking, S., and Richardson, A. D.: Tracking vegetation phenology across diverse biomes using Version 2.0 of the PhenoCam Dataset, Sci. Data, 6, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0229-9, 2019.
Sharkey, T. D. and Loreto, F.: Water stress, temperature, and light effects on the capacity for isoprene emission and photosynthesis of kudzu leaves, Oecologia, 95, 328–333, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00320984, 1993.
Simon, L., Gros, V., Petit, J.-E., Truong, F., Sarda-Estève, R., Kalalian, C., Baudic, A., Marchand, C., and Favez, O.: Two years of volatile organic compound online in situ measurements at the Site Instrumental de Recherche par Télédétection Atmosphérique (Paris region, France) using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1947–1968, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1947-2023, 2023.
Sindelarova, K., Granier, C., Bouarar, I., Guenther, A., Tilmes, S., Stavrakou, T., Müller, J.-F., Kuhn, U., Stefani, P., and Knorr, W.: Global data set of biogenic VOC emissions calculated by the MEGAN model over the last 30 years, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9317–9341, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9317-2014, 2014.
Song, J., Gkatzelis, G. I., Tillmann, R., Brüggemann, N., Leisner, T., and Saathoff, H.: Characterization of biogenic volatile organic compounds and their oxidation products in a stressed spruce-dominated forest close to a biogas power plant, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13199–13217, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13199-2024, 2024.
Stockwell, W. R. and Forkel, R.: Ozone and volatile organic compounds: isoprene, terpenes, aldehydes, and organic acids, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 257–276, ISBN 978-94-015-9856-9, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9856-9_14, 2002.
Striednig, M., Graus, M., Märk, T., and Karl, T.: InnFLUX-an open-source code for conventional and disjunct eddy covariance analysis of trace gas measurements: An urban test case, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1447–1465, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1447-2020, 2020.
Taipale, R., Ruuskanen, T. M., and Rinne, J.: Lag time determination in DEC measurements with PTR-MS, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 853–862, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-853-2010, 2010.
Tiwary, A., Fuentes, J. D., Barr, J. G., Wang, D., and Colls, J. J.: Inferring the source strength of isoprene from ambient concentrations, Environ. Model. Softw., 22, 1281–1293, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.09.002, 2007.
Vermeuel, M. P., Cleary, P. A., Desai, A. R., and Bertram, T. H.: Simultaneous Measurements of O3 and HCOOH Vertical Fluxes Indicate Rapid In‐Canopy Terpene Chemistry Enhances O3 Removal Over Mixed Temperate Forests, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090996, 2021.
Vermeuel, M. P., Millet, D. B., Farmer, D. K., Pothier, M. A., Link, M. F., Riches, M., Williams, S., and Garofalo, L. A.: Closing the Reactive Carbon Flux Budget: Observations From Dual Mass Spectrometers Over a Coniferous Forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD038753, 2023a.
Vermeuel, M. P., Novak, G. A., Kilgour, D. B., Claflin, M. S., Lerner, B. M., Trowbridge, A. M., Thom, J., Cleary, P. A., Desai, A. R., and Bertram, T. H.: Observations of biogenic volatile organic compounds over a mixed temperate forest during the summer to autumn transition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4123–4148, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4123-2023, 2023b.
Vermeuel, M. P., Millet, D. B., Farmer, D. K., Ganzeveld, L. N., Visser, A. J., Alwe, H. D., Bertram, T. H., Cleary, P. A., Desai, A. R., Helmig, D., Kavassalis, S. C., Link, M. F., Pothier, M. A., Riches, M., Wang, W., and Williams, S.: A Vertically Resolved Canopy Improves Chemical Transport Model Predictions of Ozone Deposition to North Temperate Forests, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 129, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jd042092, 2024.
Verreyken, B., Amelynck, C., Schoon, N., Müller, J.-F., Brioude, J., Kumps, N., Hermans, C., Metzger, J.-M., Colomb, A., and Stavrakou, T.: Measurement report: Source apportionment of volatile organic compounds at the remote high-altitude Maïdo observatory, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12965–12988, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12965-2021, 2021.
Verreyken, B., Schoon, N., Dumont, C., and Amelynck, C.: Peak Area Processing (PAP) software and a sample dataset as applied in the 2022–2024 Vielsalm campaign (Version 1), Data repository of BIRA-IASB [code], https://doi.org/10.18758/2i4h1353, 2025a.
Verreyken, B., Schoon, N., Heinesch, B., Dumont, C., and Amelynck, C.: Mass-Spectrometer instrument transformed raw dataset, Data repository of BIRA-IASB [data set], https://doi.org/10.18758/BDBRICLK, 2025b.
Verreyken, B. W. D., Dumont, C., Schoon, N., Heinesch, B., and Amelynck, C.: 3-years of (O)VOC and ozone concentration measurements at a mixed temperate forest at the Vielsalm ICOS ecosystem station (Belgium), Data repository of BIRA-IASB [data set], https://doi.org/10.18758/NVFBA74V, 2025c.
Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L.: Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 14, 512–526, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0512:QCAFSP>2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Vincke, C., Bogaerts, G., Chebbi, W., Chebbi, W., Chopin, H., Demoulin, L., Douxfils, B., Engelmann, T., Faurès, A., Heinesch, B., Manise, T., Orgun, A., Piret, A., and Thyrion, T.: ETC L2 ARCHIVE from Vielsalm, 2020–2024, ICOS [data set], https://doi.org/10.18160/S6HM-CP8Q, 2025.
Vitale, D., Fratini, G., Bilancia, M., Nicolini, G., Sabbatini, S., and Papale, D.: A robust data cleaning procedure for eddy covariance flux measurements, Biogeosciences, 17, 1367–1391, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1367-2020, 2020.
Wada, R., Ueyama, M., Tani, A., Mochizuki, T., Miyazaki, Y., Kawamura, K., Takahashi, Y., Saigusa, N., Takanashi, S., Miyama, T., Nakano, T., Yonemura, S., Matsumi, Y., and Kataka, G.: Observation of vertical profiles of NO, O3, and VOCs to estimate their sources and sinks by inverse modeling in a Japanese larch forest, J. Agricult. Meteorol., 76, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.D-18-00029, 2020.
Wang, H., Lu, X., Seco, R., Stavrakou, T., Karl, T., Jiang, X., Gu, L., and Guenther, A. B.: Modeling Isoprene Emission Response to Drought and Heatwaves Within MEGAN Using Evapotranspiration Data and by Coupling With the Community Land Model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022ms003174, 2022.
Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.: Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 106, 85–100, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710644707, 1980.
Wesely, M.: Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1293–1304, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90153-4, 1989.
Wilczak, J. M., Oncley, S. P., and Stage, S. A.: Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 99, 127–150, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018966204465, 2001.
Wohlfahrt, G., Amelynck, C., Ammann, C., Arneth, A., Bamberger, I., Goldstein, A. H., Gu, L., Guenther, A., Hansel, A., Heinesch, B., Holst, T., Hörtnagl, L., Karl, T., Laffineur, Q., Neftel, A., McKinney, K., Munger, J. W., Pallardy, S. G., Schade, G. W., Seco, R., and Schoon, N.: An ecosystem-scale perspective of the net land methanol flux: synthesis of micrometeorological flux measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7413–7427, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7413-2015, 2015.
Wolfe, G. M., Thornton, J. A., McKay, M., and Goldstein, A. H.: Forest-atmosphere exchange of ozone: Sensitivity to very reactive biogenic VOC emissions and implications for in-canopy photochemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7875–7891, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7875-2011, 2011.
Yáñez-Serrano, A., Filella, I., LLusià, J., Gargallo-Garriga, A., Granda, V., Bourtsoukidis, E., Williams, J., Seco, R., Cappellin, L., Werner, C., de Gouw, J., and Peñuelas, J.: GLOVOCS-Master compound assignment guide for proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry users, Atmos. Environ., 244, 117929, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117929, 2021.
Yang, M., Beale, R., Smyth, T., and Blomquist, B.: Measurements of OVOC fluxes by eddy covariance using a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer-method development at a coastal site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6165–6184, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6165-2013, 2013.
Yoon, J. Y. S., Wells, K. C., Millet, D. B., Swann, A. L. S., Thornton, J., and Turner, A. J.: Impacts of Interannual Isoprene Variations on Methane Lifetimes and Trends, Geophys. Res. Lett., 52, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL114712, 2025.
Zeng, J., Zhang, Y., Mu, Z., Pang, W., Zhang, H., Wu, Z., Song, W., and Wang, X.: Temperature and light dependency of isoprene and monoterpene emissions from tropical and subtropical trees: Field observations in south China, Appl. Geochem., 155, 105727, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2023.105727, 2023.
Zhang, L., Brook, J. R., and Vet, R.: On ozone dry deposition-with emphasis on non-stomatal uptake and wet canopies, Atmos. Environ., 36, 4787–4799, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00567-8, 2002.
Zhou, P., Ganzeveld, L., Rannik, U., Zhou, L., Gierens, R., Taipale, D., Mammarella, I., and Boy, M.: Simulating ozone dry deposition at a boreal forest with a multi-layer canopy deposition model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1361–1379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1361-2017, 2017a.
Zhou, P., Ganzeveld, L., Taipale, D., Rannik, U., Rantala, P., Rissanen, M. P., Chen, D., and Boy, M.: Boreal forest BVOC exchange: emissions versus in-canopy sinks, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 14309–14332, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14309-2017, 2017b.
Zhu, Z., Zhao, F., Voss, L., Xu, L., Sun, X., Yu, G., and Meixner, F. X.: The effects of different calibration and frequency response correction methods on eddy covariance ozone flux measured with a dry chemiluminescence analyzer, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 213, 114–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.06.016, 2015.
