glacier flow; ice-sheet mass balance; surface mass budget; Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract :
[en] Ice sheet mass loss is typically provided for grounded ice, because changes in floating ice are more difficult to measure and contribute minimally to sea level rise. However, gross freshwater mass flow rate across ice sheet boundaries, including floating ice, is a better metric of ice sheet health. Here, we present total mass flows across ice sheet boundaries for both the Greenlandic and Antarctic ice sheets and their peripheral glaciers from 2010 through 2019. In addition to total mass flow, we provide constituent terms and gross rather than net values, including components that combine to provide surface mass balance. Ice mass loss in Greenland is 330 ±50 Gt yr-1 which is ∼30% larger than the 255 ±40 Gt yr-1 grounded ice mass loss estimates that neglect floating ice changes. Ice mass loss in Antarctica is 450 ±270 Gt yr-1 which is ∼2.4x the 190 ±115 Gt yr-1 grounded ice mass loss estimates. Freshwater mass flow rate from Greenland is ∼1065 ±120 Gt yr-1 or ∼3x mass loss (∼4x grounded mass loss), and from Antarctica is ∼3110 ±1515 Gt yr-1, or ∼7x mass loss (∼16x grounded mass loss).
Research Center/Unit :
SPHERES - ULiège
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Mankoff, Kenneth D. ; NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, United States ; Autonomic Integra LLC, New York, United States
Greene, Chad A.; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
Gardner, Alex S. ; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
Davison, Benjamin; School of Geography and Planning, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Treichler, Désirée ; Department of Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Kochtitzky, William Hardy ; School of Marine and Environmental Programs, University of New England, Biddeford, United States
Van Liefferinge, Brice ; Laboratoire de Glaciologie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
Wang, Genyu; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
Ke, Chang-Qing ; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
Fettweis, Xavier ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géographie > Climatologie et Topoclimatologie
Döhne, Thorben; Institute of Planetary Geodesy, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
Fausto, Robert S.; Department for Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
Ringeisen, Damien; NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, United States ; Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, United States ; Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), Victoria, Canada
Ken Mankoff was supported by the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) and the NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction program. Alex Gardner and Chad Greene contributions were carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). The work of Thorben D\u00F6hne was funded by the European Space Agency through the Climate Change Initiative (CCI) projects Antarctic Ice Sheet CCI+ (Contract Number 4000126813/19/I-NB) and Greenland Ice Sheet CCI+ (contract number and 4000126523/19/I-NB).We thank Andreas Ahlstr\u00F8m and Nanna Karlsson for additional comments on this paper, and Kristin Poinar for suggesting improvements to the Sankey figure. We thank Aman KC and two additional reviewers for their comments that helped improve the manuscript. We also thank Gaborit (2021) for the LaTeX TikZ Sankey package, and Cogley and others (2011) for a reference graphic. Analysis was aided by the software packages Pandas (The pandas development team, 2020), GeoPandas (den Bossche and others, 2024), Xarray (Hoyer and Hamman, 2017), and GRASS GIS (GRASS Development Team, 2018), among other tools. Ken Mankoff was supported by the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) and the NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction program. Alex Gardner and Chad Greene contributions were carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). The work of Thorben D\u00F6hne was funded by the European Space Agency through the Climate Change Initiative (CCI) projects Antarctic Ice Sheet CCI+ (Contract Number 4000126813/19/I-NB) and Greenland Ice Sheet CCI+ (contract number and 4000126523/19/I-NB).
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