aridity; biomass; functional trait; hierarchical modelling; intraspecific variation; wood density
Abstract :
[en] Wood density is central for estimating vegetation carbon storage and a plant functional trait of great ecological and evolutionary importance. However, the global extent of wood density variation is unclear, especially at the intraspecific level. We assembled the most comprehensive wood density collection to date, including 109 626 records from 16 829 plant species across woody life forms and biomes (GWDD v.2, available here: doi: 10.5281/zenodo.16919509). Using the GWDD v.2, we explored the sources of wood density variation within individuals, within species and across environmental gradients. Intraspecific variation accounted for c. 15% of overall wood density variation (SD = 0.068 g cm-3). Variance was 50% smaller in sapwood than heartwood, and 30% smaller in branchwood than trunkwood. Individuals in extreme environments (dry, hot and acidic soils) had higher wood density than conspecifics elsewhere (+0.02 g cm-3, c. 4% of the mean). Intraspecific environmental effects strongly tracked interspecific patterns (r = 0.83) but were 70-80% smaller and varied considerably among taxa. Individual plant wood density was difficult to predict (root mean square error > 0.08 g cm-3; single-measurement R2 = 0.59). We recommend (1) systematic sampling of multiple individuals and tissues for local applications, and (2) expanded taxonomic coverage combined with integrative models for robust estimates across ecological scales. [fr] La densité du bois est essentielle pour estimer le stockage de carbone de la végétation et constitue un trait fonctionnel d’une grande importance écologique et évolutive. Cependant, l’ampleur de la variation globale de la densité du bois reste mal caractérisée, en particulier au niveau intraspécifique. Nous avons rassemblé la base de données la plus complète à ce jour sur la densité du bois, comprenant 109 626 mesures provenant de 16 829 espèces de plantes ligneuses appartenant à diverses formes de vie et biomes (GWDD v.2, disponible ici: doi: 10.5281/zenodo.16919509). À l’aide de la GWDD v.2, nous avons exploré les sources de variation de la densité du bois au sein des individus, au sein des espèces et le long de gradients environnementaux. La variation intraspécifique représentait environ 15% de la variation totale de la densité du bois (SD = 0,068 g cm−3). La variance était 50% plus faible dans l’aubier que dans le duramen, et 30% plus faible dans le bois des branches que dans celui du tronc. Les individus vivant dans des environnements extrêmes (secs, chauds, sols acides) présentaient une densité du bois plus élevée que leurs congénères ailleurs (+0,02 g cm−3, soit ~4% de la moyenne). Les effets environnementaux intraspécifiques reflétaient les tendances interspécifiques (r = 0,83), mais étaient 70 à 80% plus faibles et variaient considérablement entre taxons. La densité du bois à l’échelle individuelle était difficile à prédire (RMSE >0,08 g cm−3; R2 = 0,59). Nous recommandons (1) un échantillonnage systématique de plusieurs individus et tissus pour les applications locales et (2) un élargissement de la couverture taxonomique combiné à des modèles intégratifs afin d’obtenir des estimations robustes à travers les échelles écologiques. [es] La densidad de la madera es fundamental para estimar el almacenamiento de carbono vegetal y constituye un rasgo funcional de gran importancia ecológica y evolutiva. Sin embargo, el alcance global de la variación de la densidad de madera no está claramente descrito, especialmente a nivel intraespecífico. Recopilamos la colección más completa de densidad de madera hasta la fecha, que incluye 109 626 registros de 16 829 especies de plantas leñosas de diversas formas de vida y biomas (GWDD v.2, disponible aquí: doi: 10.5281/zenodo.16919509). Utilizando la GWDD v.2, exploramos las fuentes de variación en la densidad de la madera entre individuos y especies, así como a través de gradientes ambientales. La variación intraespecífica representó aproximadamente el 15% de la variación total de la densidad de la madera (SD = 0.068 g cm−3). La varianza fue un 50% menor en la albura que en el duramen, y un 30% menor en la madera de ramas que en la del tronco. Los individuos en ambientes extremos (secos, cálidos, suelos ácidos) presentaron una densidad de madera mayor que sus congéneres en otros lugares (+0.02 g cm−3, ~4% de la media). Los efectos ambientales intraespecíficos siguieron estrechamente los patrones interespecíficos (r = 0.83), sin embargo, resultaron entre un 70% y un 80% menores y variaron considerablemente entre los taxones. La densidad de madera por individuo fue difícil de predecir (RMSE >0.08 g cm−3; R2 de medición única = 0.59). Recomendamos (1) el muestreo sistemático intraespecífico de múltiples individuos para aplicaciones locales y (2) una cobertura taxonómica ampliada combinada con modelos integradores para obtener estimaciones robustas a través de las escalas ecológicas.
Disciplines :
Environmental sciences & ecology
Author, co-author :
Fischer, Fabian Jörg ; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK ; Centre de Recherche Biodiversité Environnement, UMR 5300 (CNRS/IRD/UPS/INPT), Toulouse Cedex 9, 31062, France ; School of Life Sciences, Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management in Mountain Landscapes, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, Freising, 85354, Germany
Chave, Jérôme ; Centre de Recherche Biodiversité Environnement, UMR 5300 (CNRS/IRD/UPS/INPT), Toulouse Cedex 9, 31062, France
Zanne, Amy ; Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, 12545, USA
Jucker, Tommaso ; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
Fajardo, Alex ; Dirección de Investigación, Vicerrectoría Académica, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, 3460000, Chile ; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, 8310000, Chile ; Millenium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit-of-Life (LiLi), Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
Fayolle, Adeline ; TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium ; CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Montpellier, F-34398, France
de Lima, Renato Augusto Ferreira ; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
Vieilledent, Ghislain ; AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, F-34398, France ; CIRAD, UMR AMAP, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, F-98848, France ; IAC, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, F-98848, France
Beeckman, Hans ; Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, B-3080, Belgium
Hubau, Wannes ; Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, B-3080, Belgium ; Department of Forest and Water Management, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
De Mil, Tom ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Gestion des ressources forestières ; Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, B-3080, Belgium
Wallenus, Daniel; Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, B-3080, Belgium
Aldana, Ana María ; Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá DC, 111711, Colombia
Alves, Luciana F ; Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1496, USA
Apgaua, Deborah M G ; Centre for Rainforest Studies, The School for Field Studies, Yungaburra, Qld, 4872, Australia
Arcanjo, Fátima ; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38408-100, Brazil ; Biodiversity and Ecosystem Restoration Lab, Londrina State University, Campus Universitario, CCB, BAV, Londrina, PR, 86051-990, Brazil
Bastin, Jean-François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Biodiversité, Ecosystème et Paysage (BEP)
Bilous, Andrii ; National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine (NUBiP), Kyiv, 03041, Ukraine ; Hochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Freising, 85354, Germany
Birnbaum, Philippe ; AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, F-34398, France ; CIRAD, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, F-34398, France
Blyshchyk, Volodymyr ; National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine (NUBiP), Kyiv, 03041, Ukraine
Borah, Joli ; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 4DE, UK
Boukili, Vanessa; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA ; Office of Strategic Planning and Community Development, Somerville, MA, 02143, USA
Camarero, J Julio ; Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana, Zaragoza, 1005 50192, Spain
Casas, Luisa ; Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá D.C., 111711, Colombia ; Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Cl 72 #12 - 65 Piso 4, Bogotá, Colombia
Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto; Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
Chambers, Jeffrey Q; Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94709, USA
Fabiano, Ezequiel Chimbioputo ; Department of Wildlife Management and Tourism Studies, University of Namibia Katima-Mulilo Campus, Ngweze, Katima-Mulilo, 1096, Namibia
Choat, Brendan ; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
Conti, Georgina ; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Edificio de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611, Córdoba, CP5000, Argentina
Cornwell, Will ; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
Dar, Javid Ahmad ; Terrestrial Ecology and Modelling (TEaM) Lab, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, 522240, India ; Centre for Geospatial Technology, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, 522240, India
Das, Ashesh Kumar ; Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, 788 011, India
Dobler, Magnus ; Biodiversity Research and Systematic Botany, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany
Dougabka, Dao ; Département des Sciences Fondamentales, École Nationale Supérieure des Travaux Publics du Tchad, N'Djamena, BP 60, Chad
Edwards, David P ; Department of Plant Sciences and Centre for Global Wood Security, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK ; Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
Evans, Robert; School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Burnley Campus, Boulevard Drive, Richmond, VIC, 3121, Australia
Falster, Daniel ; Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
Fearnside, Philip ; National Institute for Research in Amazonia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69067-375, Brazil
Flores, Olivier ; Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, Saint-Pierre, Reunion, 97410, France
Fyllas, Nikolaos ; Department of Biology, Section of Ecology and Taxonomy, Athens, GR-15772, Greece
Gérard, Jean ; CIRAD, UPR BioWooEB, Montpellier, F-34398, France ; BioWooEB, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, Montpellier, F-34398, France
Goodman, Rosa C ; Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden ; Division of Physical Resource Theory, Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden
Guibal, Daniel; CIRAD, UPR BioWooEB, Montpellier, F-34398, France ; BioWooEB, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, Montpellier, F-34398, France
Henao-Diaz, L Francisco ; Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá DC, 111711, Colombia ; University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
Hervé, Vincent ; INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, 91120, France
Hietz, Peter ; Institute of Botany, Department of Ecosystem Management, Climate and Biodiversity, BOKU University, Vienna, 1180, Austria
Homeier, Jürgen ; Faculty of Resource Management, HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Daimlerstraße 2, Göttingen, 37075, Germany ; Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
Ibanez, Thomas ; AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, F-34398, France
Ilic, Jugo; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Kennington, NSW, 2033, Australia ; Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
Jansen, Steven ; Institute of Botany, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
Kalita, Rinku Moni ; Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, 788 011, India ; Department of Botany, Bhattadev University, Bajali, Assam, 781325, India
Kenzo, Tanaka ; Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
Kindermann, Liana ; Biodiversity Research and Systematic Botany, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany
Kothandaraman, Subashree ; Terrestrial Ecology and Modelling (TEaM) Lab, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, 522502, India ; Centre for Geospatial Technology, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, 522502, India
Kotowska, Martyna ; School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia ; Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
Kubota, Yasuhiro ; Think Nature Inc., Urasoe City, Okinawa, 901-2102, Japan ; Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0129, Japan
Langbour, Patrick ; CIRAD, UPR BioWooEB, Montpellier, F-34398, France ; BioWooEB, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, Montpellier, F-34398, France
Lawson, James ; NSW Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Climate and Natural Resources Group, Ourimbah, NSW, 2250, Australia
de Lima, André Luiz Alves ; Serra Talhada Academic Unit, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, PE, CEP: 56909-535, Brazil
Link, Roman Mathias ; Forest Botany, Technical University of Dresden, Pienner Straße 7, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
Linstädter, Anja ; Biodiversity Research and Systematic Botany, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany
López, Rosana ; Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
Macinnis-Ng, Cate ; School of Biological Sciences and Te Pūnaha Matatini, Waipapa Taumata Rau, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
Magnago, Luiz Fernando S ; Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Rodovia Ilhéus/Itabuna, Km 22, CEPLAC-CEPEC, Ilhéus, BA, 45604-811, Brazil
Martin, Adam R ; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
Matheny, Ashley M ; Jackson School of Geosciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1692, USA
McCarthy, James K ; Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
Miller, Regis B; Self-employed
Nath, Arun Jyoti ; Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, 788 011, India
Nelson, Bruce Walker ; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, CEP 69067-375, Brazil
Njana, Marco ; Wildlife Conservation Society, Tanzania Country Program, Nature-Based Solutions, P. O Box 5196, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Nogueira, Euler Melo ; Centro Universitário UniFG, Av. Governador Nilo Coelho, 4911, São Sebastião, Guanambi, Bahia, CEP 46430-000, Brazil ; Colégio Estadual Francisco Moreira Alves, Jaborandi, Bahia, 47655-000, Brazil
Oliveira, Alexandre; Instituto de Biociências, Cidade Universitária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-090, Brazil
Oliveira, Rafael; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Centro de Ecologia Integrativa, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
Olson, Mark ; Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
Onoda, Yusuke ; Division of Forest and Biomaterials Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
Paul, Keryn; CSIRO Environment, Canberra, ACT, ACT 2601, Australia
Piotto, Daniel ; Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, BR 415, km 29, Ilhéus, BA, 45613-204, Brazil
Radtke, Phil; Department of Forest Resources & Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, 319E Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
Razafindratsima, Onja ; University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
Ramananantoandro, Tahiana ; Mention Foresterie et Environnement, University of Antananarivo, Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, BP 175, Antananarivo, 101, Madagascar
Read, Jennifer ; School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
Richardson, Sarah ; Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
de la Riva, Enrique G ; Area de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León, 24071, Spain
Rodríguez-Reyes, Oris ; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Panama City, Panama ; Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Panamá, Estafeta Universitaria, Panama City, Panama
Rolim, Samir G ; Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, BR 415, km 29, Ilhéus, BA, 45613-204, Brazil
Rolo, Victor ; Forest Research Group, INDEHESA, University of Extremadura, Plasencia, 10600, Spain
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Salguero-Gómez, Roberto ; Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3EL, UK ; Pembroke College, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 1DW, UK
Santini, Nadia S ; Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México ; Laboratorio Nacional de Geoquímica y Mineralogía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México
Schuldt, Bernhard ; Forest Botany, Technical University of Dresden, Pienner Straße 7, Tharandt, 01737, Germany ; Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, D-37073, Germany
Schwendenmann, Luitgard ; School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
Sellin, Arne ; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tarty, Tartu, 50409, Estonia
Staples, Timothy; School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4067, Australia
Stevenson, Pablo R; Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá DC, 111711, Colombia
Sundarapandian, Somaiah ; Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
van der Sande, Masha T ; Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, the Netherlands
Thibaut, Bernard ; LMGC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, F-34090, France
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Torezan, José Marcelo Domingues ; Biodiversity and Ecosystem Restoration Lab, Londrina State University, Campus Universitario, CCB, BAV, Londrina, PR, 86051-990, Brazil
Villanueva, Boris; Universidad del Tolima GIBDET, Ibagué, Tolima, 730006299, Colombia ; Jardín Botánico de Bogotá, Av. Calle 63 # 68-95, Bogotá, Colombia
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Wells, Jessie ; School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia
Wright, S Joseph; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
SERB - Science and Engineering Research Board Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment DFG - Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas Ecopetrol ANR - Agence Nationale de la Recherche NWO - Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek NERC - Natural Environment Research Council ERC - European Research Council Royal Society Te Apārangi MICINN - Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades NSF - National Science Foundation ANID - Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo FAPESP - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo FRB - Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversité Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute NSERC - Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council UKRI - UK Research and Innovation Leverhulme Trust
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