Abstract :
[en] Access to clean water remains a critical global challenge amid rising population, pollution, and resource depletion. This chapter reviews the transformative potential of nanomaterials in water purification, covering carbon-based structures, metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, layered double hydroxides, clays, polymeric hybrids, and MOFs/COFs. Key mechanisms, as adsorption, filtration, photocatalysis, antimicrobial action, and electrochemical processes, enable high-efficiency removal of heavy metals, organics, pathogens, and nutrients. Integration into membranes, hybrid reactors, and packed beds supports scalable systems, while addressing stability, regeneration, and real-matrix performance. Challenges include selectivity, leaching, and cost, with future directions emphasizing smart, AI-optimized, and circular technologies for sustainable, zero-pollution water treatment.
