Atmospheric lifetime of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ) and five other trace gases in the BASCOE model driven by three reanalyses

Vervalcke, Sarah; Errera, Quentin; Eichinger, Roland; Reddmann, Thomas; Chabrillat, Simon; Op de beeck, Marc; Stiller, Gabriele; Mahieu, Emmanuel

doi:10.5194/acp-26-391-2026

Article (Scientific journals)

Atmospheric lifetime of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ) and five other trace gases in the BASCOE model driven by three reanalyses

Vervalcke, Sarah; Errera, Quentin; Eichinger, Roland et al.

2026 • In Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 26 (1), p. 391-409

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi Dataset

Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/2268/339502

DOI
10.5194/acp-26-391-2026

Files (2)Send to Details Statistics Bibliography Similar publications

Files

Full Text

acp-26-391-2026.pdf

Publisher postprint (7.5 MB)

Download

Annexes

acp-26-391-2026-supplement.pdf

(11.16 MB)

Download

All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.

Send to

RIS BibTex APA Chicago Permalink X Linkedin

Details

Abstract :

[en] Abstract. In this work, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), which is often used as a tracer for stratospheric transport due to its inertness in the stratosphere and nearly linear growth rate in the troposphere, is included in the chemistry transport model (CTM) of the Belgian Assimilation System for Chemical ObsErvations (BASCOE). Sink and recovery reactions for this species are implemented in the model, which has a top in the mesosphere at 0.01 hPa. The simulated SF6 distributions are compared with MIPAS and ACE-FTS observations and the global atmospheric lifetime is computed from CTM runs driven by three recent meteorological reanalyses: ERA5, MERRA2 and JRA-3Q. The results show that BASCOE SF6 profiles are generally within 10 % of the satellite observations below 10 hPa, although discrepancies increase at higher altitudes. The global atmospheric lifetime is used as an additional diagnostic for the implementation of the chemistry in the mesosphere, where satellite measurements are unavailable. The derived SF6 lifetimes are 2646 years with ERA5, 1909 years with MERRA2 and 2147 years with JRA-3Q, in accordance with recent literature. Due to the large spread of published lifetimes for SF6, the study is extended to N2O, CH4, CFC-11, CFC-12 and HCFC-22, to validate the SF6 results. The lifetimes for these species are in agreement with previously reported values, and their spread between simulations is smaller compared to SF6. This analysis highlights the sensitivity of SF6 to the input reanalysis data sets and thus to differences in dynamics.

Disciplines :

Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Earth sciences & physical geography

Author, co-author :

Vervalcke, Sarah ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Sphères

Errera, Quentin

Eichinger, Roland

Reddmann, Thomas

Chabrillat, Simon

Op de beeck, Marc

Stiller, Gabriele

Mahieu, Emmanuel ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Groupe infra-rouge de physique atmosphérique et solaire (GIRPAS)

Language :

English

Title :

Atmospheric lifetime of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ) and five other trace gases in the BASCOE model driven by three reanalyses

Publication date :

08 January 2026

Journal title :

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ISSN :

1680-7316

eISSN :

1680-7324

Publisher :

Copernicus GmbH

Volume :

Issue :

Pages :

391-409

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/26/391/2026/acp-26-391-2026.pdf

Data Set :

BASCOE CTM simulations driven by ERA5, MERRA2 and JRA‑3Q monthly zonal means

Available on ORBi :

since 08 January 2026

Statistics

Number of views

28 (3 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

14 (0 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

Abalos, M., Calvo, N., Benito-Barca, S., Garny, H., Hardiman, S. C., Lin, P., Andrews, M. B., Butchart, N., Garcia, R., Orbe, C., Saint-Martin, D., Watanabe, S., and Yoshida, K.: The Brewer Dobson circulation in CMIP6, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13571 13591, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13571-2021, 2021.
ACE-FTS: Level-2 Data, Version 5.3, https://uwaterloo.ca/ atmospheric-chemistry-experiment/ (last access: 5 January 2026), 2025.
Austin, J. and Li, F.: On the relationship between the strength of the Brewer Dobson circulation and the age of stratospheric air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026867, 2006.
Avallone, L. M. and Prather, M. J.: Tracer-tracer correlations: Three-dimensional model simulations and comparisons to observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 19233 19246, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01123, 1997.
Bernath, P. F., McElroy, C. T., Abrams, M. C., Boone, C. D., Butler, M., Camy-Peyret, C., Carleer, M., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Colin, R., De Cola, P., De Mazi re, M., Drummond, J. R., Dufour, D., Evans, W. F. J., Fast, H., Fussen, D., Gilbert, K., Jennings, D. E., Llewellyn, E. J., Lowe, R. P., Mahieu, E., McConnell, J. C., McHugh, M., McLeod, S. D., Michaud, R., Midwinter, C., Nassar, R., Nichitiu, F., Nowlan, C., Rinsland, C. P., Rochon, Y. J., Rowlands, N., Semeniuk, K., Simon, P., Skelton, R., Sloan, J. J., Soucy, M.-A., Strong, K., Tremblay, P., Turnbull, D., Walker, K. A., Walkty, I., Wardle, D. A., Wehrle, V., Zander, R., and Zou, J.: Atmospheric chemistry experiment (ACE): mission overview, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022386, 2005.
Brasseur, G. P. and Solomon, S.: Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3824-0_2, 2005.
Brewer, A.: Evidence for a world circulation provided by the measurements of helium and water vapour distribution in the stratosphere, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 75, 351 363, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49707532603, 1949.
Burkholder, J., Sander, S., Abbatt, J., Barker, J., Huie, R., Kolb, C., Kurylo, M., Orkin, V., Wilmouth, D., and Wine, P.: Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in atmospheric studies: evaluation number 18, Tech. rep., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space, Pasadena, CA, https://jpldataeval. jpl.nasa.gov/ (last access: 5 January 2026), 2015.
Butchart, N.: The Brewer Dobson circulation, Rev. Geophys., 52, 157 184, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013RG000448, 2014.
Butchart, N., Scaife, A. A., Bourqui, M., Grandpr , J., Hare, S. H., Kettleborough, J., Langematz, U., Manzini, E., Sassi, F., Shibata, K., Shindell, D., and Sigmond, M.: Simulations of anthropogenic change in the strength of the Brewer Dobson circulation, Clim. Dynam., 27, 727 741, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382- 006-0162-4, 2006.
Chabrillat, S., Vigouroux, C., Christophe, Y., Engel, A., Errera, Q., Minganti, D., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Segers, A., and Mahieu, E.: Comparison of mean age of air in five reanalyses using the BASCOE transport model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14715 14735, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14715-2018, 2018.
Damian, V., Sandu, A., Damian, M., Potra, F., and Carmichael, G. R.: The kinetic preprocessor KPP-a software environment for solving chemical kinetics, Comput. Chem. Eng., 26, 1567 1579, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-1354(02)00128-X, 2002.
Datskos, P. G., Carter, J. G., and Christophorou, L. G.: Photodetachment of SF6, Chem. Phys. Lett., 239, 38 43, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(95)00417-3, 1995.
de la Paz, M., Velo, A., Steinfeldt, R., and P rez, F. F.: The Unaccounted Oceanic Sink of Anthropogenic Nitrous Oxide and Its Relationship With Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide, 39, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gb008417, 2025.
Dietm ller, S., Eichinger, R., Garny, H., Birner, T., Boenisch, H., Pitari, G., Mancini, E., Visioni, D., Stenke, A., Revell, L., Rozanov, E., Plummer, D. A., Scinocca, J., J ckel, P., Oman, L., Deushi, M., Kiyotaka, S., Kinnison, D. E., Garcia, R., Morgenstern, O., Zeng, G., Stone, K. A., and Schofield, R.: Quantifying the effect of mixing on the mean age of air in CCMVal- 2 and CCMI-1 models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 6699 6720, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6699-2018, 2018.
Dobson, G. M. B.: Origin and distribution of the polyatomic molecules in the atmosphere, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 236, 187 193, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1956.0127, 1956.
Dobson, G. M. B., Kimball, H., and Kidson, E.: Observations of the amount of ozone in the earth s atmosphere, and its relation to other geophysical conditions Part IV, Proc. R. Soc. London A, 129, 411 433, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1930.0165, 1930.
Eichinger, R., Dietm ller, S., Garny, H., cha, P., Birner, T., B nisch, H., Pitari, G., Visioni, D., Stenke, A., Rozanov, E., Revell, L., Plummer, D. A., J ckel, P., Oman, L., Deushi, M., Kinnison, D. E., Garcia, R., Morgenstern, O., Zeng, G., Stone, K. A., and Schofield, R.: The influence of mixing on the stratospheric age of air changes in the 21st century, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 921 940, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-921-2019, 2019.
Errera, Q., Daerden, F., Chabrillat, S., Lambert, J. C., Lahoz, W. A., Viscardy, S., Bonjean, S., and Fonteyn, D.: 4D-Var assimilation of MIPAS chemical observations: ozone and ni- trogen dioxide analyses, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6169 6187, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6169-2008, 2008.
Errera, Q., Chabrillat, S., Christophe, Y., Debosscher, J., Hubert, D., Lahoz, W., Santee, M. L., Shiotani, M., Skachko, S., von Clarmann, T., and Walker, K.: Technical note: Reanalysis of Aura MLS chemical observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13647 13679, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13647-2019, 2019.
Fischer, H., Birk, M., Blom, C., Carli, B., Carlotti, M., von Clarmann, T., Delbouille, L., Dudhia, A., Ehhalt, D., Endemann, M., Flaud, J. M., Gessner, R., Kleinert, A., Koopman, R., Langen, J., L pez-Puertas, M., Mosner, P., Nett, H., Oelhaf, H., Perron, G., Remedios, J., Ridolfi, M., Stiller, G., and Zander, R.: MIPAS: an instrument for atmospheric and climate research, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2151 2188, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2151- 2008, 2008.
Fleming, E. L., George, C., Heard, D. E., Jackman, C. H., Kurylo, M. J., Mellouki, W., Orkin, V. L., Swartz, W. H., Wallington, T. J.,Wine, P. H., and Burkholder, J. B.: The impact of current CH4 and N2O atmospheric loss process uncertainties on calculated ozone abundances and trends, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 5267 5293, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022067, 2015.
Garny, H., Birner, T., B nisch, H., and Bunzel, F.: The effects of mixing on age of air, 119, 7015 7034, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jd021417, 2014.
Garny, H., Eichinger, R., Laube, J. C., Ray, E. A., Stiller, G. P., B nisch, H., Saunders, L., and Linz, M.: Correction of stratospheric age of air (AoA) derived from sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) for the effect of chemical sinks, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4193 4215, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4193-2024, 2024a.
Garny, H., Ploeger, F., Abalos, M., B nisch, H., Castillo, A. E., von Clarmann, T., Diallo, M., Engel, A., Laube, J. C., Linz, M., Neu, J. L., Podglajen, A., Ray, E., Rivoire, L., Saunders, L. N., Stiller, G., Voet, F., Wagenh user, T., and Walker, K. A.: Age of stratospheric air: Progress on processes, observations, and long-term trends, Rev. Geophys., 62, e2023RG000832, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023RG000832, 2024b.
Gelaro, R., McCarty, W., Su rez, M. J., Todling, R., Molod, A., Takacs, L., Randles, C. A., Darmenov, A. and Bosilovich, M. G. and Reichle, R. and Wargan, K., Coy, L., Cullather, R., Draper, C., Akella, S., Buchard, V., Conaty, A., da Silva, A. M., Gu, W., Kim, G.-K., Koster, R., Lucchesi, R., Merkova, D., Nielsen, J. E. and Partyka, G. and Pawson, S. and Putman, W., Rienecker, M., Schubert, S. D., Sienkiewicz, M., and Zhao, B.: The modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), Journal of Climate, 30, 5419 5454, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1, 2017.
Gidden, M. J., Riahi, K., Smith, S. J., Fujimori, S., Luderer, G., Kriegler, E., van Vuuren, D. P., van den Berg, M., Feng, L., Klein, D., Calvin, K., Doelman, J. C., Frank, S., Fricko, O., Harmsen, M., Hasegawa, T., Havlik, P., Hilaire, J., Hoesly, R., Horing, J., Popp, A., Stehfest, E., and Takahashi, K.: Global emissions pathways under different socioeconomic scenarios for use in CMIP6: a dataset of harmonized emissions trajectories through the end of the century, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1443 1475, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1443-2019, 2019.
Hall, T. M. and Plumb, R. A.: Age as a diagnostic of stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1059 1070, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD03192, 1994.
Hardiman, S. C., Butchart, N., and Calvo, N.: The morphology of the Brewer Dobson circulation and its response to climate change in CMIP5 simulations: Morphology of the Brewer Dobson Circulation, 140, 1958 1965, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2258, 2013.
Harnisch, J., Borchers, R., Fabian, P., and Maiss, M.: Cf4 and the age of mesospheric and polar vortex air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 295 298, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998GL900307, 1999.
Hersbach, H., Bell, D., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Hor nyi, A., Mu oz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., H lm, E., Janiskov , M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Th paut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999 2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Ing lfsson, O., Illenberger, E., and Schmidt, W.-F.: Photodetachment from anions in a drift at 337 nm cell. Application to SF, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 139, 103 110, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168- 1176(94)90020-5, 1994.
Kanakidou, M., Dentener, F. J., and Crutzen, P. J.: A global threedimensional study of the fate of HCFCs and HFC-134a in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 18781 18801, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD01919, 1995.
Ko, M. K., Sze, N. D., Wang, W.-C., Shia, G., Goldman, A., Murcray, F. J., Murcray, D. G., and Rinsland, C. P.: Atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride: Sources, sinks and greenhouse warming, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98, 10499 10507, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD00228, 1993.
Kolonjari, F., Sheese, P. E., Walker, K. A., Boone, C. D., Plummer, D. A., Engel, A., Montzka, S. A., Oram, D. E., Schuck, T., Stiller, G. P., and Toon, G. C.: Validation of Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACEFTS) chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2429 2449, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2429-2024, 2024.
Kosaka, Y., Kobayashi, S., Harada, Y., Kobayashi, C., Naoe, H., Yoshimoto, K., Harada, M., Goto, N., Chiba, J., Miyaoka, K., Sekiguchi, R., Deushi, M., Kamahori, H., Nakaegawa, T., Tanaka, T. Y., Tokuhiro, T., Sato, Y., Matsushita, Y., and Onogi, K.: The JRA-3Q reanalysis, Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 102, 49 109, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004, 2024.
Kouznetsov, R., Sofiev, M., Vira, J., and Stiller, G.: Simulating age of air and the distribution of SF6 in the stratosphere with the SILAM model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5837 5859, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5837-2020, 2020.
Kov cs, T., Feng, W., Totterdill, A., Plane, J. M. C., Dhomse, S., G mez-Mart n, J. C., Stiller, G. P., Haenel, F. J., Smith, C., Forster, P. M., Garc a, R. R., Marsh, D. R., and Chipperfield, M. P.: Determination of the atmospheric lifetime and global warming potential of sulfur hexafluoride using a three-dimensional model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 883 898, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-883-2017, 2017.
Krey, P., Lagomarsino, R., and Toonkel, L.: Gaseous halogens in the atmosphere in 1975, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 1753 1766, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC082i012p01753, 1977.
Laeng, A., Plieninger, J., von Clarmann, T., Grabowski, U., Stiller, G., Eckert, E., Glatthor, N., Haenel, F., Kellmann, S., Kiefer, M., Linden, A., Lossow, S., Deaver, L., Engel, A., Hervig, M., Levin, I., McHugh, M., No l, S., Toon, G., and Walker, K.: Validation of MIPAS IMK/IAA methane profiles, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 5251 5261, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-5251-2015, 2015.
Li, Q., Fernandez, R. P., Hossaini, R., Iglesias-Suarez, F., Cuevas, C. A., Apel, E. C., Kinnison, D. E., Lamarque, J.-F., and Saiz- Lopez, A.: Reactive halogens increase the global methane lifetime and radiative forcing in the 21st century, Nat. Commun., 13, 2768, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30456-8, 2022.
Lin, S.-J. and Rood, R. B.: Multidimensional flux-form semi-Lagrangian transport schemes, Monthly Weather Review, 124, 2046 2070, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520- 0493(1996)1242046:MFFSLT2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Loeffel, S., Eichinger, R., Garny, H., Reddmann, T., Fritsch, F., Versick, S., Stiller, G., and Haenel, F.: The impact of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) sinks on age of air climatologies and trends, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1175 1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp- 22-1175-2022, 2022.
Meinshausen, M., Vogel, E., Nauels, A., Lorbacher, K., Meinshausen, N., Etheridge, D. M., Fraser, P. J., Montzka, S. A., Rayner, P. J., Trudinger, C. M., Krummel, P. B., Beyerle, U., Canadell, J. G., Daniel, J. S., Enting, I. G., Law, R. M., Lunder, C. R., O Doherty, S., Prinn, R. G., Reimann, S., Rubino, M., Velders, G. J. M., Vollmer, M. K., Wang, R. H. J., and Weiss, R.: Historical greenhouse gas concentrations for climate modelling (CMIP6), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2057 2116, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2057-2017, 2017.
Miller, T. M., Miller, A. E. S., Paulson, J. F., and Liu, X.: Thermal electron attachment to SF4 and SF6, 100, 8841 8848, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.466738, 1994.
Minschwaner, K., Hoffmann, L., Brown, A., Riese, M., M ller, R., and Bernath, P. F.: Stratospheric loss and atmospheric lifetimes of CFC-11 and CFC-12 derived from satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4253 4263, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp- 13-4253-2013, 2013.
MIPAS: Level-2 Data, Version 8, https://www.imk-asf.kit.edu/ english/308.php (last access: 5 January 2026), 2019.
Moore, D. P. and Remedios, J. J.: Growth rates of stratospheric HCFC-22, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 73 82, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-73-2008, 2008.
Morris, R. A., Miller, T. M., Viggiano, A. A., Paulson, J. F., Solomon, S., and Reid, G.: Effects of electron and ion reactions on atmospheric lifetimes of fully fiuorinated compounds, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD02399, 1995.
Patra, P. K., Lal, S., Subbaraya, B. H., Jackman, C. H., and Rajaratnam, P.: Observed vertical profile of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and its atmospheric applications, Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 102, 8855 8859, 1997.
Ploeger, F., Diallo, M., Charlesworth, E., Konopka, P., Legras, B., Laube, J. C., Groo , J.-U., G nther, G., Engel, A., and Riese, M.: The stratospheric Brewer Dobson circulation inferred from age of air in the ERA5 reanalysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8393 8412, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8393-2021, 2021.
Plumb, R. A. and Ko, M. K. W.: Interrelationships between mixing ratios of long-lived stratospheric constituents, 97, 10145 10156, https://doi.org/10.1029/92jd00450, 1992.
Prather, M. J., Froidevaux, L., and Livesey, N. J.: Observed changes in stratospheric circulation: decreasing lifetime of N2O, 2005 2021, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 843 849, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-843-2023, 2023.
Prignon, M.: Stratospheric circulation changes: investigations using multidecadal observations and simulations of inorganic fluorine, Ph. D. thesis, ULi ge Universit de Li ge, Eprint: https://orbi. uliege.be/2268/260555, 2021.
Prignon, M., Chabrillat, S., Friedrich, M., Smale, D., Strahan, S. E., Bernath, P. F., Chipperfield, M. P., Dhomse, S. S., Feng, W., Minganti, D., Servais, C., and Mahieu, E.: Stratospheric fluorine as a tracer of circulation changes: Comparison between infrared remote-sensing observations and simulations with five modern reanalyses, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD034995, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd034995, 2021.
Ravishankara, A. R., Solomon, S., Turnipseed, A. A., and Warren, R. F.: Atmospheric Lifetimes of Long-Lived Halogenated Species, 194 199, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.259.5092.194, 1993.
Ray, E. A., Moore, F. L., Elkins, J. W., Rosenlof, K. H., Laube, J. C., R ckmann, T., Marsh, D. R., and Andrews, A. E.: Quantification of the SF6 lifetime based on mesospheric loss measured in the stratospheric polar vortex, J. Geophys. Res., 122, 4626 4638, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026198, 2017.
Reddmann, T., Ruhnke, R., and Kouker, W.: Three-dimensional model simulations of SF6 with mesospheric chemistry, Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 106, 14525 14537, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900700, 2001.
Reed, R. J.: The present status of the 26 month oscillation, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 46, 374 387, 1965.
Richter, J. H. and Garcia, R. R.: On the forcing of the Mesospheric Semi-Annual Oscillation in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, 33, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024378, 2006.
Shangguan, M. and Wang, W.: Analysis of temperature Semi- Annual Oscillations (SAO) in the middle atmosphere, Remote Sensing, 15, 857, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15030857, 2023.
Sheese, P. E., Walker, K. A., Boone, C. D., Bernath, P. F., Froidevaux, L., Funke, B., Raspollini, P., and von Clarmann, T.: ACE-FTS ozone, water vapour, nitrous oxide, nitric acid, and carbon monoxide profile comparisons with MIPAS and MLS, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 186, 63 80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2016.06.026, 2017.
SPARC: SPARC Report on the Lifetimes of Stratospheric Ozone- Depleting Substances, Their Replacements, and Related Species. edited by: Ko, M. K. W., Newman, P. A., Reimann, S., and Strahan, S. E., SPARC Report No. 6, WCRP-15/2013, https://www. sparc-climate.org/publications/sparc-reports/ (last access: 5 January 2026), 2013.
SPARC: The SPARC Data Initiative: Assessment of stratospheric trace gas and aerosol climatologies from satellite limb sounders, Tech. Rep. 8, SPARC, wCRP-5/2017, https://www. sparc-climate.org/publications/sparc-reports/ (last access: 5 January 2026), https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010863911, 2017.
SPARC: SPARC Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP) Final Report, Tech. Rep. 10, SPARC, https://doi.org/10.17874/800dee57d13, 2022.
Spivakovsky, C. M., Logan, J. A., Montzka, S. A., Balkanski, Y. J., Foreman-Fowler, M., Jones, D. B. A., Horowitz, L. W., Fusco, A. C., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Prather, M. J., Wofsy, S. C., and McElroy, M. B.: Three-dimensional climatological distribution of tropospheric OH: Update and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 8931 8980, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD901006, 2000.
Strahan, S. E. and Polansky, B. C.: Meteorological implementation issues in chemistry and transport models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2895 2910, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2895-2006, 2006.
Totterdill, A., Kov cs, T., Mart n, J. C. G., Feng, W., and Plane, J. M.: Mesospheric Removal of Very Long-Lived Greenhouse Gases SF6 and CFC-115 by Metal Reactions, Lyman-_ Photolysis, and Electron Attachment, J. Phys. Chem. A, 119, 2016 2025, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp5123344, 2015.
Vervalcke, S.: BASCOE CTM simulations driven by ERA5, MERRA2 and JRA-3Q monthly zonal means, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17751040, 2025.
Voet, F., Ploeger, F., Laube, J., Preusse, P., Konopka, P., Groo , J.- U., Ungermann, J., Sinnhuber, B.-M., H pfner, M., Funke, B., Wetzel, G., Johansson, S., Stiller, G., Ray, E., and Hegglin, M. I.: On the estimation of stratospheric age of air from correlations of multiple trace gases, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3541 3565, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3541-2025, 2025.
Volk, C. M., Elkins, J. W., Fahey, D. W., Dutton, G. S., Gilligan, J. M., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., Chan, K. R., and Gunson, M. R.: Evaluation of source gas lifetimes from stratospheric observations, Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 102, 25543 25564, https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd02215, 1997.
Wang, Y., Huang, D., Liu, J., Zhang, Y., and Zeng, L.: Alternative Environmentally Friendly Insulating Gases for SF6, Processes, 7, https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7040216, 2019.