Nostoc; ANI; Peltigerales; anomaly zone; average nucleotide identity; bacterial species; cyanobacterium; lichens; species delimitation; symbiosis
Abstract :
[en] Species are a fundamental unit of biodiversity. Yet, the existence of clear species boundaries among bacteria has long been a subject of debate. Here, we studied species boundaries in the context of the phylogenetic history of Nostoc, a widespread genus of photoautotrophic and nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria that includes many lineages that form symbiotic associations with plants (e.g., cycads and bryophytes) and fungi (e.g., cyanolichens). We found that the evolution of Nostoc was characterized by eight rapid radiations, many of which were associated with major events in the evolution of plants. In addition, incomplete lineage sorting associated with these rapid radiations outweighed reticulations during Nostoc evolution. We then show that the pattern of diversification of Nostoc shapes the distribution of average nucleotide identities (ANIs) into a complex mosaic, wherein some closely related clades are clearly isolated from each other by gaps in genomic similarity, while others form a continuum where genomic species boundaries are expected. Nevertheless, recently diverged Nostoc lineages often form cohesive clades that are maintained by within-clade gene flow. Boundaries to homologous recombination between these cohesive clades persist even when the potential for gene flow is high, i.e., when closely related clades of Nostoc cooccur or are locally found in symbiotic associations with the same lichen-forming fungal species. Our results demonstrate that rapid radiations are major contributors to the complex speciation history of Nostoc. This underscores the need to consider evolutionary information beyond thresholds of genomic similarity to delimit biologically meaningful units of biodiversity for bacteria.
Disciplines :
Microbiology
Author, co-author :
Pardo-De la Hoz, Carlos J ; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
Haughland, Diane L; Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada ; Department of Renewable Resources, Faculty of Agricultural, Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada
Thauvette, Darcie; Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
Toni, Sydney; Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
Goyette, Spencer; Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
White, William; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
Medeiros, Ian D; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA ; Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
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