[en] Yeast and its derivatives, including yeast extract and yeast cell wall, are well established as safe and environmentally sustainable feed additives that significantly improve animal production performance and health. Their incorporation into swine production serves as an innovative nutritional strategy aimed at improving growth performance, bolstering health status, and enhancing immune function in pigs. As a versatile microorganism, yeast generates a variety of bioactive compounds through fermentation, such as amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, and growth factors, which collectively contribute to improved growth and overall health in pigs. This review consolidates current research on the utilization of yeast and yeast derivatives in swine production, highlighting their biological functions and practical implications within the industry.
Disciplines :
Animal production & animal husbandry
Author, co-author :
Fan, Yuyang; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Yin, Chenggang; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Xu, Lei; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Bai, Rong; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Wei, Zixi ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre ; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Gao, Ge; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Li, Yanpin; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Sun, Wenjuan; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Li, Xilong; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Pi, Yu ; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Language :
English
Title :
The Biological Functions of Yeast and Yeast Derivatives and Their Application in Swine Production: A Review.
This work was financially supported by the Science and Technology Program of Shijiazhuang City (2417908202A) and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP) (CAAS-IFR-JCCX-2025-04).
Gui L. Chen X. Zhou L. Yan X. Liu M. Hou S. Wang Z. Effects of Adding Yeast Cultures to Diets on Growth Performance and Rumen Microbial Diversity of Qinghai Tibetan Sheep J. Sichuan Agric. Univ. 2023 41 912 917
Elghandour M.M.Y. Tan Z.L. Abu Hafsa S.H. Adegbeye M.J. Greiner R. Ugbogu E.A. Cedillo Monroy J. Salem A.Z.M. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a probiotic feed additive to non and pseudo-ruminant feeding: A review J. Appl. Microbiol. 2020 128 658 674 10.1111/jam.14416
Peng X. Yan C. Hu L. Huang Y. Fang Z. Lin Y. Xu S. Feng B. Li J. Zhuo Y. et al. Live yeast supplementation during late gestation and lactation affects reproductive performance, colostrum and milk composition, blood biochemical and immunological parameters of sows Anim. Nutr. 2020 6 288 292 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.03.001
Namted S. Poungpong K. Loongyai W. Rakangthong C. Bunchasak C. Dietary autolysed yeast modulates blood profiles, small intestinal morphology and caecal microbiota of weaning pigs Animal 2022 16 100660 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100660
Pais P. Almeida V. Yılmaz M. Teixeira M.C. Saccharomyces boulardii: What Makes It Tick as Successful Probiotic? J. Fungi 2020 6 78 10.3390/jof6020078
Valini G.A.C. Duarte M.S. Calderano A.A. Teixeira L.M. Rodrigues G.A. Fernandes K.M. Veroneze R. Serão N.V.L. Mantovani H.C. Rocha G.C. Dietary nucleotide supplementation as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics in weaned piglets Animal 2021 15 100021 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100021
Che D. Adams S. Zhao B. Qin G. Jiang H. Effects of Dietary L-arginine Supplementation from Conception to Post- Weaning in Piglets Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 2019 20 736 749 10.2174/1389203720666190125104959
Goh T.W. Kim H.J. Moon K. Kim Y.Y. Effects of β-glucan with vitamin E supplementation on the growth performance, blood profiles, immune response, pork quality, pork flavor, and economic benefit in growing and finishing pigs Anim. Biosci. 2023 36 929 942 10.5713/ab.22.0433 36915935
Xu Y. Shi B. Yan S. Li T. Guo Y. Li J. Effects of chitosan on body weight gain, growth hormone and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 2013 26 1484 1489 10.5713/ajas.2013.13085
Goodridge H.S. Wolf A.J. Underhill D.M. Beta-glucan recognition by the innate immune system Immunol. Rev. 2009 230 38 50 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00793.x
Camilli G. Tabouret G. Quintin J. The Complexity of Fungal β-Glucan in Health and Disease: Effects on the Mononuclear Phagocyte System Front. Immunol. 2018 9 673 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00673 29755450
Agazzi A. Perricone V. Omodei Zorini F. Sandrini S. Mariani E. Jiang X.R. Ferrari A. Crestani M. Nguyen T.X. Bontempo V. et al. Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharides Modulate Gut Inflammatory Response and Improve Duodenal Villi Height in Post-Weaning Piglets Improving Feed Efficiency Animals 2020 10 1283 10.3390/ani10081283 32731342
Fouhse J.M. Dawson K. Graugnard D. Dyck M. Willing B.P. Dietary supplementation of weaned piglets with a yeast-derived mannan-rich fraction modulates cecal microbial profiles, jejunal morphology and gene expression Animal 2019 13 1591 1598 10.1017/S1751731118003361 30614425
Gao L. Xie C. Liang X. Li Z. Li B. Wu X. Yin Y. Yeast-based nucleotide supplementation in mother sows modifies the intestinal barrier function and immune response of neonatal pigs Anim. Nutr. 2021 7 84 93 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.06.009
Yin C.-G. Comi M. Cai L. Chen W.-N. Perricone V. Xiao J.F. Agazzi A. Li X.L. Jiang X.R. Hydrolysed yeast from Kluyveromyces fragilis improves plasma antioxidant efficiency and immunoglobulin concentration, and faecal microbiota of weaned piglets Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 2023 22 578 588 10.1080/1828051X.2023.2206414
Liu Y. Huo B. Chen Z. Wang K. Huang L. Che L. Feng B. Lin Y. Xu S. Zhuo Y. et al. Effects of Organic Chromium Yeast on Performance, Meat Quality, and Serum Parameters of Grow-Finish Pigs Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2023 201 1188 1196 10.1007/s12011-022-03237-z
Mayorga E.J. Kvidera S.K. Horst E.A. Al-Qaisi M. McCarthy C.S. Abeyta M.A. Lei S. Elsasser T.H. Kahl S. Kiros T.G. et al. Effects of dietary live yeast supplementation on growth performance and biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation in heat-stressed and nutrient-restricted pigs Transl. Anim. Sci. 2021 5 txab072 10.1093/tas/txab072
Xu S. Jia X. Liu Y. Pan X. Chang J. Wei W. Lu P. Petry D. Che L. Jiang X. et al. Effects of yeast-derived postbiotic supplementation in late gestation and lactation diets on performance, milk quality, and immune function in lactating sows J. Anim. Sci. 2023 101 skad201 10.1093/jas/skad201
Ballet N. Renaud S. Roume H. George F. Vandekerckove P. Boyer M. Durand-Dubief M. Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Multifaceted Applications in One Health and the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals Encyclopedia 2023 3 602 613 10.3390/encyclopedia3020043
Pereira P.R. Freitas C.S. Paschoalin V.M.F. Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass as a source of next-generation food preservatives: Evaluating potential proteins as a source of antimicrobial peptides Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2021 20 4450 4479 10.1111/1541-4337.12798
Que Z. Wang S. Wei M. Fang Y. Ma T. Wang X. Sun X. The powerful function of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in food science and other fields: A critical review Food Innov. Adv. 2024 3 167 180 10.48130/fia-0024-0016
Feng P.P. Sun L.J. Xiao D.G. Xie X. Song F. Zhang C.Y. Research progress on metabolism and regulation of higher alcohols in beer yeast Food Res. Dev. 2021 42 153 159 10.12161/j.issn.1005-6521.2021.08.025
Wang Z. Wang J. Li L. Zheng F. Li Q. Protective Effects of Exogenous Trehalose on Brewer’s Yeast under Heat Stress J. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2020 39 43 50
Vieira E. Cunha S.C. Ferreira I.M.P.L.V.O. Characterization of a Potential Bioactive Food Ingredient from Inner Cellular Content of Brewer’s Spent Yeast Waste Biomass Valorization 2019 10 3235 3242 10.1007/s12649-018-0368-9
Feldmann H. Yeast Cell Architecture and Functions Yeast Wiley Hoboken, NJ, USA 2012 5 24
Tao Z. Yuan H. Liu M. Liu Q. Zhang S. Liu H. Jiang Y. Huang D. Wang T. Yeast Extract: Characteristics, Production, Applications and Future Perspectives J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2023 33 151 166 10.4014/jmb.2207.07057 36474327
Bryant R.W. Cohen S.D. Characterization of hop acids in spent brewer’s yeast from craft and multinational sources J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 2015 73 159 164 10.1094/ASBCJ-2015-0315-01
Puligundla P. Mok C. Park S. Advances in the valorization of spent brewer’s yeast Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2020 62 102350 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102350
Estévez A. Padrell L. Iñarra B. Orive M. Martin D.S. Brewery by-products (yeast and spent grain) as protein sources in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) feeds Aquaculture 2021 543 736921 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736921
Yamada R. Chapter 17—Pichia pastoris-based microbial cell factories Microbial Cell Factories Engineering for Production of Biomolecules Singh V. Academic Press Sydney, Australia 2021 335 344
Rahimnejad S. Yuan X.Y. Liu W.B. Jiang G.Z. Cao X.F. Dai Y.J. Wang C.C. Desouky H.E. Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and immunomodulatory effects of yeast hydrolysates for hepatocytes of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2020 106 142 148 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.019
Lane M.M. Morrissey J.P. Kluyveromyces marxianus: A yeast emerging from its sister’s shadow Fungal Biol. Rev. 2010 24 17 26 10.1016/j.fbr.2010.01.001
Fonseca G.G. Heinzle E. Wittmann C. Gombert A.K. The yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus and its biotechnological potential Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2008 79 339 354 10.1007/s00253-008-1458-6 18427804
Paul D. Mukhopadhyay R. Chatterjee B.P. Guha A.K. Nutritional profile of food yeast Kluyveromyces fragilis biomass grown on whey Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2002 97 209 218 10.1385/ABAB:97:3:209 11998844
Koukoumaki D.I. Papanikolaou S. Ioannou Z. Mourtzinos I. Sarris D. Single-Cell Protein and Ethanol Production of a Newly Isolated Kluyveromyces marxianus Strain through Cheese Whey Valorization Foods 2024 13 1892 10.3390/foods13121892 38928833
Tullio V. Probiotic Yeasts: A Developing Reality? J. Fungi 2024 10 489 10.3390/jof10070489
Xu Z. Yang L. Chen H. Bai P. Li X. Liu D. Transcriptomic characterization of the functional and morphological development of the rumen wall in weaned lambs fed a diet containing yeast co-cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus Front. Vet. Sci. 2025 12 1510689 10.3389/fvets.2025.1510689
Fu J. Liu J. Wen X. Zhang G. Cai J. Qiao Z. An Z. Zheng J. Li L. Unique Probiotic Properties and Bioactive Metabolites of Saccharomyces boulardii Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins 2023 15 967 982 10.1007/s12602-022-09953-1
Roy Sarkar S. Mitra Mazumder P. Chatterjee K. Sarkar A. Adhikary M. Mukhopadhyay K. Banerjee S. Saccharomyces boulardii ameliorates gut dysbiosis associated cognitive decline Physiol. Behav. 2021 236 113411 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113411
Sampath V. Sureshkumar S. Kim I.H. The Efficacy of Yeast Supplementation on Monogastric Animal Performance-A Short Review Life 2023 13 2037 10.3390/life13102037
Wang J. Li M. Zheng F. Niu C. Liu C. Li Q. Sun J. Cell wall polysaccharides: Before and after autolysis of brewer’s yeast World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2018 34 137 10.1007/s11274-018-2508-6
Galinari É. Sabry D.A. Sassaki G.L. Macedo G.R. Passos F.M.L. Mantovani H.C. Rocha H.A.O. Chemical structure, antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of a cell wall α-d-mannan from yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus Carbohydr. Polym. 2017 157 1298 1305 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.015
Mahmoud S.H. Yassein S.N. Characterization of β-glucan obtained from Candida albicans of caprine mastitis Open Vet. J. 2024 14 1269 1280 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i5.22
Wang M. Pan J. Xiang W. You Z. Zhang Y. Wang J. Zhang A. β-glucan: A potent adjuvant in immunotherapy for digestive tract tumors Front. Immunol. 2024 15 1424261 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1424261
Goh T.W. Kim H.J. Moon K. Kim C.S. Kim Y.Y. Effects of β-glucan with vitamin E supplementation on the growth performance, blood profiles, immune response, fecal microbiota, fecal score, and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs Anim. Biosci. 2023 36 642 653 10.5713/ab.22.0311 36397695
Venardou B. O’Doherty J.V. McDonnell M.J. Mukhopadhya A. Kiely C. Ryan M.T. Sweeney T. Evaluation of the in vitro effects of the increasing inclusion levels of yeast β-glucan, a casein hydrolysate and its 5 kDa retentate on selected bacterial populations and strains commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs Food Funct. 2021 12 2189 2200 10.1039/D0FO02269A 33589892
Gao G. Cai L. Fan Y. Aroche Ginarte R. Li Y. Sun W. Jiang X. Li X. Pi Y. Effects of Different Hemicellulose Components on Fermentation Kinetics and Microbial Composition in Fecal Inoculum from Suckling Piglets In Vitro ACS Omega 2025 10 9120 9131 10.1021/acsomega.4c08848
Wu Y. Li Y. Chen M. Zhao J. Xiong X. Olnood C.G. Gao Y. Wang F. Peng C. Liu M. et al. The effect of a water-soluble β-glucan on intestinal immunity and microbiota in LPS-challenged piglets Front. Vet. Sci. 2025 12 1533872 10.3389/fvets.2025.1533872 40129578
Liu Y. Wu Q. Wu X. Algharib S.A. Gong F. Hu J. Luo W. Zhou M. Pan Y. Yan Y. et al. Structure, preparation, modification, and bioactivities of β-glucan and mannan from yeast cell wall: A review Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021 173 445 456 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.125
Raymundo D.L. Borges P.C. Barbosa K. Utiumi K.U. Varaschin M.S. Leal D.F. Silva S.R. Jr. Resende M. Barbosa J.A. de Souza Cantarelli V. Effects of dietary yeast mannan-rich fraction supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and lymphoid tissue characteristics in weaned piglets challenged with Escherichia coli F4 Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2024 56 179 10.1007/s11250-024-04033-8
Saberi Riseh R. Gholizadeh Vazvani M. Vatankhah M. Kennedy J.F. Chitin-induced disease resistance in plants: A review Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2024 266 131105 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131105
Hameed H. Khan M.A. Paiva-Santos A.C. Ereej N. Faheem S. Chitin: A versatile biopolymer-based functional therapy for cartilage regeneration Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2024 265 131120 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131120
Tabata E. Kashimura A. Wakita S. Ohno M. Sakaguchi M. Sugahara Y. Imamura Y. Seki S. Ueda H. Matoska V. et al. Protease resistance of porcine acidic mammalian chitinase under gastrointestinal conditions implies that chitin-containing organisms can be sustainable dietary resources Sci. Rep. 2017 7 12963 10.1038/s41598-017-13526-6
Gao L.M. Zhou T.T. Chen Z.P. Wassie T. Li B. Wu X. Yin Y.L. Maternal yeast-based nucleotide supplementation decreased stillbirth by regulating nutrient metabolism J. Sci. Food Agric. 2021 101 4018 4032 10.1002/jsfa.11037 33349941
Leung H. Yitbarek A. Snyder R. Patterson R. Barta J.R. Karrow N. Kiarie E. Responses of broiler chickens to Eimeria challenge when fed a nucleotide-rich yeast extract Poult. Sci. 2019 98 1622 1633 10.3382/ps/pey533 30481335
Duttlinger A.W. Centeno Martinez R.E. McConn B.R. Kpodo K.R. Lay D.C. Richert B.T. Johnson T.A. Johnson J.S. Replacing dietary antibiotics with 0.20% l-glutamine in swine nursery diets: Impact on intestinal physiology and the microbiome following weaning and transport J. Anim. Sci. 2021 99 skab091 10.1093/jas/skab091
Mi M. Shen Z. Hu N. Zhang Q. Wang B. Pan L. Qin G. Bao N. Zhao Y. Effects of diets with different amino acid release characteristics on the gut microbiota and barrier function of weaned pigs BMC Microbiol. 2023 23 18 10.1186/s12866-023-02762-8
Rodrigues L.A. Panisson J.C. Van Kessel A.G. Columbus D.A. Functional amino acid supplementation attenuates the negative effects of plant-based nursery diets on the response of pigs to a subsequent Salmonella Typhimurium challenge J. Anim. Sci. 2022 100 skac267 10.1093/jas/skac267
Yamamoto T. Inui-Yamamoto C. The flavor-enhancing action of glutamate and its mechanism involving the notion of kokumi npj Sci. Food 2023 7 3 10.1038/s41538-023-00178-2
Komorowska A. Sieliwanowicz B. Mrówka E. Stecka K. Hałasińska A. Studies on yeast extracts enriched in 5 nucleotides flavour enhancers obtained from spent brewery yeast Biotechnology 2003 6 1 6
Yousefi L. Yeast mannan: Structure, extraction and bioactivity Appl. Food Biotechnol. 2023 10 155 164
Pizarroso N.A. Fuciños P. Gonçalves C. Pastrana L. Amado I.R. A review on the role of food-derived bioactive molecules and the microbiota–gut–brain axis in satiety regulation Nutrients 2021 13 632 10.3390/nu13020632
Maggiolino A. Centoducati G. Casalino E. Elia G. Latronico T. Liuzzi M.G. Macchia L. Dahl G.E. Ventriglia G. Zizzo N. et al. Use of a commercial feed supplement based on yeast products and microalgae with or without nucleotide addition in calves J. Dairy Sci. 2023 106 4397 4412 10.3168/jds.2022-22656
Stefenoni H. Harrison J.H. Adams-Progar A. Block E. Effect of enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast on health and performance of transition dairy cattle J. Dairy Sci. 2020 103 1541 1552 10.3168/jds.2019-17350 31864753
Maturana M. Castillejos L. Martin-Orue S.M. Minel A. Chetty O. Felix A.P. Adib Lesaux A. Potential benefits of yeast Saccharomyces and their derivatives in dogs and cats: A review Front. Vet. Sci. 2023 10 1279506 10.3389/fvets.2023.1279506 37954670
Martins L. Bonato M.A. Reis W. 349 Effects of Adding a Yeast Blend to Diets with High Levels of Dried Distillers Grains on Feeding Behavior, Intake, and Performance of Beef Cattle Fattened in Feedlot J. Anim. Sci. 2023 101 263 264 10.1093/jas/skad281.316
Zhang S. Geng Y. Ling Y. Wang D. Hu G. Yeast Culture Is Beneficial for Improving the Rumen Fermentation and Promoting the Growth Performance of Goats in Summer Fermentation 2024 10 307 10.3390/fermentation10060307
Amin A.B. Mao S. Influence of yeast on rumen fermentation, growth performance and quality of products in ruminants: A review Anim. Nutr. 2021 7 31 41 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.10.005
Williams M.S. Mandell I.B. Bohrer B.M. Wood K.M. The effects of feeding benzoic acid and/or live active yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on beef cattle performance, feeding behavior, and carcass characteristics Transl. Anim. Sci. 2021 5 txab143 10.1093/tas/txab143
Picó-Monllor J.A. Mingot-Ascencao J.M. Search and Selection of Probiotics That Improve Mucositis Symptoms in Oncologic Patients. A Systematic Review Nutrients 2019 11 2322 10.3390/nu11102322
Lee J.E. Lee E. The Probiotic Effects of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 28-7 Strain Isolated from Nuruk in a DSS-Induced Colitis Mouse Model J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2022 32 877 884 10.4014/jmb.2206.06035
Qiao Y. Ye X. Zhong L. Xia C. Zhang L. Yang F. Li Y. Fang X. Fu L. Huang Y. et al. Yeast β-1,3-glucan production by an outer membrane β-1,6-glucanase: Process optimization, structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity Food Funct. 2022 13 3917 3930 10.1039/D1FO02832D
Walachowski S. Breyne K. Secher T. Cougoule C. Guzylack-Piriou L. Meyer E. Foucras G. Tabouret G. Oral supplementation with yeast β-glucans improves the resolution of Escherichia coli-associated inflammatory responses independently of monocyte/macrophage immune training Front. Immunol. 2022 13 1086413 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1086413 36605196
Maina T.W. McDonald P.O. Rani Samuel B.E. Sardi M.I. Yoon I. Rogers A. McGill J.L. Feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation postbiotic products alters immune function and the lung transcriptome of preweaning calves with an experimental viral-bacterial coinfection J. Dairy Sci. 2024 107 2253 2267 10.3168/jds.2023-23866 37806633
Habotta O.A. Wang X. Othman H. Aljali A.A. Gewaily M. Dawood M. Khafaga A. Zaineldin A.I. Singla R.K. Shen B. et al. Selenium-enriched yeast modulates the metal bioaccumulation, oxidant status, and inflammation in copper-stressed broiler chickens Front. Pharmacol. 2022 13 1026199 10.3389/fphar.2022.1026199 36313334
Wang T. Cheng K. Li Q. Wang T. Effects of yeast hydrolysate supplementation on intestinal morphology, barrier, and anti-inflammatory functions of broilers Anim. Biosci. 2022 35 858 868 10.5713/ab.21.0374
Zhu L. Wang J. Feng Y. Yin H. Lai H. Xiao R. He S. Yang Z. He Y. Process Optimization, Amino Acid Composition, and Antioxidant Activities of Protein and Polypeptide Extracted from Waste Beer Yeast Molecules 2022 27 6825 10.3390/molecules27206825
Guo H. Guo S. Liu H. Antioxidant activity and inhibition of ultraviolet radiation-induced skin damage of Selenium-rich peptide fraction from selenium-rich yeast protein hydrolysate Bioorg. Chem. 2020 105 104431 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104431
Zhang L. Zhou J. Obianwuna U.E. Long C. Qiu K. Zhang H. Qi X. Wu S. Optimizing selenium-enriched yeast supplementation in laying hens: Enhancing egg quality, selenium concentration in eggs, antioxidant defense, and liver health Poult. Sci. 2025 104 104584 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104584
Qiu Q. Zhan Z. Zhou Y. Zhang W. Gu L. Wang Q. He J. Liang Y. Zhou W. Li Y. Effects of Yeast Culture on Laying Performance, Antioxidant Properties, Intestinal Morphology, and Intestinal Flora of Laying Hens Antioxidants 2024 13 779 10.3390/antiox13070779
Liu J. Wang Z. Li C. Chen Z. Zheng A. Chang W. Liu G. Cai H. Effects of Selenium Dietary Yeast on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Selenium Deposition in Broiler Chickens Animals 2023 13 3830 10.3390/ani13243830
Xie Y. Yuan Y.C. Wang F. He H. Wan K. Liu A.F. Cao T.T. Lyu Y.Z. Luo Y.L. Yang Y.H. et al. Effects of yeast culture on growth performance and serum metabolism and antioxidant indexes of Sichuan white geese aged 0 to 4 weeks Chin. J. Anim. Nutr. 2021 33 5947 5954 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2021.10.053
Ge L. Bai S. Shen H. Sha K. Shao Y. Shi H. Yeast cultures improve lactation performance by influencing rumen microbial composition in dairy goats Anim. Nutr. 2025 2 e3 10.1017/anr.2024.24
Youn H.Y. Kim H.J. Kim H. Seo K.H. A comparative evaluation of the kefir yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus A4 and sulfasalazine in ulcerative colitis: Anti-inflammatory impact and gut microbiota modulation Food Funct. 2024 15 6717 6730 10.1039/D4FO00427B 38833212
Schwartz B. Vetvicka V. Review: β-glucans as Effective Antibiotic Alternatives in Poultry Molecules 2021 26 3560 10.3390/molecules26123560 34200882
Wang H.D. Cai Q.L. Ma R. Yu M.H. Liu W.M. Wei Y. Protective effect of yeast mannatide on mice infected with pathogenic Escherichia coli Acta Vet. Et Zootech. Sin. 2022 53 3642 3653 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2022.10.035
Omara I.I. Pender C.M. White M.B. Dalloul R.A. The Modulating Effect of Dietary Beta-Glucan Supplementation on Expression of Immune Response Genes of Broilers during a Coccidiosis Challenge Animals 2021 11 159 10.3390/ani11010159
Zhu X. Tao L. Liu H. Yang G. Effects of fermented feed on growth performance, immune organ indices, serum biochemical parameters, cecal odorous compound production, and the microbiota community in broilers Poult. Sci. 2023 102 102629 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102629
Liu Y.Z. Chen X. Zhao W. Lang M. Zhang X.F. Wang T. Farouk M.H. Zhen Y.G. Qin G.X. Effects of yeast culture supplementation and the ratio of non-structural carbohydrate to fat on rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial-community composition in sheep Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2019 249 62 75 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.02.003
Liu Y. Cheng X. Zhen W. Zeng D. Qu L. Wang Z. Ning Z. Yeast Culture Improves Egg Quality and Reproductive Performance of Aged Breeder Layers by Regulating Gut Microbes Front. Microbiol. 2021 12 633276 10.3389/fmicb.2021.633276
Rimoldi S. Gini E. Koch J.F.A. Iannini F. Brambilla F. Terova G. Effects of hydrolyzed fish protein and autolyzed yeast as substitutes of fishmeal in the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) diet, on fish intestinal microbiome BMC Vet. Res. 2020 16 118 10.1186/s12917-020-02335-1
Huang B. Khan M.Z. Chen Y. Liang H. Kou X. Wang X. Ren W. Wang C. Zhang Z. Yeast polysaccharide supplementation: Impact on lactation, growth, immunity, and gut microbiota in Dezhou donkeys Front. Microbiol. 2023 14 1289371 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1289371
Wang M. Xia D. Yu L. Hao Q. Xie M. Zhang Q. Zhao Y. Meng D. Yang Y. Ran C. et al. Effects of solid-state fermentation product of yeast supplementation on liver and intestinal health, and resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) against spring viraemia carp virus Anim. Nutr. 2024 18 408 418 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.04.017
Yu Z. Zhang Z. Teame T. Guan L. Wang R. Zhu R. Zhang Q. Yang H. Cui N. Huang Y. et al. Yeast cell wall extract as a strategy to mitigate the effects of aflatoxin B1 and deoxynivalenol on liver and intestinal health, and gut microbiota of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) Aquaculture 2025 597 741917 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.741917
Li X. Xie Q. Guo W. Mao X. Song G. Liu Y. Zhao H. Li F. Liu L. Effects of dietary active yeast on growth performance, meat quality and intestinal flora of growing meat rabbits Chin. J. Anim. Nutr. 2024 36 2603 2611 10.12418/CJAN2024.224
Wang J. Zhao G. Zhuang Y. Chai J. Zhang N. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Culture Promotes the Performance of Fattening Sheep by Enhancing Nutrients Digestibility and Rumen Development Fermentation 2022 8 719 10.3390/fermentation8120719
Wang X. Wang S.S. Yan F. Yang W.Q. Tang G.F. Cui M.H. Xu X.R. Intraperitoneal injection of β-glucan during the suckling period improved the intestinal health of newly weaned rabbits by enhancing immune responses Livest. Sci. 2023 272 105214 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105214
An S. Jia Y.G. Zhou Y. Lyu Z.Z. Guo S. Xu C.W. Zhang Q.F. Yan L. Zhou G.L. Effects of dietary yeast polypeptides on growth performance, carcass composition and intestinal microbiota of broilers Chin. J. Anim. Nutr. 2022 34 4261 4270
Cui Y. Guo P. Ning M. Yue Y. Yuan Y. Yue T. Kluyveromyces marxianus supplementation ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury associated with the modulation of gut microbiota in mice Food Funct. 2023 14 9920 9935 10.1039/D3FO01796F
Rassmidatta K. Theapparat Y. Chanaksorn N. Carcano P. Adeyemi K.D. Ruangpanit Y. Dietary Kluyveromyces marxianus hydrolysate alters humoral immunity, jejunal morphology, cecal microbiota and metabolic pathways in broiler chickens raised under a high stocking density Poult. Sci. 2024 103 103970 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103970
Zhang M. Jin X. Yang Y.F. Cao G.F. β-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is involved in immunostimulation of ovine ruminal explants Can. J. Vet. Res. Rev. Can. DE Rech. Vet. 2020 84 283 293
Nikkhah M. Chamani M. Sadeghi A.A. Hasan-Sajedi R. Effects of enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast supplementation on blood attributes, antioxidant status and gene expression of cytokines in vaccinated dairy cows Anim. Biotechnol. 2023 34 3329 3336 10.1080/10495398.2022.2140058
Strompfová V. Kubašová I. Mudroňová D. Štempelová L. Takáčová M. Gąsowski B. Čobanová K. Maďari A. Effect of Hydrolyzed Yeast Administration on Faecal Microbiota, Haematology, Serum Biochemistry and Cellular Immunity in Healthy Dogs Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins 2021 13 1267 1276 10.1007/s12602-021-09765-9
Chen X.Q. Zhao W. Xie S.W. Xie J.J. Zhang Z.H. Tian L.X. Liu Y.J. Niu J. Effects of dietary hydrolyzed yeast (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) on growth performance, immune response, antioxidant capacity and histomorphology of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2019 90 30 39 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.068 31004799
Kim E.T. Lee H.G. Kim D.H. Son J.K. Kim B.W. Joo S.S. Park D.S. Park Y.J. Lee S.Y. Kim M.H. Hydrolyzed Yeast Supplementation in Calf Starter Promotes Innate Immune Responses in Holstein Calves under Weaning Stress Condition Animals 2020 10 1468 10.3390/ani10091468 32825581
Maina A.N. Schulze H. Kiarie E.G. Response of broiler breeder pullets when fed hydrolyzed whole yeast from placement to 22 wk of age Poult. Sci. 2024 103 103383 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103383 38176370
Idowu O. Adesope O. Eigbe E. Oladejo A. Adeyanju B. Babatunde S. Adeniyi O. Rafiu S.O. 132. The impact of yeasts as feed supplement on the blood haematological and serum indices of West African Dwarf goats Anim. Sci. Proc. 2024 15 146 147 10.1016/j.anscip.2024.02.133
Zhao Y. Wang Q. Zhou P. Li Z. Zhong W. Zhuo Y. Che L. Xu S. Fang Z. Jiang X. et al. Effects of yeast culture supplementation from late gestation to weaning on performance of lactating sows and growth of nursing piglets Animal 2022 16 100526 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100526
Ma Z. Wu Z. Wang Y. Meng Q. Chen P. Li J. Shan A. Effect of Yeast Culture on Reproductive Performance, Gut Microbiota, and Milk Composition in Primiparous Sows Animals 2023 13 2954 10.3390/ani13182954
Wu Z. Chen P. Meng Q.W. Ma Z.Z. Li J.P. Effect of yeast culture on plasma biochemical indexes and metabolomics of first-parity gilts during lactation Chin. J. Anim. Nutr. 2022 34 2221 2228 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2022.04.018
Hong Y.F. Yu F.Y. Xia S.S. Du L. Cheng K. Wang T. Effects of Yeast Nucleotide Added in Diets of Sows on Growth Performance of Suckling Piglets and Sow Immune Indexes J. Domest. Anim. Ecol. 2023 44 28 33 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2023.07.005
Kim S.W. Duarte M.E. Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics supplemented in feeds for sows and growing pigs for its impact on growth performance of offspring and growing pigs in commercial farm environments Anim. Biosci. 2024 37 1463 1473 10.5713/ab.23.0467
Chang J. Jia X. Liu Y. Jiang X. Che L. Lin Y. Zhuo Y. Feng B. Fang Z. Li J. et al. Microbial Mechanistic Insight into the Role of Yeast-Derived Postbiotics in Improving Sow Reproductive Performance in Late Gestation and Lactation Sows Animals 2024 14 162 10.3390/ani14010162
Xiong L. Lin T. Yue X. Zhang S. Liu X. Chen F. Zhang S. Guan W. Maternal Selenium-Enriched Yeast Supplementation in Sows Enhances Offspring Growth and Antioxidant Status through the Nrf2/Keap1 Pathway Antioxidants 2023 12 2064 10.3390/antiox12122064 38136184
Tan C.Q. Li J.Y. Ji Y.C. Yang Y.Y. Zhao X.C. Chen M.X. Xin Z.Q. Wen L.J. Cui Z.Y. Shu G. et al. Effects of dietary supplementation of different amounts of yeast extract on oxidative stress, milk components, and productive performance of sows Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2021 274 114648 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114648
Kinara E. Moturi J. Mun J. Hosseindoust A. Ha S. Park S. Choi P.S. Park S.I. Kim J. Effects of dietary yeast β-glucan on lactating sows under heat stress J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 2025 67 137 151 10.5187/jast.2023.e123 39974786
Zhang J. Wang J. Ma Z. Fu Z. Zhao Y. Zeng X. Lin G. Zhang S. Guan W. Chen F. Enhanced Antioxidative Capacity Transfer between Sow and Fetus via the Gut–Placenta Axis with Dietary Selenium Yeast and Glycerol Monolaurate Supplementation during Pregnancy Antioxidants 2024 13 141 10.3390/antiox13020141
Chen Z. Li B. Zhuo Y. Zhang Y. Chen G. Beneficial Effects of Maternal Supplementation of Yeast Single-Cell Protein on Suckling Piglets by Altering Sow Gut Microbiome and Milk Metabolome Fermentation 2024 10 643 10.3390/fermentation10120643
Zhong X. Liang G. Cao L. Qiao Q. Hu Z. Fu M. Hong B. Wu Q. Liang G. Zhang Z. et al. Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-2-Expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae Not Different from Empty Vector J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2019 29 1644 1655 10.4014/jmb.1907.07006
Pornanek P. Phoemchalard C. Dietary supplementation of beta-glucan-rich molasses yeast powder on antibody response to swine fever virus and hematology of starter-grower pigs Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2020 53 43 10.1007/s11250-020-02431-2
Liu Y. Jia X. Chang J. Pan X. Jiang X. Che L. Lin Y. Zhuo Y. Feng B. Fang Z. et al. Yeast culture supplementation of sow diets regulates the immune performance of their weaned piglets under lipopolysaccharide stress J. Anim. Sci. 2023 101 skad226 10.1093/jas/skad226
Law K. Johnston L.J. Urriola P.E. Gomez A. Maternal Programming of Nursery Pig Performance and Gut Microbiome through Live Yeast Supplementation Animals 2024 14 910 10.3390/ani14060910
Fu Y. Li E. Casey T.M. Johnson T.A. Adeola O. Ajuwon K.M. Impact of maternal live yeast supplementation to sows on intestinal inflammatory cytokine expression and tight junction proteins in suckling and weanling piglets J. Anim. Sci. 2024 102 skae008 10.1093/jas/skae008
Boontiam W. Bunchasak C. Kim Y.Y. Kitipongpysan S. Hong J. Hydrolyzed Yeast Supplementation to Newly Weaned Piglets: Growth Performance, Gut Health, and Microbial Fermentation Animals 2022 12 350 10.3390/ani12030350 35158673
Hu B. Liu T. Xia B. Dong Y. Liu M. Zhou J. Precise evaluation of the nutritional value of yeast culture and its effect on pigs fed low-protein diets Anim. Nutr. 2024 19 325 338 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.05.010 39640552
Barducci R.S. Santos A.A.D. Pacheco L.G. Putarov T.C. Koch J.F.A. Callegari M.A. Dias C.P. de Carvalho R.H. da Silva C.A. Enhancing Weaned Piglet Health and Performance: The Role of Autolyzed Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and β-Glucans as a Blood Plasma Alternative in Diets Animals 2024 14 631 10.3390/ani14040631 38396599
Correia A.M. Genova J.L. Kim S.W. Abranches F.F. Rocha G.C. Autolyzed yeast and sodium butyrate supplemented alone to diets promoted improvements in performance, intestinal health and nutrient transporter in weaned piglets Sci. Rep. 2024 14 11885 10.1038/s41598-024-62551-9
Pan L.H. Yang C.F. Liang C.L. Zhang S.C. Lin S.N. Wang H. Jiang Q.Y. Zhu C.J. Effects of yeast peptides and subtilis peptides on growth performance, diarrhea rate and intestinal health of weaned piglets Acta Agric. Univ. Jiangxiensis 2024 46 196 209
Qin H. Wang Z. You J. Chen L. Xiong H. Effects of yeast cell wall polysaccharides on intestinal volatile fatty acids and microbial flora of weaned piglets Chin. J. Anim. Nutr. 2017 29 177 183
Tan C. Ji Y. Zhao X. Xin Z. Li J. Huang S. Cui Z. Wen L. Liu C. Kim S.W. et al. Effects of dietary supplementation of nucleotides from late gestation to lactation on the performance and oxidative stress status of sows and their offspring Anim. Nutr. 2021 7 111 118 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.10.004
Jiang Z. Wei S. Wang Z. Zhu C. Hu S. Zheng C. Chen Z. Hu Y. Wang L. Ma X. et al. Effects of different forms of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance, intestinal development, and systemic immunity in early-weaned piglets J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 2015 6 47 10.1186/s40104-015-0046-8
Gormley A.R. Duarte M.E. Deng Z. Kim S.W. Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics mitigate mucosal damages from F18+ Escherichia coli challenges by positively balancing the mucosal microbiota in the jejunum of young pigs Anim. Microbiome 2024 6 73 10.1186/s42523-024-00363-y
Duarte M.E. Kim S.W. Efficacy of Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics on cell turnover, immune responses, and oxidative stress in the jejunal mucosa of young pigs Sci. Rep. 2024 14 19235 10.1038/s41598-024-70399-2 39164530
Papatsiros V.G. Papakonstantinou G.I. Voulgarakis N. Eliopoulos C. Marouda C. Meletis E. Valasi I. Kostoulas P. Arapoglou D. Riahi I. et al. Effects of a Curcumin/Silymarin/Yeast-Based Mycotoxin Detoxifier on Redox Status and Growth Performance of Weaned Piglets under Field Conditions Toxins 2024 16 168 10.3390/toxins16040168 38668593
He W. Gao Y. Guo Z. Yang Z. Wang X. Liu H. Sun H. Shi B. Effects of fermented wheat bran and yeast culture on growth performance, immunity, and intestinal microflora in growing-finishing pigs J. Anim. Sci. 2021 99 skab308 10.1093/jas/skab308 34687291
Lin Y. Yu C. Ma Z. Che L. Feng B. Fang Z. Xu S. Zhuo Y. Li J. Zhang J. et al. Effects of Yeast Culture Supplementation in Wheat-Rice-Based Diet on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Gut Microbiota of Growing-Finishing Pigs Animals 2022 12 2177 10.3390/ani12172177
Serviento A.M. Castex M. Renaudeau D. Labussière E. Effect of live yeast supplementation and feeding frequency in male finishing pigs subjected to heat stress Br. J. Nutr. 2023 129 1855 1870 10.1017/S0007114522002513
Labussière E. Achard C. Dubois S. Combes S. Castex M. Renaudeau D. Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079 supplementation in finishing male pigs helps to cope with heat stress through feeding behaviour and gut microbiota modulation Br. J. Nutr. 2022 127 353 368 10.1017/S0007114521001756
Kim S.W. Holanda D.M. Gao X. Park I. Yiannikouris A. Efficacy of a Yeast Cell Wall Extract to Mitigate the Effect of Naturally Co-Occurring Mycotoxins Contaminating Feed Ingredients Fed to Young Pigs: Impact on Gut Health, Microbiome, and Growth Toxins 2019 11 633 10.3390/toxins11110633
Hong J. Kim H.S. Adams S. Scaria J. Patterson R. Woyengo T.A. Growth performance and gut health of nursery pigs fed diet containing sodium butyrate or enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast product Animal 2025 19 101448 10.1016/j.animal.2025.101448
Namted S. Poungpong K. Loongyai W. Rakangthong C. Bunchasak C. Improving growth performance and blood profile by feeding autolyzed yeast to improve pork carcass and meat quality Anim. Sci. J. 2021 92 e13666 10.1111/asj.13666
Li H. Wu M. Li Z. Zhang Q. Zhang X. Zhang Y. Zhao D. Wang L. Hou Y. Wu T. Effect of supplementation with yeast polysaccharides on intestinal function in piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Front. Microbiol. 2024 15 1378070 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1378070
Rao Z.X. Tokach M.D. Woodworth J.C. DeRouchey J.M. Goodband R.D. Gebhardt J.T. Effects of Various Feed Additives on Finishing Pig Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics: A Review Animals 2023 13 200 10.3390/ani13020200