instrumentation: photometers; instrumentation: spectrographs; techniques: spectroscopic; planets and satellites: atmospheres; planets; and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability; stars: atmospheres
Abstract :
[en] The distribution of close-in exoplanets is shaped by a complex interplay between atmospheric and dynamical processes. The Desert, Ridge, and Savanna (respectively a lack, overoccurence, and mild deficit of Neptunes with increasing periods) illustrate the sensitivity of these worlds to such processes, making them ideal targets to disentangle their roles. Determining how many Neptunes are brought close-in by early disk-driven migration (DDM; expected to maintain primordial spin-orbit alignment) or late high-eccentricity tidal migration (HEM; expected to generate large misalignments) is essential to understanding how much atmosphere they lost. In this paper, we propose a unified view of the exo-Neptunian landscape to guide its exploration and speculate that the Ridge is a hot spot for evolutionary processes. Low-density Neptunes would mainly undergo DDM, becoming fully eroded at shorter periods than the Ridge. This is in contrast to denser Neptunes, which would be brought to the Ridge and Desert by HEM. We embark on this exploration via the ATREIDES (Ancestry, Traits, and Relations of Exoplanets Inhabiting the Desert Edges and Savanna) collaboration, which relies on spectroscopic and photometric observations of ~60 close-in Neptunes, their reduction with robust pipelines, and their interpretation through internal structure, atmospheric, and evolutionary models. We carried out a systematic Rossiter-McLaughlin census with VLT/ESPRESSO to measure the distribution of 3D spin-orbit angles, correlate its shape with the system properties (orbit, density, evaporation), and thus relate the fraction of aligned-misaligned Neptunian systems to DDM, HEM, and atmospheric erosion. The first ATREIDES target, TOI-421 c, lies in the Savanna with a neighboring sub-Neptune TOI-421 b. We measured for the first time their 3D spin-orbit angles (ψ<SUB>b</SUB> = 57<SUB>‑15</SUB><SUP>+11∘</SUP>; ψ<SUB>c</SUB> = 44.9<SUB>‑4.1</SUB><SUP>+4.4∘</SUP>). Together with the eccentricity and possibly large mutual inclination of their orbits, this hints at a chaotic dynamical origin that could result from DDM followed by HEM. Our program will provide the community with a wealth of constraints for formation and evolution models, and we welcome collaborations that will contribute to pushing our understanding of the exo-Neptunian landscape forward.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Bourrier, V.; University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory
Steiner, M.; University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory
Castro-González, A.; Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain,
Armstrong, D. J.; University of Warwick, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Department of Physics
Attia, M.; University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory
Gill, S.; University of Warwick, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Department of Physics
Timmermans, Mathilde ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > COMets METeors and Asteroids (COMETA)
Fernandez, J.; University of Warwick, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Department of Physics
Hawthorn, F.; University of Warwick, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Department of Physics
Triaud, A. H. M. J.; University of Birmingham, School of Physics and Astronomy
Murgas, F.; Astrophysical Institute of the Canaries, University of La Laguna, Department of Astrophysics
Palle, E.; Astrophysical Institute of the Canaries, University of La Laguna, Department of Astrophysics
Chakraborty, H.; University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory
Poppenhaeger, K.; Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics, Potsdam, -
Lendl, M.; University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory
Anderson, D. R.; University of Warwick, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Department of Physics, Universidad Catolica del Norte, Chile
Bryant, E. M.; University of Warwick, Department of Physics, University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory
Friden, E.; University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory
Seidel, J. V.; European Southern Observatory, Chile, Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, France
Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
Eeles-Nolle, F.; University of Warwick, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Department of Physics
Lafarga, M.; University of Warwick, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Department of Physics
Lockley, I. S.; University of Warwick, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Department of Physics
Serrano Bell, J.; National University of San Martin, Argentina
Allart, R.; University of Montreal, Department of Physics
Meech, A.; Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Osborn, A.; McMaster University, Department of Physics and Astronomy
Díaz, R. F.; Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Iguazú 341, Buenos Aires, CABA, C1437, Argentina, International Center for Advanced Studies (ICAS) and ICIFI (CONICET), ECyT-UNSAM, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina,
Fetzner Keniger, M. A.; University of Warwick, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Department of Physics
Frame, G.; University of Warwick, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Department of Physics
Heitzmann, A.; University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory
Ringham, A.; Queen Mary University, School of Physics and Astronomy
Eggenberger, P.; University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory
Alibert, Y.; University of Bern, Switzerland, University of Bern, Physics Institute
Almenara, J. M.; University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory, Institute de Planetologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
Leleu, A.; University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory
Sousa, S. G.; University of Porto, Center for Astrophysics
Mercier, S. J.; MIT, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory
Adibekyan, V.; University of Porto, Center for Astrophysics, -
Battley, M. P.; Queen Mary University, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory
Delgado Mena, E.; Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762, Porto, Portugal,
Dethier, W.; University of Porto, Center for Astrophysics
Egger, J. A.; University of Bern, Physics Institute
Barkaoui, Khalid ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > COMets METeors and Asteroids (COMETA)
Bayliss, D.; University of Warwick, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Department of Physics
Burdanov, A. Y.; MIT, Department of Earth and Planetary Science
Ducrot, E.; Observatoire de Paris, Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, Service d'Astrophysique
Ghachoui, Mourad ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > COMets METeors and Asteroids (COMETA)
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Gómez Maqueo Chew, Y.; UNAM, Institute of Astronomy
Jehin, Emmanuel ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Pedersen, P. P.; University of Cambridge, Department of Physics, -
Pozuelos, F. J.; Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia
Wheatley, P. J.; University of Warwick, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Department of Physics
Carteret, Y.; University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory
Cegla, H. M.; University of Warwick, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Department of Physics
Correia, A. C. M.; CFisUC, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004516, Coimbra, Portugal, IMCCE, UMR 8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Université, 77 Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75014, Paris, France,
Davis, Y. T.; University of Birmingham, School of Physics and Astronomy
Doyle, L.; University of Warwick, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Department of Physics
Ehrenreich, D.; University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory
Hara, N. C.; Aix-Marseille Universite, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique
Lavie, B.; University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory
Lillo-Box, J.; Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
Lovis, C.; University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory
Petit, A. C.; Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, France
Santos, N. C.; University of Porto, Center for Astrophysics, -
Scott, M. G.; University of Birmingham, School of Physics and Astronomy
Venturini, J.; University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory
Ahrer, E. -M.; Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg
Aigrain, S.; Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, OX1 3RH, UK,
Barros, S. C. C.; University of Porto, Center for Astrophysics, -
Gillen, E.; Queen Mary University, School of Physics and Astronomy
Luo, X.; Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, China West Normal University
Mordasini, C.; University of Bern, Physics Institute
Al Moulla, K.; University of Porto, Center for Astrophysics
Pepe, F.; University of Geneva, Astronomical Observatory
Pietrow, A. G. M.; Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics, Potsdam
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