Polystyrenes; Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; Amberlite XAD-2 resin; Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; Dioxins; Air Pollutants; Furans; Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/analysis; Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/chemistry; Solid Phase Extraction/methods; Dioxins/analysis; Dioxins/chemistry; Air Pollutants/analysis; Air Pollutants/chemistry; Furans/chemistry; Furans/analysis; Environmental Monitoring/methods; Polystyrenes/chemistry; Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated/analysis; Amberlite XAD-2; Average recovery; Control plans; Dioxins and furans; Emissions control; Polychlorinated dibenzo- p - dioxins; Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins; Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans; Polychlorinated dibenzofurans; Sulphoxide; Environmental Monitoring; Solid Phase Extraction; Analytical Chemistry; Chemical Engineering (all); Engineering (all)
Abstract :
[en] Despite the efficacy of strong emission control plans that have been implemented the last few decades, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) may still be released from anthropogenic sources such as sinter plants, and municipal and hazardous waste incinerators. Monitoring for PCDDs and PCDFs in gaseous emissions from such facilities is important due to the acute toxicity of these compounds even at trace levels. Currently, most of these samples from the African continent are being analysed abroad at high cost, with the direct consequence that the number of measurements are kept to a minimum. In this context, we developed a more affordable analytical approach for the measurement of PCDD/Fs sampled onto Amberlite XAD-2 sorbent, which relies on a novel extraction, clean-up, and analysis method with the aim of reducing both the cost and the complexity of standard methods while maintaining high quality results. A simple, sequential, 3 hour end-over-end tumbling extraction procedure was developed employing acetone : n-hexane (1 : 9) as extraction solvent. This was combined with a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) clean-up to remove aliphatic interferences, prior to direct analysis by gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The Unites States Environmental Protection Agency Method 23, in contrast, requires a 16 hour Soxhlet extraction with toluene and multiple column chromatography steps. The end-over-end tumbling extraction yielded an average recovery of 79% for PCDD/Fs usually monitored in gaseous samples, whilst an average recovery of 89% was achieved for the DMSO clean-up procedure. In addition, an overall average recovery of 78% and a Z-score of -1.1 was obtained using the developed method for the proficiency testing of a solid reference material, proving the method is fit for purpose. It was then successfully applied to the analysis of air emissions from a medical waste incinerator, which further showed that the alternative approach may deliver quality, fast, and cost-effective analysis of gaseous PCDD/Fs sampled onto Amberlite XAD-2 sorbent in a developing country context.
Disciplines :
Chemistry
Author, co-author :
Cromhout, Reinardt; Environmental Pollution Laboratory (Pty) Ltd, Pretoria, South Africa ; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. patricia.forbes@up.ac.za
Focant, Jean-François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de chimie (sciences) > Chimie analytique, organique et biologique
Forbes, Patricia ; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. patricia.forbes@up.ac.za
Language :
English
Title :
A novel approach to the extraction and analysis of dioxins and furans sampled onto Amberlite XAD-2 sorbent.
UP - University of Pretoria ULiège - Université de Liège
Funding text :
The authors would like to thank the Environmental Pollution Laboratory Pty (Ltd) for funding the research and providing access to their laboratory and analytical equipment. Support provided by the University of Pretoria and University of Li\u00E8ge is gratefully acknowledged.
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