Astronomy; Debris; Satellite; Telescope; Aerospace Engineering; Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality; astro-ph.EP; astro-ph.IM; Physics - Data Analysis; Statistics and Probability; Physics - Space Physics
Abstract :
[en] The CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS) is a partnership between the European Space Agency and Switzerland with important contributions by 10 additional ESA member States. It is the first S-class mission in the ESA Science Programme. CHEOPS has been flying on a Sun-synchronous low Earth orbit since December 2019, collecting millions of short-exposure images in the visible domain to study exoplanet properties. A small yet increasing fraction of CHEOPS images show linear trails caused by resident space objects crossing the instrument field of view. CHEOPS’ orbit is indeed particularly favourable to serendipitously detect objects in its vicinity as the spacecraft rarely enters the Earth's shadow, sits at an altitude of 700 km, and observes with moderate phase angles relative to the Sun. This observing configuration is quite powerful, and it is complementary to optical observations from the ground. To characterize the population of satellites and orbital debris observed by CHEOPS, all and every science images acquired over the past 3 years have been scanned with a Hough transform algorithm to identify the characteristic linear features that these objects cause on the images. Thousands of trails have been detected. This statistically significant sample shows interesting trends and features such as an increased occurrence rate over the past years as well as the fingerprint of the Starlink constellation. The cross-matching of individual trails with catalogued objects is underway as we aim to measure their distance at the time of observation and deduce the apparent magnitude of the detected objects. As space agencies and private companies are developing new space-based surveillance and tracking activities to catalogue and characterize the distribution of small debris, the CHEOPS experience is timely and relevant. With the first CHEOPS mission extension currently running until the end of 2026, and a possible second extension until the end of 2029, the longer time coverage will make our dataset even more valuable to the community, especially for characterizing objects with recurrent crossings.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Billot, Nicolas ; Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Hellmich, Stephan ; EPFL Laboratory of Astrophysics (LASTRO), Versoix, Switzerland
Benz, Willy; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Fortier, Andrea; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Ehrenreich, David; Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Centre Vie dans l'Univers, faculté des Sciences, Université de Genève, Switzerland
Broeg, Christopher ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Heitzmann, Alexis; Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Bekkelien, Anja ; Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Brandeker, Alexis; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Alibert, Yann; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Alonso, Roi ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Bárczy, Tamas; Miskolc, Hungary
Barrado Navascues, David ; Depto. de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Spain
Barros, Susana C.C. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Baumjohann, Wolfgang ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Biondi, Federico; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching bei München, Germany ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Borsato, Luca ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Collier Cameron, Andrew ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Corral van Damme, Carlos ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands
Correia, Alexandre C.M.; CFisUC, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Csizmadia, Szilard; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Cubillos, Patricio E.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese To, Italy
Davies, Melvyn B.; Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Deleuil, Magali; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Deline, Adrien; Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Demangeon, Olivier D.S.; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Demory, Brice-Olivier ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Edwards, Billy ; SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, CA Leiden, Netherlands
Egger, Jo Ann ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Erikson, Anders; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Fossati, Luca ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Fridlund, Malcolm; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, RA Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala, Sweden
Gandolfi, Davide ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Gazeas, Kosmas ; Department of Physics, University Campus, Athens, Greece
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Güdel, Manuel; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Günther, Maximilian N.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands
Helling, Ch.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; Institute for Theoretical Physics and Computational Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
Isaak, Kate G.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands
Kiss, Laszlo L.; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary ; Institute of Physics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
Korth, Judith ; Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Lam, Kristine W.F.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Laskar, Jacques; IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
Lecavelier des Etangs, Alain; UMR7095 CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France
Lendl, Monika; Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Magrin, Demetrio ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Maxted, Pierre F.L.; Astrophysics Group, Lennard Jones Building, Keele University, United Kingdom
Mecina, Marko ; Department of Astrophysics, Vienna, Austria
Merín, Bruno; European Space Agency, ESA - European Space Astronomy Centre, Madrid, Spain
Mordasini, Christoph ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Nascimbeni, Valerio ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Olofsson, Göran; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Ottensamer, Roland; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Pagano, Isabella ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Pallé, Enric; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Peter, Gisbert; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Piazza, Daniele; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Piotto, Giampaolo; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Pollacco, Don; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Queloz, Didier; ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Zurich, Switzerland ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Ragazzoni, Roberto; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Rando, Nicola; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands
Rauer, Heike; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany ; Institut fuer Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Ribas, Ignasi; Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Spain
Rieder, Martin; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Santos, Nuno C.; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Scandariato, Gaetano; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Ségransan, Damien; Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Simon, Attila E. ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Smith, Alexis M.S.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Sousa, Sérgio G.; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Stalport, Manu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Sulis, Sophia; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Szabó, Gyula M.; ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Hungary ; HUN-REN-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group, Szombathely, Hungary
Udry, Stéphane; Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Ulmer, Bernd; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Ulmer-Moll, Solène ; Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Van Grootel, Valérie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie
Venturini, Julia; Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Villaver, Eva ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Walton, Nicholas A.; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Wilson, Thomas G.; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d'Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche.This project was supported by the CNES.DBa, EPa, and IRi acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l'Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme.P.E.C. is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship, program J4595-N.TWi acknowledges support from the UKSA and the University of Warwick.NCSa acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. CHEOPS data analysed in this article will be made available in the CHEOPS mission archive ( https://cheops.unige.ch/archive_browser/). This project has received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726. It has also been carried out within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant 51NF40_205606. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF. CBr and ASi acknowledge support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. ABr was supported by the SNSA. YAl acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020_192038. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l'Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. DBa, EPa, and IRi acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l'Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. S.C.C.B. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. LBo, VNa, IPa, GPi, RRa, and GSc acknowledge support from CHEOPS ASI-INAF agreement n. 2019-29-HH.0. ACC acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant number ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/X002217/1. ACMC acknowledges support from the FCT, Portugal, through the CFisUC projects UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020, with DOI identifiers 10.54499/UIDB/04564/2020 and 10.54499/UIDP/04564/2020, respectively. A.C. A.D. B.E. K.G. and J.K. acknowledge their role as ESA-appointed CHEOPS Science Team Members. P.E.C. is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship, program J4595-N. This project was supported by the CNES. This work was supported by FCT - Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, 2022.06962.PTDC. O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. B.-O. D. acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00046. ADe, BEd, KGa, and JKo acknowledge their role as ESA-appointed CHEOPS Science Team Members. MF and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). DG gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 \u201CGaseousor rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds\u201D. M.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. MNG is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and Mission Representative, and as such also responsible for the Guest Observers (GO) Programme. MNG does not relay proprietary information between the GO and Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) Programmes, and does not decide on the definition and target selection of the GTO Programme. CHe acknowledges support from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under Grant Agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). KGI is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. K.W.F.L. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d'Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. ML acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576. PM acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/R000638/1. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grant number 327127). NCSa acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. S.G.S. acknowledge support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). The Portuguese team thanks the Portuguese Space Agency for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142255. GyMSz acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a a PRODEX Experiment Agreement No. 4000137122, the Lendulet LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely. V.V.G. is an F.R.S-FNRS Research Associate. JV acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2_208945. NAW acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. TWi acknowledges support from the UKSA and the University of Warwick.We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l'Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme.CBr and ASi acknowledge support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program.The Portuguese team thanks the Portuguese Space Agency for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142255.O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT.ACC acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant number ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/X002217/1.GyMSz acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a a PRODEX Experiment Agreement No. 4000137122, the Lendulet LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely.S.C.C.B. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004.S.G.S. acknowledge support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC).K.W.F.L. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets.NAW acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1.DG gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 \u201CGaseousor rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds\u201D.PM acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/R000638/1.This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grant number 327127).YAl acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020_192038.CHe acknowledges support from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under Grant Agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON).This project has received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726. It has also been carried out within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant 51NF40_205606. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF.This work was supported by FCT - Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, 2022.06962.PTDC.JV acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2_208945.ML acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576.B.-O. D. acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00046.ACMC acknowledges support from the FCT, Portugal, through the CFisUC projects UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020, with DOI identifiers 10.54499/UIDB/04564/2020 and 10.54499/UIDP/04564/2020, respectively.MF and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18).LBo, VNa, IPa, GPi, RRa, and GSc acknowledge support from CHEOPS ASI-INAF agreement n. 2019-29-HH.0.
Commentary :
9 pages, 8 figures, Special Issue of the Journal of Space Safety
Engineering
Benz, W., et al. The CHEOPS mission. Exp. Astron. 51:1 (2021), 109–151.
A. Fortier et al. CHEOPS in-flight performance: A comprehensive look at the first 3.5 years of operations, 2024 in press, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics.
Kruk, S., et al. The impact of satellite trails on Hubble Space Telescope observations. Nat. Astron. 7 (2023), 262–268.
Hainaut & Williams, Impact of satellite constellations on astronomical observations with ESO telescopes in the visible and infrared domains, A&A 636A.121H, 2020.
J. Rainbow, (2022). Getting SSA off the ground, SpaceNews. Retrieved 20.12.2022, from https://www.space-track.org/.
A. Brandeker, J.A. Patel, B.M. Morris. PIPE: extracting PSF photometry from CHEOPS data astrophysics source code library, 2024 record ascl:2404.002.
Michel, M., et al. The space-based optical component (SBOC) instrument for passive optical in-situ detection of small space debris. Proceedings of the 2nd International Orbital Debris Conference, 2023 2023LPICo2852.6130M.
