Indications and contraindications to platelet-rich plasma injections in musculoskeletal diseases in case of infectious, oncological and haematological comorbidities: A 2025 formal consensus from the GRIIP (International Research Group on Platelet Injections)
Eymard, Florent; Louati, Karine; Noël, Ericet al.
2025 • In Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 33 (6), p. 2293-2306
[en] Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) could be a vector for certain diseases, and its composition may vary by pathologic condition. The main comorbidities that could affect PRP composition are infectious, oncologic and haematologic. In addition to potential alteration of clinical response, these pathologies could have a significant impact on the local tolerance of PRP as well as a risk of disease dissemination to the injection site. To date, there are few specific recommendations related to these comorbidities to guide clinicians. Therefore, the International Research Group on Platelet Injections (GRIIP) supported a consensus project to develop these recommendations. Methods: Following the 'recommendations by formal consensus' methodology, a steering committee performed a literature review and drafted an initial set of recommendations. They were evaluated by an international rating group (15 specialists in musculoskeletal [MSK] diseases, five haematologists, four
Disciplines :
Orthopedics, rehabilitation & sports medicine Rheumatology
Author, co-author :
Eymard, Florent ; Department of Rheumatology, AP-HP Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, Créteil, France
Louati, Karine; Department of Rheumatology, AP-HP Saint Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
Noël, Eric; Ransay Santé, Jean Mermoz Private Hospital, Santy Orthopedic Center, Lyon, France
Abouqal, Redouane; Department of Emergency Medical Services, Ibn Sina Hospital, Rabat, Morocco ; Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Medical School and Pharmacy, Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
Adam, Philippe; Imaging Department, Médipôle Garonne Clinic, Toulouse, France
Allali, Fadoua; Department of Rheumatology, El Ayachi Hospital, Salé, Morocco
Antherieu, Gabriel; Department of Hematology, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
Caers, Jo ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cliniques > Hématologie
Cognasse, Fabrice; French Blood Establishment Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint Étienne, France ; INSERM, SAINBIOSE ; Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, Saint-Etienne, France
Collado, Hervé; Sports Health Medical Institute, Marseille, France
Darrieutort-Laffite, Christelle; Department of Rheumatology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
Frère, Corinne; Department of Biological Hematology, AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
Frey, Alain; Department of Sports Medicine, Saint Germain en Laye, Saint Germain Hospital, Poissy, France
Gavillet, Mathilde; Department of Hematology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
Gremeaux, Vincent; Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Sport Medicine Unit, Lausanne, Switzerland
Heiblig, Mael; Department of Hematology, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
Jerusalem, Guy ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cliniques > Oncologie
Joly, Charlotte; Department of Oncology, AP-HP Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
Kaux, Jean-François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des Sciences de l'activité physique et de la réadaptation > Médecine physique, réadaptation et traumatologie du sport
Lamontagne, Martin; Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Montreal University Hospital, Montreal, Canada
Leclerc, Mathieu; Department of Clinical Hematology, AP-HP Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
Léonard, Philippe ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cliniques > Immunopathologie - Maladies infectieuses et médecine interne générale
Lepeule, Raphaël; Department of Microbiology, AP-HP Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
Lopez-Trabada-Ataz, Daniel; Department of Oncology, AP-HP Saint Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
Magalon, Jérémy; Cell Therapy Laboratory, AP-HM Hôpital De La Conception, Marseille, France
Michel, Fabrice; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Jean-Minjoz University Hospital, Besançon, France
Ornetti, Paul; Department of Rheumatology, Dijon University Hospital, Plateforme d'investigation Technologique CIC-P INSERM 1432, Dijon, France
Oury, Cécile ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences biomédicales et précliniques
Pons-Tostivint, Elvire; Department of Medical Oncology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
Real, Fernando; CNRS, Inserm ; Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, L'Université de Lille, Lille, France
Robert, Ghislaine; Medical Office, Redmond, USA
Sanchez, Mikel; Vithas Vitoria Hospital, Arthroscopic Surgery Unit, Vitoria, Spain
Silvestre, Alain; Imaging Department, Osteoarthritis Center, Bordeaux, France
Bard, Hervé; Medical Office Vaudoyer, Paris, France
Indications and contraindications to platelet-rich plasma injections in musculoskeletal diseases in case of infectious, oncological and haematological comorbidities: A 2025 formal consensus from the GRIIP (International Research Group on Platelet Injections)
Adizie T, Moots RJ, Hodkinson B, French N, Adebajo AO. Inflammatory arthritis in HIV positive patients: a practical guide. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:100.
Andrade SS, Sumikawa JT, Castro ED, Batista FP, Paredes-Gamero E, Oliveira LC, et al. Interface between breast cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment using platelet-rich plasma to promote tumor angiogenesis - influence of platelets and fibrin bundles on the behavior of breast tumor cells. Oncotarget. 2017;8(10):16851–16874.
Ariede JR, Pardini MIMC, Silva GF, Grotto RMT. Platelets can be a biological compartment for the Hepatitis C Virus. Braz J Microbiol. 2015;46(2):627–629.
Awamura T, Nakasone ES, Gangcuangco LM, Subia NT, Bali A-J, Chow DC, et al. Platelet and HIV Interactions and Their Contribution to Non-AIDS Comorbidities. Biomolecules. 2023;13(11):1608.
Baddley JW, Cantini F, Goletti D, Gómez-Reino JJ, Mylonakis E, San-Juan R, et al. ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) Consensus Document on the safety of targeted and biological therapies: an infectious diseases perspective (Soluble immune effector molecules [I]: anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24(Suppl 2):S10–S20.
Beaufils P, Dejour D, Filardo G, Monllau JC, Menetrey J, Seil R, et al. ESSKA consensus initiative: why, when and how? J Exp Orthop. 2023;10(1):101.
Beaufils P, Saffarini M, Karlsson J, Hirschmann MT, Prill R, Becker R, et al. High scientific value of consensus is based on appropriate and rigorous methodology: the ESSKA formal consensus methodology. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2024;33:16–20.
Boumaza A, Ben Azzouz E, Arrindell J, Lepidi H, Mezouar S, Desnues B. Whipple's disease and Tropheryma whipplei infections: from bench to bedside. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(10):e280–e291.
Burns PB, Rohrich RJ, Chung KC. The levels of evidence and their role in evidence-based medicine. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;128(1):305–310.
Cassinotti P, Siegl G, Michel BA, Brühlmann P. Presence and significance of human parvovirus B19 DNA in synovial membranes and bone marrow from patients with arthritis of unknown origin. J Med Virol. 1998;56(3):199–204.
Chang K-V, Hung C-Y, Aliwarga F, Wang T-G, Han D-S, Chen W-S. Comparative effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma injections for treating knee joint cartilage degenerative pathology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(3):562–575.
Chen Y-L, Lin J-Z, Mo Y-Q, Ma J-D, Li Q-H, Wang X-Y, et al. Deleterious role of hepatitis B virus infection in therapeutic response among patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a clinical practice setting: a case-control study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2018;20(1):81.
Cillóniz C, Gabarrús A, Almirall J, Amaro R, Rinaudo M, Travierso C, et al. Bacteraemia in outpatients with community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(2):654–657.
Cimmino MA, Picciotto A, Sinelli N, Brizzolara R, Accardo S. Has hepatitis C virus a specific tropism for the synovial membrane? Rheumatology. 1997;36(4):505–506.
Cook JL, Purdam CR. Is tendon pathology a continuum? A pathology model to explain the clinical presentation of load-induced tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(6):409–416.
Coombes BK, Bisset L, Vicenzino B. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2010;376(9754):1751–1767.
Crowe K, White B, Khanna N, Cooke B, Kingsmore DB, Jackson A, et al. Epidemiology of bloodstream infections in a Scottish haemodialysis population with focus on vascular access method. J Hosp Infect. 2021;110:37–44.
Eichler C, Baucks C, Üner J, Pahmeyer C, Ratiu D, Gruettner B, et al. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in breast cancer patients: an application analysis of 163 sentinel lymph node biopsies. BioMed Res Int. 2020;2020:3432987. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3432987
Eichler C, Üner J, Thangarajah F, Radosa J, Zinser M, Fischer LA, et al. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in oncological patients: long-term oncological outcome analysis of the treatment of subcutaneous venous access device scars in 89 breast cancer patients. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2022;306(4):1171–1176.
Eymard F, Ornetti P, Maillet J, Noel É, Adam P, Legré-Boyer V, et al. GRIP (Groupe de Recherche sur les Injections de PRP, PRP Injection Research Group). Intra-articular injections of platelet-rich plasma in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a consensus statement from French-speaking experts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2021;29(10):3195–3210.
Filardo G, Previtali D, Napoli F, Candrian C, Zaffagnini S, Grassi A. PRP injections for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cartilage. 2021;13(1_suppl):364S–375S.
Fishman JA. Infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(25):2601–2614.
Fitzpatrick J, Bulsara MK, McCrory PR, Richardson MD, Zheng MH. Analysis of platelet-rich plasma extraction: variations in platelet and blood components between 4 common commercial kits. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017;5(1):2325967116675272. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967116675272
Furin J, Cox H, Pai M. Tuberculosis. Lancet. 2019;393(10181):1642–1656.
Gardini G, Gregori N, Matteelli A, Castelli F. Mycobacterial skin infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2022;35(2):79–87.
Gomchok D, Ge R-L, Wuren T. Platelets in renal disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(19):14724.
Haute Autorité de Santé. Development of good practice guidelines: “Formal Consensus” method. Methodological guide; 2015. Available at: https://pprod-web.has-sante.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2018-03/good_practice_guidelines_fc_method.pdf
Hohmann E, Tetsworth K, Glatt V. Platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroids for the treatment of plantar fasciitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2021;49(5):1381–1393.
Hughes RA, Macatonia SE, Rowe IF, Keat ACS, Knight SC. The detection of human immunodeficiency virus DNA in dendritic cells from the joints of patients with aseptic arthritis. Rheumatology. 1990;29(3):166–170.
Irby A, Gutierrez J, Chamberlin C, Thomas SJ, Rosen AB. Clinical management of tendinopathy: A systematic review of systematic reviews evaluating the effectiveness of tendinopathy treatments. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(10):1810–1826.
Khurram R, Khurram A, Chaudhary K. Index case of synovial metastasis in a patient with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(6):e235084. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-235084
Laver L, Filardo G, Sanchez M, Magalon J, Tischer T, Abat F, et al. The use of injectable orthobiologics for knee osteoarthritis: A European ESSKA-ORBIT consensus. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2024;32(4):783–797.
Li AK, Stavrakis AI, Photopoulos C. Platelet-rich plasma use for hip and knee osteoarthritis in the United States. Knee. 2022;39:239–246.
Li S, Lu Z, Wu S, Chu T, Li B, Qi F, et al. The dynamic role of platelets in cancer progression and their therapeutic implications. Nat Rev Cancer. 2024;24(1):72–87.
Luzo ACM, Fávaro WJ, Seabra AB, Durán N. What is the potential use of platelet-rich-plasma (PRP) in cancer treatment? A mini review. Heliyon. 2020;6(3):e03660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03660
Mandel J, Casari M, Stepanyan M, Martyanov A, Deppermann C. Beyond Hemostasis: platelet Innate Immune Interactions and Thromboinflammation. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(7):3868.
Martins CC, Lockhart PB, Firmino RT, Kilmartin C, Cahill TJ, Dayer M, et al. Bacteremia following different oral procedures: systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2024;30(3):846–854.
Maugars Y, Bard H, Latourte A, Senbel É, Flipo R-M, Eymard F; a French Group Multidisciplinary Experts in Interventional Rheumatology. Musculoskeletal corticosteroid injections: Recommendations of the French Society for Rheumatology (SFR). Joint Bone Spine. 2023;90(2):105515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2022.105515
Mobasheri A, Loeser R. Clinical phenotypes, molecular endotypes and theratypes in OA therapeutic development. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2024;20(9):525–526.
Moscardó A, Latorre A, Santos MT, Bonanad S, Vallés J. Platelet function in malignant hematological disorders. Curr Opin Oncol. 2015;27(6):522–531.
Nadeem AE, Thomas P, Ulf M-L, Elena N, Anggakusuma A, Mohamed BM, et al. Cell culture-derived HCV cannot infect synovial fibroblasts. Sci Rep. 2015;5:18043. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18043
O'Sullivan LR, Meade-Murphy G, Gilligan OM, Mykytiv V, Young PW, Cahill MR. Platelet hyperactivation in multiple myeloma is also evident in patients with premalignant monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Br J Haematol. 2021;192(2):322–332.
Real F, Capron C, Sennepin A, Arrigucci R, Zhu A, Sannier G, et al. Platelets from HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral drug therapy with poor CD4+ T cell recovery can harbor replication-competent HIV despite viral suppression. Sci Transl Med. 2020;12(535):eaat6263. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aat6263
Scherlinger M, Richez C, Tsokos GC, Boilard E, Blanco P. The role of platelets in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 2023;23(8):495–510.
Skov Dalgaard L, Nørgaard M, Jespersen B, Jensen-Fangel S, Østergaard LJ, Schønheyder HC, et al. Risk and prognosis of bloodstream infections among patients on chronic hemodialysis: a population-based cohort study. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0124547.
Šutej I, Peroš K, Trkulja V, Rudež I, Barić D, Alajbeg I, et al. The epidemiological and clinical features of odontogenic infective endocarditis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;39(4):637–645.
Testa G, Giardina SMC, Culmone A, Vescio A, Turchetta M, Cannavò S, et al. Intra-articular injections in knee osteoarthritis: a review of literature. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2021;6(1):15.
Thornton HV, Hammond A, Hay AD. Urosepsis: a growing and preventable problem? Br J Gen Pract. 2018;68(675):493–494.
Uson J, Rodriguez-García SC, Castellanos-Moreira R, O'Neill TW, Doherty M, Boesen M, et al. EULAR recommendations for intra-articular therapies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80(10):1299–1305.
Vicenzino B, de Vos R-J, Alfredson H, Bahr R, Cook JL, Coombes BK, et al. ICON 2019-International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium Consensus: There are nine core health-related domains for tendinopathy (CORE DOMAINS): Delphi study of healthcare professionals and patients. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(8):444–451.
Youssefian T, Drouin A, Massé J-M, Guichard J, Cramer EM. Host defense role of platelets: engulfment of HIV and Staphylococcus aureus occurs in a specific subcellular compartment and is enhanced by platelet activation. Blood. 2002;99(11):4021–4029.