Coimbra_2025_AFM_Evaluation of a novel approach to partitioning respiration and photosynthesis using eddy covariance, wavelets and conditional sampling.pdf
Eddy-covariance Wavelet CO2 flux Partitioning Photosynthesis Respiration
Abstract :
[en] The eddy covariance (EC) technique remains a cornerstone for direct, continuous monitoring of greenhouse gases fluxes, particularly for carbon dioxide (CO 2). Traditionally, EC-derived net ecosystem exchange (NEE) is partitioned into gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R eco) using model-based approaches. Here, we present a novel, fully empirical partitioning method that applies conditional sampling to waveletdecomposed signals, isolating positive and negative contributions of the wavelet co-spectrum of vertical wind velocity and CO₂ dry molar fraction, conditioned by the water vapour flux. This method was evaluated across two French ICOS sites, a mixed forest (FR-Fon) and a cropland (FR-Gri), over multiple years. The approach is grounded in the hypothesis that wavelet decomposition enables separation of oppositely signed turbulent structures across scales, a claim supported by co-spectral analysis. The resulting flux components exhibited distinct frequency signatures under neutral and unstable atmospheric conditions, though not under stable stratification. Daily partitioned fluxes derived from this method aligned well with GPP and R eco estimates from established nighttime-and daytime-based partitioning, with inter-method differences smaller than those observed between the conventional approaches themselves. Conceptually the method approximates net photosynthesis and offered improved coherence with site-specific ecological and management dynamics, capturing events such as growing season, harvest, and manure application at FR-Gri, more reliably than standard methods. It also avoided spurious GPP estimates common error in the night-time approach. Moreover, the diel R eco cycle revealed a bimodal pattern, suggestive of combined influences from solar radiation and soil temperature, in contrast to the predominantly single temperature-driven dynamics inferred by conventional models. Our findings demonstrate that wavelet-based conditional sampling offers a promising alternative for CO 2 flux partitioning, one that is entirely empirical, calibration-free, and grounded in the physical co-emission dynamics and transport from surface to the atmosphere.
Disciplines :
Life sciences: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
Pedro Henrique H., Coimbra; ECOSYS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
Loubet, Benjamin; ECOSYS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
Laurent, Olivier; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Mauder, Matthias; Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research -Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany ; Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Heinesch, Bernard ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Biosystems Dynamics and Exchanges (BIODYNE)
Bitton, Jonathan ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Biosystems Dynamics and Exchanges (BIODYNE)
Delpierre, Nicolas; Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France ; Institut Universitaire de France, France
Berveiller, Daniel; Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Depuydt, Jérémie; ECOSYS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
Buysse, Pauline; ECOSYS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
Language :
English
Title :
Evaluation of a novel approach to partitioning respiration and photosynthesis using eddy covariance, wavelets and conditional sampling
Aubinet, M., Grelle, A., Ibrom, A., Rannik, Ü., Moncrieff, J., Foken, T., Kowalski, A.S., Martin, P.H., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, Ch., Clement, R., Elbers, J., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Morgenstern, K., Pilegaard, K., Rebmann, C., Snijders, W., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology. Fitter, A.H., Raffaelli, D.G., (eds.) Advances in Ecological Research Advances in Ecological Research, 30, 1999, Academic Press, 113–175, 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60018-5.
Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, Ch., Cescatti, A., Feigenwinter, C., Granier, A., Grünwald, Th., Havrankova, K., Heinesch, B., Longdoz, B., Marcolla, B., Montagnani, L., Sedlak, P., Comparing CO2 storage and advection conditions at night at different carboeuroflux sites. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 116 (2005), 63–93, 10.1007/s10546-004-7091-8.
Aubinet, M., Feigenwinter, C., Heinesch, B., Laffineur, Q., Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Rinne, J., Van Gorsel, E., Nighttime flux correction. Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., Papale, D., (eds.) Eddy Covariance: A Practical Guide to Measurement and Data Analysis, 2012, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 133–157, 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1_5.
Baldocchi, D.D., Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future. Glob. Change Biol. 9 (2003), 479–492, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00629.x.
Berveiller, D., Dufrêne, E., Delpierre, N., Morfin, A., Vincent, G., Bazot, S., Soudani, K., Girardin, C., Guillot, T., Perot-Guillaume, C., ETC L2 ARCHIVE. 2024, Fontainebleau-Barbeau 2019-01-01–2024-10-21.
Canadell, J.G., Monteiro, P.M.S., Costa, M.H., Cotrim da Cunha, L., Cox, P.M., Eliseev, A.V., Henson, S., Ishii, M., Jaccard, S., Koven, C., Lohila, A., Patra, P.K., Piao, S., Rogelj, J., Syampungani, S., Zaehle, S., Zickfeld, K., Global carbon and other biogeochemical cycles and feedbacks. Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S.L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M.I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J.B.R., Maycock, T.K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., Zhou, B., (eds.) Clim. Change 2021 Phys. Sci. Basis Contrib. Work. Group Sixth Assess Clim. Change 2021 Phys. Sci. Basis Contrib. Work. Group Sixth Assess, 673–816, 2021, Rep. Intergov. Panel Clim. Change, 10.1017/9781009157896.007.
Daubechies, I., Orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 41 (1988), 909–996, 10.1002/cpa.3160410705.
Daubechies, I., Ten lectures on wavelets. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math., 1992, 10.1137/1.9781611970104.
Delpierre, N., Berveiller, D., Granda, E., Dufrêne, E., Wood phenology, not carbon input, controls the interannual variability of wood growth in a temperate oak forest. New. Phytol. 210 (2016), 459–470, 10.1111/nph.13771.
Desjardins, R.L., Worth, D.E., Pattey, E., VanderZaag, A., Srinivasan, R., Mauder, M., Worthy, D., Sweeney, C., Metzger, S., The challenge of reconciling bottom-up agricultural methane emissions inventories with top-down measurements. Agric. For. Meteorol. 248 (2018), 48–59, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.09.003.
Du, Q., Liu, H., Feng, J., Wang, L., Effects of different gap filling methods and land surface energy balance closure on annual net ecosystem exchange in a semiarid area of China. Sci. China Earth. Sci. 57 (2014), 1340–1351, 10.1007/s11430-013-4756-5.
Duffy, K.A., Schwalm, C.R., Arcus, V.L., Koch, G.W., Liang, L.L., Schipper, L.A., How close are we to the temperature tipping point of the terrestrial biosphere?. Sci. Adv., 7, 2021, 10.1126/sciadv.aay1052 eaay1052.
Dufrêne, E., Berveiller, D. (2018). ICOS ETC Eddy Flux Raw ASCII daily archive from Fontainebleau-Barbeau, 2018-07-04, ICOS RI, https://hdl.handle.net/11676/3hKdlUrZDxynGkEvwoeBhnMm.
Farge, M., Wavelet transforms and their applications to turbulence. Annu. Rev. Fluid. Mech. 24 (1992), 395–458.
Farge, M., Schneider, K., Analysing and Computing Turbulent Flows Using Wavelets. Lesieur, M., Yaglom, A., David, F., (eds.) New Trends in Turbulence Turbulence: Nouveaux aspects: 31 July –1 September 2000, edited by, 2001, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 449–504, 10.1007/3-540-45674-0_9.
Ferrara, R.M., Loubet, B., Di Tommasi, P., Bertolini, T., Magliulo, V., Cellier, P., Eugster, W., Rana, G., Eddy covariance measurement of ammonia fluxes: comparison of high frequency correction methodologies. Agric. For. Meteorol. 158–159 (2012), 30–42, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.02.001.
Finnigan, J.J., Clement, R., Malhi, Y., Leuning, R., Cleugh, H.A., A re-evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques part i: averaging and coordinate rotation. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 107 (2003), 1–48, 10.1023/A:1021554900225.
Foken, T., Aubinet, M., Leuning, R., The Eddy Covariance Method. Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., Papale, D., (eds.) Eddy Covariance: A Practical Guide to Measurement and Data Analysis, 2012, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 1–19, 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1_1.
Foken, Th., Wichura, B., Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements. Agric. For. Meteorol. 78 (1996), 83–105, 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02248-1.
Fowler, D., Hargreaves, K., Skiba, U., Milne, R., Zahniser, M., Moncrieff, J., Beverland, I., Gallagher, M., Measurements of Ch4 and N2o fluxes at the landscape scale using micrometeorological methods. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. -Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 351 (1995), 339–355, 10.1098/rsta.1995.0038.
Göckede, M., Kittler, F., Schaller, C., Quantifying the impact of emission outbursts and non-stationary flow on eddy-covariance CH4 flux measurements using wavelet techniques. Biogeosciences 16 (2019), 3113–3131, 10.5194/bg-16-3113-2019.
van Gorsel, E., Delpierre, N., Leuning, R., Black, A., Munger, J.W., Wofsy, S., Aubinet, M., Feigenwinter, C., Beringer, J., Bonal, D., Chen, B., Chen, J., Clement, R., Davis, K.J., Desai, A.R., Dragoni, D., Etzold, S., Grünwald, T., Gu, L., Heinesch, B., Hutyra, L.R., Jans, W.W.P., Kutsch, W., Law, B.E., Leclerc, M.Y., Mammarella, I., Montagnani, L., Noormets, A., Rebmann, C., Wharton, S., Estimating nocturnal ecosystem respiration from the vertical turbulent flux and change in storage of CO2. Agric. For. Meteorol. 149 (2009), 1919–1930, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.06.020.
Goulden, M.L., Munger, J.W., Fan, S.-M., Daube, B.C., Wofsy, S.C., Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy. Glob. Change Biol. 2 (1996), 169–182, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00070.x.
Hoefnagel, M.H.N., Atkin, O.K., Wiskich, J.T., Interdependence between chloroplasts and mitochondria in the light and the dark. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Bioenerg. 1366 (1998), 235–255, 10.1016/S0005-2728(98)00126-1.
IPCC. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change. 2021, In Press, 10.1017/9781009157896.
IPCC. Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. 2022, 10.1017/9781009157926.
IPCC. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. 2022, 10.1017/9781009325844.
Irvin, J., Zhou, S., McNicol, G., Lu, F., Liu, V., Fluet-Chouinard, E., Ouyang, Z., Knox, S.H., Lucas-Moffat, A., Trotta, C., Papale, D., Vitale, D., Mammarella, I., Alekseychik, P., Aurela, M., Avati, A., Baldocchi, D., Bansal, S., Bohrer, G., Campbell, D.I., Chen, J., Chu, H., Dalmagro, H.J., Delwiche, K.B., Desai, A.R., Euskirchen, E., Feron, S., Goeckede, M., Heimann, M., Helbig, M., Helfter, C., Hemes, K.S., Hirano, T., Iwata, H., Jurasinski, G., Kalhori, A., Kondrich, A., Lai, D.Y., Lohila, A., Malhotra, A., Merbold, L., Mitra, B., Ng, A., Nilsson, M.B., Noormets, A., Peichl, M., Rey-Sanchez, A.C., Richardson, A.D., Runkle, B.R., Schäfer, K.V., Sonnentag, O., Stuart-Haëntjens, E., Sturtevant, C., Ueyama, M., Valach, A.C., Vargas, R., Vourlitis, G.L., Ward, E.J., Wong, G.X., Zona, D., Alberto, Ma.C.R., Billesbach, D.P., Celis, G., Dolman, H., Friborg, T., Fuchs, K., Gogo, S., Gondwe, M.J., Goodrich, J.P., Gottschalk, P., Hörtnagl, L., Jacotot, A., Koebsch, F., Kasak, K., Maier, R., Morin, T.H., Nemitz, E., Oechel, W.C., Oikawa, P.Y., Ono, K., Sachs, T., Sakabe, A., Schuur, E.A., Shortt, R., Sullivan, R.C., Szutu, D.J., Tuittila, E.-S., Varlagin, A., Verfaillie, J.G., Wille, C., Windham-Myers, L., Poulter, B., Jackson, R.B., Gap-filling eddy covariance methane fluxes: comparison of machine learning model predictions and uncertainties at FLUXNET-CH4 wetlands. Agric. For. Meteorol., 308–309, 2021, 108528, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108528.
Järveoja, J., Nilsson, M.B., Crill, P.M., Peichl, M., Bimodal diel pattern in peatland ecosystem respiration rebuts uniform temperature response. Nat. Commun., 11, 2020, 4255, 10.1038/s41467-020-18027-1.
Jia, G., Shevliakova, E., Artaxo, P., De Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Houghton, R., House, J., Kitajima, K., Lennard, C., Popp, A., Sirin, A., Land–climate interactions. Climate Change and Land: an IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems, 2019.
Kaimal, J.C., Finnigan, J.J., Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows: Their Structure and Measurement. 1994, Oxford University Press, 304.
Keenan, T.F., Migliavacca, M., Papale, D., Baldocchi, D., Reichstein, M., Torn, M., Wutzler, T., Widespread inhibition of daytime ecosystem respiration. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3 (2019), 407–415, 10.1038/s41559-019-0809-2.
Klosterhalfen, A., Graf, A., Brüggemann, N., Drüe, C., Esser, O., González-Dugo, M.P., Heinemann, G., Jacobs, C.M.J., Mauder, M., Moene, A.F., Ney, P., Pütz, T., Rebmann, C., Ramos Rodríguez, M., Scanlon, T.M., Schmidt, M., Steinbrecher, R., Thomas, C.K., Valler, V., Zeeman, M.J., Vereecken, H., Source partitioning of H2O and CO2 fluxes based on high-frequency eddy covariance data: a comparison between study sites. Biogeosciences. 16 (2019), 1111–1132, 10.5194/bg-16-1111-2019.
Klosterhalfen, A., Moene, A.F., Schmidt, M., Scanlon, T.M., Vereecken, H., Graf, A., Sensitivity analysis of a source partitioning method for H2O and CO2 fluxes based on high frequency eddy covariance data: findings from field data and large eddy simulations. Agric. For. Meteorol. 265 (2019), 152–170, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.11.003.
Kowalski, A.S., Serrano-Ortiz, P., On the relationship between the eddy covariance, the turbulent flux, and surface exchange for a trace gas such as CO2. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 124 (2007), 129–141, 10.1007/s10546-007-9171-z.
Lasslop, G., Reichstein, M., Papale, D., Richardson, A.D., Arneth, A., Barr, A., Stoy, P., Wohlfahrt, G., Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation. Glob. Change Biol. 16 (2010), 187–208, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02041.x.
Lee, G.R., Gommers, R., Waselewski, F., Wohlfahrt, K., O'Leary, A., PyWavelets: a Python package for wavelet analysis. J. Open. Source Softw., 4, 2019, 1237, 10.21105/joss.01237.
Lloyd, J., Taylor, J.A., On the temperature dependence of soil respiration. Funct. Ecol. 8 (1994), 315–323, 10.2307/2389824.
Loubet, B., Laville, P., Lehuger, S., Larmanou, E., Fléchard, C., Mascher, N., Genermont, S., Roche, R., Ferrara, R.M., Stella, P., Personne, E., Durand, B., Decuq, C., Flura, D., Masson, S., Fanucci, O., Rampon, J.-N., Siemens, J., Kindler, R., Gabrielle, B., Schrumpf, M., Cellier, P., Carbon, nitrogen and Greenhouse gases budgets over a four years crop rotation in northern France. Plant Soil., 343, 2011, 109, 10.1007/s11104-011-0751-9.
Loubet, B., Buysse, P., Gonzaga-Gomez, L., Lafouge, F., Ciuraru, R., Decuq, C., Kammer, J., Bsaibes, S., Boissard, C., Durand, B., Gueudet, J.-C., Fanucci, O., Zurfluh, O., Abis, L., Zannoni, N., Truong, F., Baisnée, D., Sarda-Estève, R., Staudt, M., Gros, V., Volatile organic compound fluxes over a winter wheat field by PTR-Qi-TOF-MS and eddy covariance. Atmospheric Chem. Phys. 22 (2022), 2817–2842, 10.5194/acp-22-2817-2022.
Loubet, B., Buysse, P., Durand, B. (2020). ICOS ETC Eddy Flux Raw ASCII daily archive from Grignon, 2020-12-12, ICOS RI, https://hdl.handle.net/11676/eyx4Uf7cEEzrTBfKXKDoh6X7.
Mallat, S.G., A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet representation. IEEE Trans. Pattern. Anal. Mach. Intell. 11 (1989), 674–693, 10.1109/34.192463.
Mallat, S., VII - Wavelet bases. Mallat, S., (eds.) A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing, 2nd Edition, 1999, Academic Press, San Diego, 220–320, 10.1016/B978-012466606-1/50009-X.
Maseyk, K., Berry, J.A., Billesbach, D., Campbell, J.E., Torn, M.S., Zahniser, M., Seibt, U., Sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide in an agricultural field in the Southern Great Plains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111 (2014), 9064–9069, 10.1073/pnas.1319132111.
Massman, W.J., Lee, X., Eddy covariance flux corrections and uncertainties in long-term studies of carbon and energy exchanges. Agric. For. Meteorol. 113 (2002), 121–144, 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00105-3.
Mauder, M. and Foken, T.: Documentation and instruction manual of the eddy-covariance software package TK3, 60, 2011.
Mauder, M., Desjardins, R.L., MacPherson, I., Scale analysis of airborne flux measurements over heterogeneous terrain in a boreal ecosystem. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 112, 2007, 10.1029/2006JD008133.
Mauder, M., Cuntz, M., Drüe, C., Graf, A., Rebmann, C., Schmid, H.P., Schmidt, M., Steinbrecher, R., A strategy for quality and uncertainty assessment of long-term eddy-covariance measurements. Agric. For. Meteorol. 169 (2013), 122–135, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.09.006.
Metzger, S., Surface-atmosphere exchange in a box: making the control volume a suitable representation for in-situ observations. Agric. For. Meteorol. 255 (2018), 68–80, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.08.037.
Metzger, S., Junkermann, W., Mauder, M., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Trancón y Widemann, B., Neidl, F., Schäfer, K., Wieneke, S., Zheng, X.H., Schmid, H.P., Foken, T., Spatially explicit regionalization of airborne flux measurements using environmental response functions. Biogeosciences 10 (2013), 2193–2217, 10.5194/bg-10-2193-2013.
Mishurov, M., Kiely, G., Gap-filling techniques for the annual sums of nitrous oxide fluxes. Agric. For. Meteorol. 151 (2011), 1763–1767, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.07.014.
Moffat, A.M., Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Hollinger, D.Y., Richardson, A.D., Barr, A.G., Beckstein, C., Braswell, B.H., Churkina, G., Desai, A.R., Falge, E., Gove, J.H., Heimann, M., Hui, D., Jarvis, A.J., Kattge, J., Noormets, A., Stauch, V.J., Comprehensive comparison of gap-filling techniques for eddy covariance net carbon fluxes. Agric. For. Meteorol. 147 (2007), 209–232, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.011.
Moncrieff, J.B., Massheder, J.M., de Bruin, H., Elbers, J., Friborg, T., Heusinkveld, B., Kabat, P., Scott, S., Soegaard, H., Verhoef, A., A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide. J. Hydrol. 188–189 (1997), 589–611, 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03194-0.
Oikawa, P.Y., Sturtevant, C., Knox, S.H., Verfaillie, J., Huang, Y.W., Baldocchi, D.D., Revisiting the partitioning of net ecosystem exchange of CO2 into photosynthesis and respiration with simultaneous flux measurements of 13CO2 and CO2, soil respiration and a biophysical model. CANVEG Agric. For. Meteorol. 234–235 (2017), 149–163, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.12.016.
Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Aubinet, M., Canfora, E., Bernhofer, C., Kutsch, W., Longdoz, B., Rambal, S., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation. Biogeosciences 3 (2006), 571–583, 10.5194/bg-3-571-2006.
Pärnik, T., Keerberg, O., Decarboxylation of primary and end products of photosynthesis at different oxygen concentrations. J. Exp. Bot. 46 (1995), 1439–1477.
Pastorello, G., Trotta, C., Canfora, E., Chu, H., Christianson, D., Cheah, Y.-W., Poindexter, C., Chen, J., Elbashandy, A., Humphrey, M., Isaac, P., Polidori, D., Reichstein, M., Ribeca, A., van Ingen, C., Vuichard, N., Zhang, L., Amiro, B., Ammann, C., Arain, M.A., Ardö, J., Arkebauer, T., Arndt, S.K., Arriga, N., Aubinet, M., Aurela, M., Baldocchi, D., Barr, A., Beamesderfer, E., Marchesini, L.B, Bergeron, O., Beringer, J., Bernhofer, C., Berveiller, D., Billesbach, D., Black, T.A., Blanken, P.D., Bohrer, G., Boike, J., Bolstad, P.V., Bonal, D., Bonnefond, J.-M., Bowling, D.R., Bracho, R., Brodeur, J., Brümmer, C., Buchmann, N., Burban, B., Burns, S.P., Buysse, P., Cale, P., Cavagna, M., Cellier, P., Chen, S., Chini, I., Christensen, T.R., Cleverly, J., Collalti, A., Consalvo, C., Cook, B.D., Cook, D., Coursolle, C., Cremonese, E., Curtis, P.S., D'Andrea, E., da Rocha, H., Dai, X., Davis, K.J., Cinti, B.D., Grandcourt, A.de, Ligne, A.D., De Oliveira, R.C., Delpierre, N., Desai, A.R., Di Bella, C.M., Tommasi, P.di, Dolman, H., Domingo, F., Dong, G., Dore, S., Duce, P., Dufrêne, E., Dunn, A., Dušek, J., Eamus, D., Eichelmann, U., ElKhidir, H.A.M., Eugster, W., Ewenz, C.M., Ewers, B., Famulari, D., Fares, S., Feigenwinter, I., Feitz, A., Fensholt, R., Filippa, G., Fischer, M., Frank, J., Galvagno, M., et al. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data. Sci. Data, 7, 2020, 225, 10.1038/s41597-020-0534-3.
Perez-Priego, O., Katul, G., Reichstein, M., El-Madany, T.S., Ahrens, B., Carrara, A., Scanlon, T.M., Migliavacca, M., Partitioning eddy covariance water flux components using physiological and micrometeorological approaches. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences 123 (2018), 3353–3370, 10.1029/2018JG004637.
Poggi, D., Porporato, A., Ridolfi, L., Albertson, J.D., Katul, G.G., The effect of vegetation density on canopy sub-layer turbulence. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 111 (2004), 565–587, 10.1023/B:BOUN.0000016576.05621.73.
Pohl, F., Rakovec, O., Rebmann, C., Hildebrandt, A., Boeing, F., Hermanns, F., Attinger, S., Samaniego, L., Kumar, R., Long-term daily hydrometeorological drought indices, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration for ICOS sites. Sci. Data, 10, 2023, 281, 10.1038/s41597-023-02192-1.
Polonik, P., Chan, W.S., Billesbach, D.P., Burba, G., Li, J., Nottrott, A., Bogoev, I., Conrad, B., Biraud, S.C., Comparison of gas analyzers for eddy covariance: effects of analyzer type and spectral corrections on fluxes. Agric. For. Meteorol. 272 (2019), 128–142.
Rana, G., Palatella, L., Scanlon, T.M., Martinelli, N., Ferrara, R.M., CO2 and H2O flux partitioning in a Mediterranean cropping system. Agric. For. Meteorol. 260–261 (2018), 118–130, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.06.007.
Rannik, Ü., Vesala, T., Autoregressive filtering versus linear detrending in estimation of fluxes by the eddy covariance method. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 91 (1999), 259–280, 10.1023/A:1001840416858.
Rebmann, C., Aubinet, M., Schmid, H., Arriga, N., Aurela, M., Burba, G., Clement, R., De Ligne, A., Fratini, G., Gielen, B., Grace, J., Graf, A., Gross, P., Haapanala, S., Herbst, M., Hörtnagl, L., Ibrom, A., Joly, L., Kljun, N., Franz, D., ICOS eddy covariance flux-station site setup: a review. Int. Agrophysics 32 (2018), 471–494, 10.1515/intag-2017-0044.
Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Havránková, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J.-M., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M., Tenhunen, J., Seufert, G., Vaccari, F., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., Valentini, R., On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm. Glob. Change Biol. 11 (2005), 1424–1439, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x.
Reichstein, M., Stoy, P.C., Desai, A.R., Lasslop, G., Richardson, A.D., Partitioning of net fluxes. Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., Papale, D., (eds.) Eddy Covariance: A Practical Guide to Measurement and Data Analysis, 2012, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 263–289, 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1_9.
Sabbatini, S., Mammarella, I., Arriga, N., Fratini, G., Graf, A., Hörtnagl, L., Ibrom, A., Longdoz, B., Mauder, M., Merbold, L., Metzger, S., Montagnani, L., Pitacco, A., Rebmann, C., Sedlák, P., Šigut, L., Vitale, D., Papale, D., Eddy covariance raw data processing for CO2 and energy fluxes calculation at ICOS ecosystem stations. Int. Agrophysics 32 (2018), 495–515, 10.1515/intag-2017-0043.
Scanlon, T.M., Albertson, J.D., Turbulent transport of carbon dioxide and water vapor within a vegetation canopy during unstable conditions: identification of episodes using wavelet analysis. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 106 (2001), 7251–7262, 10.1029/2000JD900662.
Scanlon, T.M., Kustas, W.P., Partitioning carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes using correlation analysis. Agric. For. Meteorol. 150 (2010), 89–99, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.09.005.
Scanlon, T.M., Kustas, W.P., Partitioning evapotranspiration using an eddy covariance-based technique: improved assessment of soil moisture and land–atmosphere exchange dynamics. Vadose Zone J., 11, 2012, vzj2012, 10.2136/vzj2012.0025 0025.
Scanlon, T.M., Sahu, P., On the correlation structure of water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmospheric surface layer: a basis for flux partitioning. Water Resour. Res., 44, 2008, 10.1029/2008WR006932.
Scanlon, T.M., Schmidt, D.F., Skaggs, T.H., Correlation-based flux partitioning of water vapor and carbon dioxide fluxes: method simplification and estimation of canopy water use efficiency. Agric. For. Meteorol., 279, 2019, 107732, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107732.
Schaller, C., Göckede, M., Foken, T., Flux calculation of short turbulent events - comparison of three methods. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 10 (2017), 869–880, 10.5194/amt-10-869-2017.
Sousa, P.M., Barriopedro, D., García-Herrera, R., Ordóñez, C., Soares, P.M.M., Trigo, R.M., Distinct influences of large-scale circulation and regional feedbacks in two exceptional 2019 European heatwaves. Commun. Earth Environ. 1 (2020), 1–13, 10.1038/s43247-020-00048-9.
Strunin, M.A., Hiyama, T., Applying wavelet transforms to analyse aircraft-measured turbulence and turbulent fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer over eastern Siberia. Hydrol. Process. 18 (2004), 3081–3098, 10.1002/hyp.5750.
Sulman, B.N., Roman, D.T., Scanlon, T.M., Wang, L., Novick, K.A., Comparing methods for partitioning a decade of carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes in a temperate forest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 226–227 (2016), 229–245, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.06.002.
Super, I., Denier van der Gon, H.A.C., Visschedijk, A.J.H., Moerman, M.M., Chen, H., van der Molen, M.K., Peters, W., Interpreting continuous in-situ observations of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in the urban port area of Rotterdam. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 8 (2017), 174–187, 10.1016/j.apr.2016.08.008.
Thomas, C., Foken, T., Re-evaluation of integral turbulence characteristics and their parameterisations. 15th Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, Boston, 2002, 129–132.
Thomas, C., Martin, J.G., Goeckede, M., Siqueira, M.B., Foken, T., Law, B.E., Loescher, H.W., Katul, G., Estimating daytime subcanopy respiration from conditional sampling methods applied to multi-scalar high frequency turbulence time series. Agric. For. Meteorol. 148 (2008), 1210–1229, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.03.002.
Torrence, C., Compo, G.P., A practical guide to wavelet analysis. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79 (1998), 61–78, 10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0061:APGTWA>2.0.CO;2.
Valentini, R., De ANGELIS, P., Matteucci, G., Monaco, R., Dore, S., Mucnozza, G.E.S., Seasonal net carbon dioxide exchange of a beech forest with the atmosphere. Glob. Change Biol. 2 (1996), 199–207, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00072.x.
Vekuri, H., Tuovinen, J.-P., Kulmala, L., Papale, D., Kolari, P., Aurela, M., Laurila, T., Liski, J., Lohila, A., A widely-used eddy covariance gap-filling method creates systematic bias in carbon balance estimates. Sci. Rep., 13, 2023, 10.1038/s41598-023-28827-2.
Voyard, A., Ciuraru, R., Lafouge, F., Decuq, C., Fortineau, A., Loubet, B., Staudt, M., Rees, F., Emissions of volatile organic compounds from aboveground and belowground parts of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Sci. Total Environ., 955, 2024, 177081, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177081.
Wang, W., Smith, J.A., Ramamurthy, P., Baeck, M.L., Bou-Zeid, E., Scanlon, T.M., On the correlation of water vapor and CO2: application to flux partitioning of evapotranspiration. Water Resour. Res. 52 (2016), 9452–9469, 10.1002/2015WR018161.
Webb, E.K., Pearman, G.I., Leuning, R., Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 106 (1980), 85–100, 10.1002/qj.49710644707.
Wehr, R., Munger, J.W., McManus, J.B., Nelson, D.D., Zahniser, M.S., Davidson, E.A., Wofsy, S.C., Saleska, S.R., Seasonality of temperate forest photosynthesis and daytime respiration. Nature 534 (2016), 680–683, 10.1038/nature17966.
Wohlfahrt, G., Bahn, M., Haslwanter, A., Newesely, C., Cernusca, A., Estimation of daytime ecosystem respiration to determine gross primary production of a mountain meadow. Agric. For. Meteorol. 130 (2005), 13–25, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.02.001.
Wohlfahrt, G., Galvagno, M., Revisiting the choice of the driving temperature for eddy covariance CO2 flux partitioning. Agric. For. Meteorol. 237–238 (2017), 135–142, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.02.012.
Wohlfahrt, G., Gu, L., The many meanings of gross photosynthesis and their implication for photosynthesis research from leaf to globe. Plant Cell Environ. 38 (2015), 2500–2507, 10.1111/pce.12569.
Wutzler, T., Lucas-Moffat, A., Migliavacca, M., Knauer, J., Sickel, K., Šigut, L., Menzer, O., Reichstein, M., Basic and extensible post-processing of eddy covariance flux data with REddyProc. Biogeosciences 15 (2018), 5015–5030, 10.5194/bg-15-5015-2018.
Zahn, E., Bou-Zeid, E., Good, S.P., Katul, G.G., Thomas, C.K., Ghannam, K., Smith, J.A., Chamecki, M., Dias, N.L., Fuentes, J.D., Alfieri, J.G., Kwon, H., Caylor, K.K., Gao, Z., Soderberg, K., Bambach, N.E., Hipps, L.E., Prueger, J.H., Kustas, W.P., Direct partitioning of eddy-covariance water and carbon dioxide fluxes into ground and plant components. Agric. For. Meteorol., 315, 2022, 108790, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108790.
Zahn, E., Ghannam, K., Chamecki, M., Moene, A.F., Kustas, W.P., Good, S., Bou-Zeid, E., Numerical investigation of observational flux partitioning methods for water vapor and carbon dioxide. J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosciences, 129, 2024, e2024JG008025, 10.1029/2024JG008025.
Zeeman, M.J., Eugster, W., Thomas, C.K., Concurrency of coherent structures and conditionally sampled daytime sub-canopy respiration. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 146 (2013), 1–15, 10.1007/s10546-012-9745-2.
Zhu, W., van Hout, R., Katz, J., On the flow structure and turbulence during sweep and ejection events in a wind-tunnel model canopy. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 124 (2007), 205–233, 10.1007/s10546-007-9174-9.
