Rivera-Thorsen, T. E. et al. The Sunburst Arc: direct Lyman α escape observed in the brightest known lensed galaxy. Astron. Astrophys. 608, L4 (2017).
Johnson, T. L. et al. Star formation at z = 2.481 in the lensed galaxy SDSS J1110+6459: star formation down to 30 pm scales. Astrophys. J. Lett. 843, L21 (2017).
Kelly, P. L. et al. Extreme magnification of an individual star at redshift 1.5 by a galaxy-cluster lens. Nat. Astron. 2, 334–342 (2018).
Rodney, S. A. et al. Two peculiar fast transients in a strongly lensed host galaxy. Nat. Astron. 2, 324–333 (2018).
Chen, W. et al. Searching for highly magnified stars at cosmological distances: discovery of a redshift 0.94 supergiant in archival images of the galaxy cluster MACS J0416.1-2403. Astrophys. J. 881, 8 (2019).
Kaurov, A. A., Dai, L., Venumadhav, T., Miralda-Escudé, J. & Frye, B. Highly magnified stars in lensing clusters: new evidence in a galaxy lensed by MACS J0416.1-2403. Astrophys. J. 881, 58 (2019).
Coe, D. et al. RELICS: Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey. Astrophys. J. 884, 85 (2019).
Salmon, B. et al. RELICS: The Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey and the brightest high-z galaxies. Astrophys. J. 889, 189 (2020).
Rivera-Thorsen, T. E. et al. Gravitational lensing reveals ionizing ultraviolet photons escaping from a distant galaxy. Science 366, 738–741 (2019).
Zitrin, A. et al. Hubble Space Telescope combined strong and weak lensing analysis of the CLASH sample: mass and magnification models and systematic uncertainties. Astrophys. J. 801, 44 (2015).
Zitrin, A. et al. New multiply-lensed galaxies identified in ACS/NIC3 observations of Cl0024+1654 using an improved mass model. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 395, 1319–1332 (2009).
Broadhurst, T. et al. Strong-lensing analysis of A1689 from Deep Advanced Camera images. Astrophys. J. 621, 53–88 (2005).
Jullo, E. & Kneib, J. P. Multiscale cluster lens mass mapping – I. Strong lensing modelling. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 395, 1319–1332 (2009).
Jullo, E. et al. A Bayesian approach to strong lensing modelling of galaxy clusters. New J. Phys. 9, 447 (2007).
Oguri, M. The mass distribution of SDSS J1004+4112 revisited. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jp n 62, 1017–1024 (2010).
Diego, J. M., Tegmark, M., Protopapas, P. & Sandvik, H. B. Combined reconstruction of weak and strong lensing data with WSLAP. Mon. Mot. R. Astron. Soc. 375, 958–970 (2007).
Diego, J. M., Protopapas, P., Sandvik, H. B. & Tegmark, M. Non-parametric inversion of strong lensing systems. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 360, 477–491 (2005).
Diego, J. M. The Universe at extreme magnification. Astron. Astrophys. 625, A84 (2019).
Meneghetti, M. et al. The Frontier Fields lens modelling comparison project. Mon. Mot. R. Astron. Soc. 472, 3177–3216 (2017).
Venumadhav, T., Dai, L. & Miralda-Escudé, J. Microlensing of extremely magnified stars near caustics of galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. 850, 49 (2017).
Diego, J. M. et al. Dark matter under the microscope: constraining compact dark matter with caustic crossing events. Astrophys. J. 857, 25 (2018).
Dai, L. Statistical microlensing towards magnified high-redshift star clusters. Mon. Mot. R. Astron. Soc. 501, 5538–5553 (2021).
Portegies Zwart, S. F., McMillan, S. L. W. & Gieles, M. Young massive star clusters. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 48, 431–493 (2010).
Figer, D. F., McLean, I. S. & Morris, M. Massive stars in the quintuplet cluster. Astrophys. J. 514, 202–220 (1999).
Bouwens, R. J. et al. Very low-luminosity galaxies in the early universe have observed sizes similar to single star cluster complexes. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.02090 (2017).
Vanzella, E. et al. Massive star cluster formation under the microscope at z = 6. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 483, 3618–3635 (2019).
Behrendt, M., Schartmann, M. & Burkert, A. The possible hierarchical scales of observed clumps in high-redshift disc galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 488, 306–323 (2019).
Sana, H. et al. Binary interaction dominates the evolution of massive stars. Science 337, 444–446 (2012).
Sana, H. et al. Southern massive stars at high angular resolution: observational campaign and companion detection. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 215, 15 (2014).
Moe, M. & Di Stefano, R. Mind your Ps and Qs: the interrelation between period (P) and mass-ratio (Q) distributions of binary stars. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 230, 15 (2017).
Szécsi, D., Agrawal, P., Wünsch, R. & Langer, N. Bonn Optimized Stellar Tracks (BoOST). Simulated populations of massive and very massive stars for astrophysical applications. Astron. Astrophys. 628, A125 (2022).
Shimizu, I., Inoue, A. K., Okamoto, T. & Yoshida, N. Nebular line emission from z > 7 galaxies in a cosmological simulation: rest-frame UV to optical lines. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 461, 3563–3575 (2016).
Wen, Z. L., Han, J. L. & Liu, F. S. A catalog of 132,684 clusters of galaxies identified from Sloan Digital Sky Survey III. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 199, 34 (2012).
Wen, Z. L. & Han, J. L. Calibration of the optical mass proxy for clusters of galaxies and an update of the WHL12 cluster catalog. Astrophys. J. 807, 178 (2015).
Alam, S. et al. The eleventh and twelfth data releases of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: final data from SDSS-III. Astropys. J. Suppl. Ser. 219, 12 (2015).
Planck Collaboration. Planck 2015 results: XXVII. The second Planck catalogue of Sunyaev–Zeldovich sources. Astron. Astrophys. 594, A27 (2016).
Sunyaev, R. A. & Zeldovich, Y. B. Small-scale fluctuations of relic radiation. Astrophys. Space Sci. 7, 3–19 (1970).
Strait, V. et al. RELICS: properties of z ≥ 5.5 galaxies inferred from Spitzer and Hubble imaging, including a candidate z ~ 6.8 strong [O iii] emitter. Astrophys. J. 910, 135 (2021).
Bertin, E. & Arnouts, S. SExtractor: software for source extraction. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 117, 393–404 (1996).
Beintez, N. Bayesian photometric redshift estimation. Astrophys. J. 536, 571–583 (2000).
Coe, D. et al. Galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. I. Detection, multiband photometry, photometric redshifts, and morphology. Astron. J. 132, 926–959 (2006).
Carnall, A. C., McLure, R. J., Dunlop, J. S. & Davé, R. Inferring the star formation histories of massive quiescent galaxies with BAGPIPES: evidence for multiple quenching mechanisms. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 480, 4379–4401 (2018).
Eldridge, J. J. et al. Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis version 2.1: construction, observational verification, and new results. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 34, e058 (2017).
Ferland, G. J. et al. The 2017 release of Cloudy. Rev. Mex. Astron. Astr. 53, 385–438 (2017).
Salpeter, E. E. The luminosity function and stellar evolution. Astrophys. J. 121, 161–167 (1955).
Calzetti, D. et al. The dust content and opacity of actively star-forming galaxies. Astrophys. J. 533, 682–695 (2000).
Ellis, R. S. et al. The homogeneity of spheroidal populations in distant clusters. Astrophys. J. 483, 582–596 (1997).
Stanford, S. A., Eisenhardt, P. R. & Dickinson, M. The evolution of early-type galaxies in distant clusters. Astrophys. J. 492, 461–479 (1998).
Hastings, W. K. Monte Carlo sampling methods using Markov chains and their applications. Biometrika 57, 97–109 (1970).
Limousin, M., Kneib, J.-P. & Natarajan, P. Constraining the mass distribution of galaxies using galaxy–galaxy lensing in clusters and in the field. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 356, 309–322 (2005).
Eliasdóttir, Á. et al. Where is the matter in the Merging Cluster Abell 2218? Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/0710.5636 (2007).
Navarro, J. F., Frenk, C. S. & White, S. D. M. The structure of cold dark matter halos. Astrophys. J. 462, 563–575 (1996).
Johnson, T. L. et al. Star formation at z = 2.481 in the lensed galaxy SDSS J1110+6459. I. Lens modeling and source reconstruction. Astrophys. J. 843, 78 (2017).
Dai, L. Pascale, M. New approximation of magnification statistics for random microlensing of magnified sources. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.12009 (2021).
Jiménez-Teja, Y. et al. RELICS: ICL analysis of the z = 0.566 merging cluster WHL J013719.8–08284. Astrophys. J. 922, 268 (2021).
Kriek, M. et al. An ultra-deep near-infrared spectrum of a compact quiescent galaxy at z = 2.2. Astrophys. J. 700, 221–231 (2009).
Bruzual, G. & Charlot, S. Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 344, 1000–1028 (2003).
Chabrier, G. Galactic stellar and substellar initial mass function. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacif. 115, 763–795 (2003).
Spera, M., Mapelli, M. & Bressan, A. The mass spectrum of compact remnants from the PARSEC stellar evolution tracks. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 451, 4086–4103 (2015).
Oguri, M., Diego, J. M., Kaiser, N., Kelly, P. L. & Broadhurst, T. Understanding caustic crossings in giant arcs: characteristic scales, event rates, and constraints on compact dark matter. Phys. Rev. D 97, 023518 (2018).
Windhorst, R. A. et al. On the observability of individual population III stars and their stellar-mass black hole accretion disks through cluster caustic transits. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 234, 41 (2018).
Lejeune, T. H., Cuisinier, F. & Buser, R. Standard stellar library for evolutionary synthesis. I. Calibration of theoretical spectra. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 125, 229–246 (1997).
Calzetti, D. et al. The brightest young star clusters in NGC 5253. Astrophys. J. 811, 75 (2015).
Sanyal, D., Grassitelli, L., Langer, N. & Bestenlehner, J. M. Massive main-sequence stars evolving at the Eddington limit. Astron. Astrophys. 580, A20 (2015).
El-Badry, K., Rix, H.-W., Tian, H., Duchêne, G. & Moe, M. Discovery of an equal-mass ‘twin’ binary population reaching 1000+ au separations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 489, 5822–5857 (2019).
Leitherer, C. et al. Starburst99: synthesis models for galaxies with active star formation. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 123, 3–40 (1999).
Kroupa, P. On the variation of the initial mass function. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 322, 231–246 (2001).
da Silva, R. L., Fumagalli, M. & Krumholz, M. SLUG—Stochastically Lighting Up Galaxies. I. Methods and validating tests. Astrophys. J. 745, 145 (2012).
Krumholz, M. R., Fumagalli, M., da Silva, R. L., Rendahl, T. & Parra, J. SLUG – stochastically lighting up galaxies – III. A suite of tools for simulated photometry, spectroscopy, and Bayesian inference with stochastic stellar populations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 452, 1447–1467 (2015).
Madau, P. & Dickinson, M. Cosmic star-formation history. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 52, 415–486 (2014).
Kehrig, C. et al. The extended He ii λ4686 emission in the extremely metal-poor galaxy SBS 0335 - 052E seen with MUSE. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 480, 1081–1095 (2018).
Sarmento, R., Scannapieco, E. & Cohen, S. Following the cosmic evolution of pristine gas. II. The search for pop III–bright galaxies. Astrophys. J. 854, 75 (2018).
Sarmento, R., Scannapieco, E. & Côté, B. Following the cosmic evolution of pristine gas. III. The observational consequences of the unknown properties of population III stars. Astrophys. J. 871, 206 (2019).
Trenti, M., Stiavelli, M. & Shull, J. M. Metal-free gas supply at the edge of reionization: late-epoch population III star formation. Astrophys. J. 700, 1672–1679 (2009).
Vanzella, E. et al. Candidate population III stellar complex at z = 6.629 in the MUSE Deep Lensed Field. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 494, L81–L85 (2020).
Abbott, R. et al. GW190521: a binary black hole merger with a total mass of 150M ⊙. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 101102 (2020).
Farrell, E. et al. Is GW190521 the merger of black holes from the first stellar generations? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. Lett. 502, L40–L44 (2020).
Kinugawa, T., Nakamura, T. & Nakano, H. Formation of binary black holes similar to GW190521 with a total mass of ~150M ⊙ from population III binary star evolution. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. Lett. 501, L49–L53 (2020).
Zdziarski, A. A. & Gierliński, M. Radiative processes, spectral states and variability of black-hole binaries. Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 155, 99–119 (2004).
Holwerda, B. W. et al. Milky Way red dwarfs in the BoRG Survey; galactic scale-height and the distribution of dwarf stars in WFC3 imaging. Astrophys. J. 788, 77 (2014).
Burgasser, A. J. & Splat Development Team. The SpeX Prism Library Analysis Toolkit (SPLAT): a data curation model. In Proc. Intl Workshop on Stellar Spectral Libraries (IWSSL 2017) (eds Coelho, P. et al.) 7–12 (Astronomical Society of India, 2017).
Hainline, K. N., Shapley, A. E., Greene, J. E. & Steidel, C. C. The rest-frame ultraviolet spectra of UV-selected active galactic nuclei at z ~ 2–3. Astrophys. J. 733, 31 (2011).
