Evaluating Urban Heat Island Mitigation Strategies through Coupled UHI and Building Energy Modeling

[en] The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, exacerbated by urban expansion and climate change, poses significant challenges for sustainable urban development, public health, and environmental resilience. Despite growing research, there is a lack of consensus on the most effective strategies and modeling approaches to accurately assess and mitigate UHI effects, particularly in diverse climatic regions. This comprehensive literature review aims to classify and analyze various methodologies, tools, and models used to address UHI, providing a foundational understanding and identifying knowledge gaps. By examining over 100 scientific studies, the review identifies integrated modeling approaches combining urban climate models (UCM) and building energy models (BEM) to enhance thermal comfort and energy efficiency. It explores the efficacy of strategies such as green roofs, high-albedo materials, and urban vegetation in reducing UHI intensity across different climatic regions. The review also emphasizes the importance of detailed urban morphology and meteorological data in improving UHI simulation accuracy. Future research directions include advancing UHI modeling techniques, validating simulation tools through empirical data, and exploring the impact of various mitigation strategies on urban thermal comfort and energy consumption. This literature review offers a comprehensive analysis of current UHI research, providing insights into effective mitigation strategies and modeling approaches to address the UHI effect.

Disciplines :

Architecture

Author, co-author :

Bahadori, Elham

Rezaei, Fatemeh

He, Bao-Jie

Heiranipour, Milad

Attia, Shady ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Urban and Environmental Engineering

Language :

English

Title :

Evaluating Urban Heat Island Mitigation Strategies through Coupled UHI and Building Energy Modeling

Publication date :

01 September 2025

Journal title :

Building and Environment

ISSN :

0360-1323

eISSN :

1873-684X

Publisher :

Elsevier, Oxford, United Kingdom

Volume :

280

Pages :

113111

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Development Goals :

11. Sustainable cities and communities
13. Climate action

Additional URL :

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S036013232500592X?via%3Dihub

Available on ORBi :

since 02 May 2025

Statistics

Number of views

163 (5 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

546 (1 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

C. Xi, L. Han, J. Wang, Z. Feng, P. Kumar, and S.-J. Cao, “How can greenery space mitigate urban heat island? An analysis of cooling effect, carbon sequestration, and nurturing cost at the street scale,” 2023.
Brozovsky, J., Radivojevic, J., Simonsen, A., Assessing the impact of urban microclimate on building energy demand by coupling CFD and building performance simulation. J. Build/. Eng., 55, 2022, 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104681 Sep.
Vardhu, V.A.K., Sharma, Dr.A., Classification, mitigations and methods to detect UHI: a review. Int. J. Sci. Res. Eng. Manag., 07(02), 2023, 10.55041/ijsrem17711 Feb.
Mirzaei, P.A., Recent Challenges in Modeling of Urban Heat Island. 2015, Elsevier Ltd, 10.1016/j.scs.2015.04.001 Dec. 01,.
Mondal, N., Anand, P., Khan, A., Santamouris, M., Systematic review of the efficacy of data-driven urban building energy models during extreme heat in cities: current trends and future outlook. Build. Simul., 2024, 10.1007/s12273-024-1112-y.
Singh, M., Sharston, R., Normalized urban heat island (UHI) indicators: classifying the temporal variation of UHI for building energy simulation (BES) applications. Build. Simul., 2023, 10.1007/s12273-023-1048-7.
Rezaei, F., Sangin, H., Heiranipour, M., Attia, S., A multi-objective optimization of window and light shelf design in office buildings to improve occupants’ thermal and visual comfort. J. Daylight. 11:1 (2024), 55–68, 10.15627/jd.2024.4 Jun.
Yang, J., Bou-Zeid, E., Should cities embrace their heat islands as shields from extreme cold?. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 57:6 (2018), 1309–1320, 10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0265.1 Jun.
Fan, Y., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Wang, K., Sun, Z., Ge, J., Urban heat island reduces annual building energy consumption and temperature related mortality in severe cold region of China. Urban. Clim., 45, 2022, 10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101262 Sep.
Palme, M., Carrasco, C., Urban heat island in Latin American cities: a review of trends, impacts, and mitigation strategies. Global Urban Heat Island Mitigation, 2022, Elsevier.
Shahidan, M.F., Jones, P.J., Gwilliam, J., Salleh, E., An evaluation of outdoor and building environment cooling achieved through combination modification of trees with ground materials. Build. Environ. 58 (2012), 245–257, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.07.012 Dec.
Santamouris, M., Cooling the cities - A review of reflective and green roof mitigation technologies to fight heat island and improve comfort in urban environments. Solar Energy 103 (2014), 682–703, 10.1016/j.solener.2012.07.003.
Taleghani, M., Sailor, D.J., Tenpierik, M., van den Dobbelsteen, Thermal assessment of heat mitigation strategies: the case of Portland State University, Oregon, USA. Build. Environ. 73 (2014), 138–150.
Noro, M., Busato, F., Lazzarin, R., UHI effect in the city of Padua: simulations and mitigation strategies using the Rayman and Envimet model. Geogr. Pol. 87:4 (2014), 517–530, 10.7163/GPol.2014.35.
Wang, Y., Berardi, U., Akbari, H., Comparing the effects of urban heat island mitigation strategies for Toronto, Canada. Energy Build. 114 (2016), 2–19, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.046 Feb.
Costanzo, V., Evola, G., Marletta, L., Energy savings in buildings or UHI mitigation? Comparison between green roofs and cool roofs. Energy Build. 114 (2016), 247–255, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.04.053 Feb.
Roman, K.K., O'Brien, T., Alvey, J.B., Woo, O.J., Simulating the effects of cool roof and PCM (phase change materials) based roof to mitigate UHI (urban heat island) in prominent US cities. Energy 96 (2016), 103–117, 10.1016/j.energy.2015.11.082 Feb.
Morini, E., Touchaei, A.G., Castellani, B., Rossi, F., Cotana, F., The impact of albedo increase to mitigate the urban heat island in Terni (Italy) using the WRF model. Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(10), 2016, 10.3390/su8100999 Oct.
Razzaghmanesh, M., Beecham, S., Salemi, T., The role of green roofs in mitigating Urban Heat Island effects in the metropolitan area of Adelaide, South Australia. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 15 (2016), 89–102, 10.1016/j.ufug.2015.11.013.
Alobaydi, D., Bakarman, M.A., Obeidat, B., The impact of urban form configuration on the urban heat Island: the case study of Baghdad, Iraq. Procedia Engineering, 2016, Elsevier Ltd, 820–827, 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.04.107.
Shi, X., Rew, Y., Ivers, E., Shon, C.S., Stenger, E.M., Park, P., Effects of thermally modified asphalt concrete on pavement temperature. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 20:6 (2017), 669–681, 10.1080/10298436.2017.1326234 Jun.
Herath, P., Halwatura, R.U., Jayasinghe, G.Y., Evaluation of green infrastructure effects on tropical Sri Lankan urban context as an urban heat island adaptation strategy. Urban. For. Urban. Green., 2017 Nov.
Imran, H.M., Kala, J., Ng, A.W.M., Muthukumaran, S., Effectiveness of green and cool roofs in mitigating urban heat island effects during a heatwave event in the city of Melbourne in southeast Australia. J. Clean. Prod. 197 (2018), 393–405, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.179 Oct.
Kim, H., Gu, D., Kim, H.Y., Effects of Urban Heat Island mitigation in various climate zones in the United States. Sustain. Cities. Soc. 41 (2018), 841–852, 10.1016/j.scs.2018.06.021 Aug.
Lalošević, M.D., Komatina, M.S., Miloš, M.V., Rudonja, N.R., Green roofs and cool materials as retrofitting strategies for urban heat Island mitigation - Case study in Belgrade, Serbia. Therm. Sci. 2018 (2018), 2309–2324, 10.2298/TSCI171120086L.
Wang, J., Meng, Q., Tan, K., Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., Experimental investigation on the influence of evaporative cooling of permeable pavements on outdoor thermal environment. Build. Environ. 140 (2018), 184–193, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.05.033 Aug.
Bande, L., Manadhar, P., Marpu, P., Definition of local climate zones in relation to Envi-met and site data in the city of Al Ain, UAE. WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 238 (2019), 209–220, 10.2495/SC190191.
Shafiee, E., Faizi, M., Yazdanfar, S.A., Khanmohammadi, M.A., Assessment of the effect of living wall systems on the improvement of the urban heat island phenomenon. Build. Environ., 181, 2020, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106923 Aug.
Soydan, O., Effects of landscape composition and patterns on land surface temperature: urban heat island case study for Nigde, Turkey. Urban. Clim., 34, 2020, 10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100688 Dec.
Fahed, J., Kinab, E., Ginestet, S., Adolphe, L., Impact of urban heat island mitigation measures on microclimate and pedestrian comfort in a dense urban district of Lebanon. Sustain. Cities. Soc., 61, 2020, 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102375 Oct.
Jain, S., Sannigrahi, S., Sen, S., Bhatt, S., Chakraborti, S., Rahmat, S., Urban heat island intensity and its mitigation strategies in the fast-growing urban area. J. Urban Manag. 9:1 (2020), 54–66, 10.1016/j.jum.2019.09.004 Mar.
Razzaghmanesh, M., Borst, M., Liu, J., Ahmed, F., O'Connor, T., Selvakumar, A., Air temperature reductions at the base of tree canopies. J. Sustain. Water. Built. Environ., 7(3), 2021, 10.1061/jswbay.0000950 Aug.
Abulibdeh, A., Analysis of urban heat island characteristics and mitigation strategies for eight arid and semi-arid gulf region cities. Environ. Earth. Sci., 2021.
Krebs, L.Fachinello, Johansson, E., Influence of microclimate on the effect of green roofs in Southern Brazil – a study coupling outdoor and indoor thermal simulations. Energy Build., 241, 2021, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110963 Jun.
Salman, A.M., Saleem, Y.M., The effect of Urban Heat Island mitigation strategies on outdoor human thermal comfort in the city of Baghdad. Front. Archit. Res. 10:4 (2021), 838–856, 10.1016/j.foar.2021.07.002 Dec.
Park, J.H., Kim, Y.U., Jeon, J., Wi, S., Chang, S.J., Kim, S., Effect of eco-friendly pervious concrete with amorphous metallic fiber on evaporative cooling performance. J. Environ. Manage, 297, 2021, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113269 Nov.
He, B.-J., Local ventilation and its impacts on urban heat islands and outdoor thermal comfort. EGU General Assembly, 2021.
Cortes, A., Rejuso, A.J., Santos, J.A., Blanco, A., Evaluating mitigation strategies for urban heat island in Mandaue City using ENVI-met. J. Urban Manag. 11:1 (2022), 97–106, 10.1016/j.jum.2022.01.002 Mar.
Wang, X., Li, H., Sodoudi, S., The effectiveness of cool and green roofs in mitigating urban heat island and improving human thermal comfort. Build. Environ., 217, 2022, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109082 Jun.
Cheng, Y., et al. Impacts of Water Bodies on Microclimates and Outdoor Thermal Comfort: implications for Sustainable Rural Revitalization. Front. Environ. Sci., 10, 2022, 10.3389/fenvs.2022.940482 Jul.
Elnabawi, M.H., Saber, E., A numerical study of cool and green roof strategies on indoor energy saving and outdoor cooling impact at pedestrian level in a hot arid climate. J. Build. Perform. Simul. 16:1 (2023), 72–89, 10.1080/19401493.2022.2110944.
Giorio, M., Paparella, R., Climate mitigation strategies: the use of cool pavements. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(9), 2023, 10.3390/su15097641 May.
Spyrou, G., Ioannou, B., Souliotis, M., Savvides, A.L., Fokaides, P.A., The adaptability of cities to climate change: evidence from cities’ redesign towards mitigating the UHI effect. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(7), 2023, 10.3390/su15076133 Apr.
Morille, B., Lauzet, N., Musy, M., SOLENE-microclimate: a tool to evaluate envelopes efficiency on energy consumption at district scale. Energy Procedia, 2015, Elsevier Ltd, 1165–1170, 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.088 Nov.
Afshari, A., A new model of urban cooling demand and heat island—Application to vertical greenery systems (VGS). Energy Build. 157 (2017), 204–217, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.01.008 Dec.
Hosseini, M., Lee, B., Vakilinia, S., Energy performance of cool roofs under the impact of actual weather data. Energy Build. 145 (2017), 284–292, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.04.006 Jun.
Elghamry, R., Azmy, N.Y., Ashmawy, R.E., Azmyb, N.Y., Buildings orientation and it's impact on the energy consumption Buildings orientation and it's impact on the electricity consumption. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327623184, 2017.
Deng, J.Y., Wong, N.H., Zheng, X., Effects of street geometries on building cooling demand in Nanjing, China. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 142, 2021, 10.1016/j.rser.2021.110862 May.
Sedaghat, A., Sharif, M., Mitigation of the impacts of heat Islands on energy consumption in buildings: a case study of the city of Tehran, Iran. Sustain. Cities. Soc., 2022, 1–15, 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103435 Jan.
Sabah Haseeb, Q., Muhammed Yunus, S., Ali Shoshan, A.Attellah, Aziz, A.Ibrahim, A study of the optimal form and orientation for more energy efficiency to mass model multi-storey buildings of Kirkuk city, Iraq. Alexandria Eng. J. 71 (2023), 731–741, 10.1016/j.aej.2023.03.020 May.
Naddaf, M.S., Baper, S.Y., The role of double-skin facade configurations in optimizing building energy performance in Erbil city. Sci. Rep., 13(1), 2023, 10.1038/s41598-023-35555-0 Dec.
Sen, S., Roesler, J., Wind direction and cool surface strategies on microscale urban heat island. Urban. Clim., 31, 2020, 10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100548 Mar.
Jabbar, H.K., Hamoodi, M.N., Al-Hameedawi, A.N., Urban heat islands: a review of contributing factors, effects and data. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2023, Institute of Physics, 10.1088/1755-1315/1129/1/012038.
Javanroodi, K., Mahdavinejad, M., Nik, V.M., Impacts of urban morphology on reducing cooling load and increasing ventilation potential in hot-arid climate. Appl. Energy 231 (2018), 714–746, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.116 Dec.
Ngarambe, J., Oh, J.W., Su, M.A., Santamouris, M., Yun, G.Y., Influences of wind speed, sky conditions, land use and land cover characteristics on the magnitude of the urban heat island in Seoul: an exploratory analysis. Sustain. Cities. Soc., 71, 2021, 10.1016/j.scs.2021.102953 Aug.
Kkkdr, M., Urban heat Island Minimisation, local climate zones and parametric optimisation: a ‘Grasshopper’ Based Model. http://urbanez.blogspot.com, 2019.
Liu, B., Guo, X., Jiang, J., How urban morphology relates to the urban heat Island Effect: a multi-indicator study. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(14), 2023, 10.3390/su151410787 Jul.
K. Deilami, M. Kamruzzaman, and Y. Liu, “Urban heat island effect: a systematic review of spatio-temporal factors, data, methods, and mitigation measures,” 2018.
Nuruzzaman, Md., Urban Heat Island: causes, effects and mitigation measures - a review. Int. J. Environ. Monitor. Anal., 3(2), 2015, 67, 10.11648/j.ijema.20150302.15.
C. O'malley, P. Piroozfar, E.R.P. Farr, and F. Pomponi, “Urban Heat Island (UHI) mitigating strategies: a case-based comparative analysis,” 2015.
Piracha, A., Chaudhary, M.T., Urban air pollution, urban heat island and human health: a review of the literature. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(15), 2022, 10.3390/su14159234 Aug.
Hong, C., Wang, Y., Gu, Z., Yu, C.W., Cool Facades to Mitigate Urban Heat Island Effects. 2022, SAGE Publications Ltd, 10.1177/1420326X221115369 Dec. 01,.
Gros, A., Bozonnet, E., Inard, C., Musy, M., Simulation tools to assess microclimate and building energy - a case study on the design of a new district. Energy Build. 114 (2016), 112–122, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.032 Feb.
Andoni, H., Wonorahardjo, S., A review on mitigation technologies for controlling urban heat island effect in housing and settlement areas. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2018, Institute of Physics Publishing, 10.1088/1755-1315/152/1/012027 Jun.
S. Attia, “The role of landscape design in improving the microclimate in traditional courtyard-buildings in hot arid climates,” 2006.
Tsoka, S., Tsikaloudaki, K., Theodosiou, T., Bikas, D., Urban warming and cities’ microclimates: investigation methods and mitigation strategies—a review. Energies. (Basel), 13(6), 2020, 10.3390/en13061414.
Stewart, I.D., Oke, T.R., Local climate zones for urban temperature studies. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 93:12 (2012), 1879–1900, 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.1 Dec.
Bueno, B., Norford, L., Hidalgo, J., Pigeon, G., The urban weather generator. J. Build. Perform. Simul. 6:4 (2013), 269–281, 10.1080/19401493.2012.718797.
Nakano, A., Bueno, B., Norford, L., Reinhart, C.F., Urban weather generator-a novel workflow for integrating urban heat island effect within urban design process. http://urbanmicroclimate.scripts.mit.edu, 2015.
Yang, L., Qian, F., Song, D.X., Zheng, K.J., Research on urban heat-Island effect. Procedia Engineering, 2016, Elsevier Ltd, 11–18, 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.10.002.
Kim, S.W., Brown, R.D., Urban Heat Island (UHI) Intensity and Magnitude Estimations: A Systematic Literature Review. 2021, Elsevier B.V., 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146389 Jul. 20,.
Salvati, A., Palme, M., Inostroza, L., Key Parameters for Urban Heat Island Assessment in A Mediterranean Context: a Sensitivity Analysis Using the Urban Weather Generator Model. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017, Institute of Physics Publishing, 10.1088/1757-899X/245/8/082055 Nov.
Vujovic, S., Haddad, B., Karaky, H., Sebaibi, N., Boutouil, M., Urban Heat Island: Causes, Consequences, and Mitigation Measures with Emphasis on Reflective and Permeable Pavements. 2021, MDPI, 10.3390/civileng2020026 Jun. 01,.
A. Aflaki et al., “Urban Heat Island Mitigation Strategies: a State-of-the-Art Review on Kuala Lumpur, Singapore and Hong Kong,” 2016.
Y. Zheng et al., “Investigating the impact of weather conditions on urban heat Island development in the subtropical city of Hong Kong,” 2023, doi: 10.3390/atmos.
Weclawiak, I.A., Viability and accessibility of urban heat Island and lake microclimate data over current Tmy weather data for accurate energy demand predictions. https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/etdarchive://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/etdarchive/1340, 2022.
Pei, L., Schalbart, P., Peuportier, B., Accounting for the heat island effect in building energy simulation: a case study in Wuhan, China. https://hal.science/hal-03380003v1, 2023.
Javanroodi, K., Nik, V.M., Interactions between extreme climate and urban morphology: investigating the evolution of extreme wind speeds from mesoscale to microscale. Urban. Clim., 31, 2020, 10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100544 Mar.
Akbari, H., Pomerantz, M., Taha, H., Cool surfaces and shade trees to reduce energy use and improve air quality in urban areas. Solar Energy 70:3 (2001), 295–310, 10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00089-X.
Zhou, D., Zhao, S., Zhang, L., Sun, G., Liu, Y., The footprint of urban heat island effect in China. Sci. Rep., 5, 2015, 10.1038/srep11160 Jun.
Li, X., Zhou, Y., Yu, S., Jia, G., Li, H., Li, W., Urban Heat Island Impacts on Building Energy Consumption: A Review of Approaches and Findings. 2019, Elsevier Ltd, 10.1016/j.energy.2019.02.183 May 01,.
Lauwaet, D., et al. Detailed urban heat island projections for cities worldwide: dynamical downscaling CMIP5 global climate models. Climate 3:2 (2015), 391–415, 10.3390/cli3020391 Jun.
De Ridder, K., Lauwaet, D., Maiheu, B., UrbClim - a fast urban boundary layer climate model. Urban. Clim. 12 (2015), 21–48, 10.1016/j.uclim.2015.01.001 Jun.
Lauzet, N., et al. How Building Models Take the Local Climate Into Account in an Urban Context – A Review. 2019, Elsevier Ltd, 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109390 Dec. 01,.
Detommaso, M., Costanzo, V., Nocera, F., Application of weather data morphing for calibration of urban ENVI-met microclimate models. Results and critical issues. Urban. Clim., 38, 2021, 10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100895 Jul.
B. Bueno, A. Nakano, and L. Norford, “Urban weather generator: a method to predict neighborhood-specific urban temperatures for use in building energy simulations,” 2015.
Kamal, A., et al. Impact of urban morphology on urban microclimate and building energy loads. Energy Build., 253, 2021, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111499 Dec.
V. Costanzo, G. Evola, M. Infantone, and L. Marletta, “Influence of weather data morphing in urban building simulation. A case study,” 2020.
A. Nakano, “Urban Energy + Thermal comfort design software development.” Accessed: Oct. 15, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.aikonakano.com/uwg.php.
Rodler, A., Guernouti, S., Musy, M., Bouyer, J., Thermal behavior of a building in its environment: modelling, experimentation, and comparison. Energy Build. 168 (2018), 19–34, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.03.008 Jun.
Javanroodi, K., Perera, A.T.D., Hong, T., Nik, V.M., Designing climate resilient energy systems in complex urban areas considering urban morphology: a technical review. Adv. Appl. Energy, 12, 2023, 100155, 10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100155 Dec.
Mauree, D., Blond, N., Kohler, M., Clappier, A., On the coherence in the boundary layer: development of a Canopy Interface Model. Front. Earth. Sci. (Lausanne), 4, 2017, 10.3389/feart.2016.00109 Jan.
Mauree, D., Coccolo, S., Kaempf, J., Scartezzini, J.L., Multi-scale modelling to evaluate building energy consumption at the neighbourhood scale. PLoS. One, 12(9), 2017, 10.1371/journal.pone.0183437 Sep.
W. Emmanuel, “A verification of CitySim results using the BESTEST and monitored consumption values,” 2015.
Yang, X., Zhao, L., Bruse, M., Meng, Q., An integrated simulation method for building energy performance assessment in urban environments. Energy Build. 54 (2012), 243–251, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.07.042 Nov.
B. Jänicke, D. Milošević, and S. Manavvi, “Review of user-friendly models to improve the urban micro-climate,” Oct. 01, 2021, MDPI. doi: 10.3390/atmos12101291.
Tsoka, S., Tsikaloudaki, A., Theodosiou, T., Analyzing the ENVI-met microclimate model's performance and assessing cool materials and urban vegetation applications–A review. 2018, Elsevier Ltd, 10.1016/j.scs.2018.08.009 Nov. 01,.
Merlier, L., et al. Analysis of the (urban) microclimate effects on the building energy behaviour. Building Simulation Conference Proceedings, 2017, International Building Performance Simulation Association, 2329–2336, 10.26868/25222708.2017.474.
Musy, M., Azam, M.H., Guernouti, S., Morille, B., Rodler, A., The SOLENE-microclimat model: potentiality for comfort and energy studies. Urban Microclimate Modelling for Comfort and Energy Studies, 2021, Springer International Publishing, 265–291, 10.1007/978-3-030-65421-4_13.
Rodler, A., et al. Urban microclimate and building energy simulation coupling techniques. Urban Microclimate Modelling for Comfort and Energy Studies, 2021, Springer International Publishing, 317–337, 10.1007/978-3-030-65421-4_15.
“Modeling Urban Heat Island with the UWG,” ladybug tools academy. Accessed: Oct. 20, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://docs.ladybug.tools/ladybug-tools-academy/v/urban-energy-with-dragonfly/modeling-urban-heat-island-with-the-uwg.
Malys, L., Musy, M., Inard, C., Microclimate and building energy consumption: study of different coupling methods. Adv. Build. Energy Res. 9:2 (2015), 151–174, 10.1080/17512549.2015.1043643.
Elnabawi, M.H., Hamza, N., A methodology of creating a synthetic, urban-specific weather dataset using a microclimate model for building energy modelling. Buildings, 12(9), 2022, 10.3390/buildings12091407 Sep.
Tsoka, S., Evaluating the impact of urban microclimate on buildings’ heating and cooling energy demand using a co-simulation approach. Atmosphere (Basel), 14(4), 2023, 10.3390/atmos14040652 Apr.
Skelhorn, C.P., Levermore, G., Lindley, S.J., Impacts on cooling energy consumption due to the UHI and vegetation changes in Manchester, UK. Energy Build. 122 (2016), 150–159, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.01.035 Jun.
Salvati, A., Roura, H.C., Cecere, C., Urban morphology and energy performance: the direct and indirect contribution in Mediterranean climate. PLEA2015At: Bologna, 2015, 10.13140/RG.2.2.19036.59526.
Litardo, J., et al. Urban heat Island intensity and buildings’ energy needs in Duran, Ecuador: simulation studies and proposal of mitigation strategies. Sustain. Cities. Soc., 62, 2020, 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102387 Nov.