planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability; planets and satellites: fundamental parameters; planets and satellites: gaseous planets; planets and satellites: individual: WASP-33 b; stars: individual: WASP-33; stars: oscillations; Orbitals; Planet and satellite: gaseous planet; Planet and satellite: individual: WASP-33 b; Planets and satellites; Planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stabilities; Planets and satellites: fundamental parameters; Planets and satellites: individual; Star oscillations; Star: individual: WASP-33; Stars: individual: proxima Centauri; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science; astro-ph.EP; astro-ph.SR
Abstract :
[en] Aims. We aim to observe the transits and occultations of WASP-33 b, which orbits a rapidly rotating δ Scuti pulsator, with the goal of measuring the orbital obliquity via the gravity-darkening effect, and constraining the geometric albedo via the occultation depth. Methods. We observed four transits and four occultations with CHEOPS, and employ a variety of techniques to remove the effects of the stellar pulsations from the light curves, as well as the usual CHEOPS systematic effects. We also performed a comprehensive analysis of low-resolution spectral and Gaia data to re-determine the stellar properties of WASP-33. Results. We measure an orbital obliquity 111.3+−00.27 degrees, which is consistent with previous measurements made via Doppler tomography. We also measure the planetary impact parameter, and confirm that this parameter is undergoing rapid secular evolution as a result of nodal precession of the planetary orbit. This precession allows us to determine the second-order fluid Love number of the star, which we find agrees well with the predictions of theoretical stellar models. We are unable to robustly measure a unique value of the occultation depth, and emphasise the need for long-baseline observations to better measure the pulsation periods.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Smith, A.M.S. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Csizmadia, S.Z. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Van Grootel, Valérie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie
Lendl, M. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Persson, C.M. ; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Olofsson, G. ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Ehrenreich, D. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Centre Vie dans l’Univers, Faculté des sciences, Université de Genève, Genève 4, Switzerland
Günther, M.N. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Heitzmann, A. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Barros, S.C.C. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Bonfanti, A. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Brandeker, A. ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Cabrera, J. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Demangeon, O.D.S. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Fossati, L. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Harre, J.V. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Hooton, M.J. ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Hoyer, S. ; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Kalman, S.Z.; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, HUN-REN, MTA Centre of Excellence, Hungary ; HUN-REN-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group, Szombathely, Hungary ; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Doctoral School of Physics, Budapest, Hungary
Salmon, Sébastien ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Sousa, S.G. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Wilson, T.G. ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Alibert, Y. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Alonso, R. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Asquier, J.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Bárczy, T. ; Admatis, Miskolc, Hungary
Barrado, D. ; Depto. de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), ESAC campus, Madrid, Spain
Baumjohann, W. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Benz, W. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Billot, N. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Borsato, L. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Broeg, C. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Cameron, A. Collier ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Correia, A.C.M. ; CFisUC, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Cubillos, P.E.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese TO, Italy
Davies, M.B. ; Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Deleuil, M. ; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Deline, A.; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Demory, B.O. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Derekas, A. ; HUN-REN-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group, Szombathely, Hungary
Edwards, B. ; SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, Netherlands
Egger, J.A. ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Erikson, A.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Fortier, A. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Fridlund, M. ; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden ; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
Gandolfi, D. ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Gazeas, K. ; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, University Campus, Athens, Greece
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Güdel, M.; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Hasiba, J.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Helling, C.H.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; Institute for Theoretical Physics and Computational Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
Isaak, K.G. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Kiss, L.L. ; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary ; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, Hungary
Korth, J. ; Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Lam, K.W.F. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Laskar, J. ; IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Sorbonne Univ., Paris, France
Lecavelier des Etangs, A. ; Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France
Magrin, D. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Maxted, P.F.L. ; Astrophysics Group, Lennard Jones Building, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
Merín, B. ; European Space Agency, ESA – European Space Astronomy Centre, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
Mordasini, C. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Nascimbeni, V. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Ottensamer, R. ; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Pagano, I. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Pallé, E. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
Peter, G. ; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Piazza, D.; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Piotto, G. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Pollacco, D.
Queloz, D. ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom ; ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Zurich, Switzerland
Ragazzoni, R. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Rando, N.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Rauer, H. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany ; Institut fuer Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Ribas, I. ; Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Santos, N.C. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Scandariato, G. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Ségransan, D. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Simon, A.E. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Stalport, Manu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Sulis, S. ; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Udry, S. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Ulmer-Moll, S. ; Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Venturini, J. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Villaver, E. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
Viotto, V. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Walter, I. ; German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Berlin, Germany
Walton, N.A. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Wolf, S.; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. CHEOPS data analysed in this article will be made available in the CHEOPS mission archive ( https://cheops.unige.ch/archive_browser/ ). Based in part on observations obtained at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada. We thank David Bohlen- der for providing the low resolution H\u03B1 spectrum of the host star. This research made use of A STROPY ( http://www.astropy.org ), a community-developed core Python package for Astronomy (Astropy Collaboration 2013, 2018), and the CORNER package (Foreman-Mackey 2016). This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia ( https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia ), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium ). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. This research has made use of the NASA Exoplanet Archive, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. This publication makes use of The Data & Analysis Center for Exoplanets (DACE), which is a facility based at the University of Geneva (CH) dedicated to extrasolar planets data visualisation, exchange and analysis. DACE is a platform of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) PlanetS, federating the Swiss expertise in Exoplanet research. The DACE platform is available at https://dace.unige.ch . The authors gratefully acknowledge the scientific support and HPC resources provided by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). The HPC system CARA is partially funded by \u201CSaxon State Ministry for Economic Affairs, Labour and Transport\u201D and \u2018Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action\u201D. A.M.S.S. and J.-V.H. acknowledge support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grant SM 486/2-1 within the Schw- erpunktprogramm SPP 1992 \u2018Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets\u2019. V.V.G. is an F.R.S-FNRS Research Associate. ML acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576. This project has received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726. It has also been carried out within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant 51NF40_205606. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF. MNG is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and Mission Representative, and as such also responsible for the Guest Observers (GO) Programme. MNG does not relay proprietary information between the GO and Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) Programmes, and does not decide on the definition and target selection of the GTO Programme. S.C.C.B. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. ABr was supported by the SNSA. This work was supported by FCT \u2013 Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, 2022.06962.PTDC. O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. SH gratefully acknowledges CNES funding through the grant 837319. S.G.S. acknowledge support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). The Portuguese team thanks the Portuguese Space Agency for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142255. GyMSz acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a a PRODEX Experiment Agreement No. 4000137122, the Lend\u00FClet LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely. TWi acknowledges support from the UKSA and the University of Warwick. YAl acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020_192038. DBa, EPa, and IRi acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021- 125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019- 000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D award to the Insti- tut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. LBo, VNa, IPa, GPi, RRa, and GSc acknowledge support from CHEOPS ASI-INAF agreement n. 2019-29-HH.0. CBr and ASi acknowledge support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. ACC acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant number ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/X002217/1. ACMC acknowledges support from the FCT, Portugal, through the CFisUC projects UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020, with DOI identifiers 10.54499/UIDB/04564/2020 and 10.54499/UIDP/04564/2020, respectively. A.C., A.D., B.E., K.G., and J.K. acknowledge their role as ESA-appointed CHEOPS Science Team Members. P.E.C. is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship, program J4595-N. This project was supported by the CNES. B.-O. D. acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00046. DG gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 \u201CGaseous or rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds\u201D. M.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. CHe acknowledges support from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under Grant Agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). KGI is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. K.W.F.L. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d\u2019Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. PM acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/R000638/1. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grant number 327127). NCSa acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. JV acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2_208945. NAW acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. Finally, the authors wish to thank the referee, Dr. Carolina von Essen, whose thorough review and excellent suggestions resulted in significant improvements to this paper.
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