Planets and satellites: detection; Planets and satellites: individual: (TOI-125, TIC 52368076); All-sky; Bulk density; Exo-planets; First year; Mass determination; Neptune; Orbital periods; Planet and satellite: individual: (TOI-125, TIC 52368076); Planets and satellites: detections; Planets and satellites: individual; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science; astro-ph.EP; astro-ph.SR
Abstract :
[en] The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, TESS, is currently carrying out an all-sky search for small planets transiting bright stars. In the first year of the TESS survey, a steady progress was made in achieving the mission's primary science goal of establishing bulk densities for 50 planets smaller than Neptune. During that year, the TESS's observations were focused on the southern ecliptic hemisphere, resulting in the discovery of three mini-Neptunes orbiting the star TOI-125, a V = 11.0 K0 dwarf. We present intensive HARPS radial velocity observations, yielding precise mass measurements for TOI-125b, TOI-125c, and TOI-125d. TOI-125b has an orbital period of 4.65 d, a radius of 2.726 ± 0.075 RE, a mass of 9.50 ± 0.88 ME, and is near the 2:1 mean motion resonance with TOI-125c at 9.15 d. TOI-125c has a similar radius of 2.759 ± 0.10 RE and a mass of 6.63 ± 0.99 ME, being the puffiest of the three planets. TOI-125d has an orbital period of 19.98 d and a radius of 2.93 ± 0.17 RE and mass 13.6 ± 1.2 ME. For TOI-125b and d, we find unusual high eccentricities of 0.19 ± 0.04 and 0.17+0.08-0.06, respectively. Our analysis also provides upper mass limits for the two low-SNR planet candidates in the system; for TOI-125.04 (RP = 1.36 RE, P = 0.53 d), we find a 2ó upper mass limit of 1.6 ME, whereas TOI-125.05 (RP = 4.2+2.4-1.4 RE, P = 13.28 d) is unlikely a viable planet candidate with an upper mass limit of 2.7 ME. We discuss the internal structure of the three confirmed planets, as well as dynamical stability and system architecture for this intriguing exoplanet system.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Nielsen, L.D. ; Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Gandolfi, D.; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Armstrong, D.J. ; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Jenkins, J.S. ; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
Fridlund, M.; Leiden Observatory, RA Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Santos, N.C.; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Dai, F.; Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
Adibekyan, V.; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Luque, R. ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain ; Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
Steffen, J.H.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, United States
Esposito, M.; Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Tautenburg, Germany
Meru, F. ; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Sabotta, S. ; Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Tautenburg, Germany
Bolmont, E. ; Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Kossakowski, D.; Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany
Otegi, J.F.; Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland ; Institute for Computational Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Murgas, F.; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain ; Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
Stalport, Manu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) ; Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Rodler, F.; European Southern Observatory (ESO), Vitacura, Casilla, Santiago de Chile, Chile
Diáz, M.R.; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
Kurtovic, N.T.; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
Ricker, G.; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, MIT, Cambridge, United States
Vanderspek, R.; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, MIT, Cambridge, United States
Latham, D.W.; Center for Astrophysics - Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Seager, S.; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, MIT, Cambridge, United States ; Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, United States ; Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, MIT, Cambridge, United States
Winn, J.N.; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
Jenkins, J.M.; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States
Allart, R. ; Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Almenara, J.M.; Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Barrado, D.; Depto. de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), ESAC campus, Villanueva de la Cañad, Madrid, Spain
Barros, S.C.C.; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Bayliss, D. ; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Berdiñas, Z.M.; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
Boisse, I.; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Bouchy, F.; Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Boyd, P.; Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, United States
Brown, D.J.A. ; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Bryant, E.M.; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Burke, C.; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, MIT, Cambridge, United States
Cochran, W.D.; McDonald Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, Austin, United States
Cooke, B.F. ; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Demangeon, O.D.S. ; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Diáz, R.F. ; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina ; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Dittman, J.; Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, United States
Dorn, C.; Leiden Observatory, RA Leiden, Netherlands
Dumusque, X.; Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Garciá, R.A.; IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France ; AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Gonzaĺez-Cuesta, L.; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain ; Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
Grziwa, S.; Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung an der Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
Georgieva, I.; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Guerrero, N.; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, MIT, Cambridge, United States
Helled, R.; Leiden Observatory, RA Leiden, Netherlands
Henze, C.E.; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States
Hojjatpanah, S.; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Korth, J.; Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung an der Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
Lam, K.W.F.; Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Lillo-Box, J.; Depto. de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), ESAC campus, Villanueva de la Cañad, Madrid, Spain
Livingston, J. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ky, Tokyo, Japan
Mathur, S.; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain ; Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
Mousis, O.; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Narita, N.; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain ; Astrobiology Center, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan ; JST, PRESTO, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan ; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
Osborn, H.P. ; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Palle, E.; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain ; Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
Peña Rojas, P.A.; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
Persson, C.M.; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Quinn, S.N.; Center for Astrophysics - Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Rauer, H.; Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany ; Institute of Geological Sciences, FU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Redfield, S. ; Astronomy Department and Van Vleck Observatory, Wesleyan University, Middletown, United States
Santerne, A. ; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Dos Santos, L.A. ; Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Seidel, J.V. ; Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Sousa, S.G. ; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Ting, E.B.; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States
Turbet, M.; Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Udry, S.; Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Vanderburg, A.; Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
Van Eylen, V.; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey, United Kingdom
Vines, J.I.; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
Wheatley, P.J. ; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Wilson, P.A.; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
ESO - European Southern Observatory SNSF - Swiss National Science Foundation NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration STFC - Science and Technology Facilities Council FEDER - Federación Española de Enfermedades Raras FCT - Fundació Catalana de Trasplantament CONACYT - Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología FONDECYT - Chile Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico ERC - European Research Council Simons Foundation JSPS - Japan Society for the Promotion of Science DFG - Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft SNSA - Swedish National Space Agency
Funding text :
We thank the anonymous referee for providing thoughtful comments that allowed us to improve on this paper. This study is based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory under ESO programmes 0101.C-0829, 1102.C-0249, 1102.C-0923, 0102.C-0525, and 0102.C-0451. We thank the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and the Geneva University for their continuous support to our planet search programs. This work has been in particular carried out in the framework of the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). This publication makes use of DACE, which is a facility based at the University of Geneva (CH) dedicated to extrasolar planets data visualization, exchange, and analysis. DACE is a platform of the Swiss National Centre of Competence inResearch (NCCR) PlanetS, federating the Swiss expertise in exoplanet research. The DACE platform is available at https://da ce.unige.ch. This paper includes data collected by the TESS mission. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by the NASA Explorer Program. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC; https://www.co smos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for theDPAChas been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. This research has made use of the NASA Exoplanet Archive, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. DJA acknowledges support from the STFC via an Ernest Rutherford Fellowship (ST/R00384X/1). The IA/Portuguese team was supported by FCT/MCTES through national funds and by FEDER - Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionaliza\u00E7\u00E3o by these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019; PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113; PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953. VA acknowledges the support from FCT through Investigador FCT contract no. IF/00650/2015/CP1273/CT0001. SH acknowledges support by the fellowships PD/BD/128119/2016 funded by FCT (Portugal). SCCB acknowledges support from FCT through Investigador FCT contracts IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. ODSD acknowledges the support from FCT (Portugal) through work contract DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004. MRD acknowledges support of CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional-21140646 and Proyecto Basal AFB-170002. JSJ acknowledges support from FONDECYT grant 1161218. FM acknowledges support from The Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship. JVS and LAdS are supported by funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project FOUR ACES; grant agreement no. 724427). DJAB acknowledges support from the UK Space Agency. JNW acknowledges support from the Heising-Simons Foundation. NN is supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP18H01265 and JP18H05439, and JST PRESTO Grant Number JPMJPR1775. CD acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant PZ00P2 174028. KWFL acknowledges support by DFG grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, 'Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets'. DB and JLB have been funded by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) Project No. ESP2017- 87676-C5-1-R and No. MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia Mar\u00EDa de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiolog\u00EDa (CSIC-INTA). SM acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry under the Ramon y Cajal fellowship number RYC-2015-17697. RAG acknowledges the support from PLATO and GOLF CNES grants. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 832738/ESCAPE. MT acknowledges funding from the Gruber Foundation. MF, IG, and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 163/16 and 174/18).Science Foundation (SNSF) and the Geneva University for their continuous support to our planet search programs. This work has been in particular carried out in the framework of the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). This publication makes use of DACE, which is a facility based at the University of Geneva (CH) dedicated to extrasolar planets data visualization, exchange, and analysis. DACE is a platform of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) PlanetS, federating the Swiss expertise in exoplanet research. The DACE platform is available at https://da ce.unige.ch. This paper includes data collected by the TESS mission. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by the NASA Explorer Program. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC; https://www.co smos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. This research has made use of the NASA Exoplanet Archive, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. DJA acknowledges support from the STFC via an Ernest Rutherford Fellowship (ST/R00384X/1). The IA/Portuguese team was supported by FCT/MCTES through national funds and by FEDER \u2013 Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional through COMPETE2020 \u2013 Programa Operacional Competitivi-dade e Internacionalizac\u00B8\u00E3o by these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019; PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113; PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953. VA acknowledges the support from FCT through Investigador FCT contract no. IF/00650/2015/CP1273/CT0001. SH acknowledges support by the fellowships PD/BD/128119/2016 funded by FCT (Portugal). SCCB acknowledges support from FCT through In-vestigador FCT contracts IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. ODSD acknowledges the support from FCT (Portugal) through work contract DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004. MRD acknowledges support of CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional-21140646 and Proyecto Basal AFB-170002. JSJ acknowledges support from FONDECYT grant 1161218. FM acknowledges support from The Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship. JVS and LAdS are supported by funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project FOUR ACES; grant agreement no. 724427). DJAB acknowledges support from the UK Space Agency. JNW acknowledges support from the Heising-Simons Foundation. NN is supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP18H01265 and JP18H05439, and JST PRESTO Grant Number JPMJPR1775. CD acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant PZ00P2 174028. KWFL acknowledges support by DFG grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, \u2018Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets\u2019. DB and JLB have been funded by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) Project No. ESP2017-87676-C5-1-R and No. MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia Mar\u00EDa de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiolog\u00EDa (CSIC-INTA). SM acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry under the Ramon y Cajal fellowship number RYC-2015-17697. RAG acknowledges the support from PLATO and GOLF CNES grants. This project has received funding from the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 832738/ESCAPE. MT acknowledges funding from the Gruber Foundation. MF, IG, and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 163/16 and 174/18).
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