Humans; Judgment; Behavior, Addictive; Gambling; White People; Multidisciplinary
Abstract :
[en] The structural addictive characteristics of gambling products are important targets for prevention, but can be unintuitive to laypeople. In the PictoGRRed (Pictograms for Gambling Risk Reduction) study, we aimed to develop pictograms that illustrate the main addictive characteristics of gambling products and to assess their impact on identifying the addictiveness of gambling products by laypeople. We conducted a three-step study: (1) use of a Delphi consensus method among 56 experts from 13 countries to reach a consensus on the 10 structural addictive characteristics of gambling products to be illustrated by pictograms and their associated definitions, (2) development of 10 pictograms and their definitions, and (3) study in the general population to assess the impact of exposure to the pictograms and their definitions (n = 900). French-speaking experts from the panel assessed the addictiveness of gambling products (n = 25), in which the mean of expert's ratings was considered as the true value. Participants were randomly provided with the pictograms and their definitions, or with a standard slogan, or with neither (control group). We considered the control group as representing the baseline ability of laypeople to assess the addictiveness of gambling products. Each group and the French-speaking experts rated the addictiveness of 14 gambling products. The judgment criterion was the intraclass coefficients (ICCs) between the mean ratings of each group and the experts, reflecting the level of agreement between each group and the experts. Exposure to the pictograms and their definition doubled the ability of laypeople to assess the addictiveness of gambling products compared with that of the group that read a slogan or the control group (ICC = 0.28 vs. 0.14 (Slogan) and 0.14 (Control)). Laypeople have limited awareness of the addictive characteristics of gambling products. The pictograms developed herein represent an innovative tool for universally empowering prevention and for selective prevention.
Research Center/Unit :
ARCH - Adaptation, Résilience et CHangement - ULiège
Luquiens, Amandine; Department of Addictology, CHU Nîmes, Univ Montpellier, Nîmes, France. amandineluquiens@gmail.com ; CESP, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France. amandineluquiens@gmail.com
Guillou, Morgane; EA 7479 SPURBO, CHRU BREST, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest and Addictologie, Brest, France
Giustiniani, Julie; CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
Barrault, Servane; QualiPsy, EE 1901, Université de Tours, Tours, France ; Service d'Addictologie Universitaire, CSAPA-37, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
Caillon, Julie; Department of Addictology and Psychiatry Nantes, Inserm U1246, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, Nantes, France
Delmas, Helena; Pôle Addiction et Précarité, Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Rennes, France
Achab, Sophia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Treatment and Research in Mental Health, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Bento, Bruno; IAJ - Instituto de Apoio ao Jogador, Lda, Portugal
Billieux, Joël; Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ; Addiction Medicine, Centre for Excessive Gambling, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
Brevers, Damien; Louvain Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
Brody, Aymeric; EPITA, LRE MNSHS, Paris, France
Brunault, Paul; Service d'Addictologie Universitaire, Équipe de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France ; UMR 1253, iBrain, Inserm, Université de Tours, Tours, France ; QualiPsy, EE, Université de Tours, 1901, Tours, France
Challet-Bouju, Gaëlle; Department of Addictology and Psychiatry Nantes, Inserm U1246, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, Nantes, France
Chóliz, Mariano; Gambling and Technological Addictions Research Unit, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Clark, Luke; Department of Psychology, Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Cornil, Aurélien ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Psychologie > Psychologie clinique de l'adulte ; Louvain Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium ; Centre for Excessive Gambling, Université Catholique de Louvain, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
Costes, Jean-Michel; Observatoire des Jeux, Paris, France
Devos, Gaetan; Grand Hôpital de Charleroi (GHdC), Charleroi, Belgium ; Psychological Science Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium ; Scientific Research and Publication Cell (CRPS), Le Beau Vallon, Namur, Belgium ; Centre Hospitalier Le Domaine, ULB, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium ; Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon (SUAL), CH Le Vinatier, 69500, Bron, France
Díaz, Rosa; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Clínic Universitari de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Estevez, Ana; University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
Grassi, Giacomo; BRAIN CENTER FIRENZE, Florence, Italy
Hakansson, Anders; Clinical Addiction Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Malmö Addiction Center, Lund University - Gambling Disorder Unit, Region Skåne, Sweden
Khazaal, Yasser; Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
King, Daniel L; College of Education, Psychology, & Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
Labrador, Francisco; Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
Lopez-Gonzalez, Hibai; Faculty of Information and Communication, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Newall, Philip; CQUniversity, Bundaberg, Australia
Perales, José C; Department of Experimental Psychology Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Ribadier, Aurélien; Département de Psychologie, EE 1901 - Equipe Qualipsy « Qualité de vie et Santé Psychologique », Université de Tours, Tours, France
Sescousse, Guillaume; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center-INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
Sharman, Stephen; National Addiction Centre, King's College, London, UK
Taquet, Pierre; Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine Department, CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France ; Univ. Lille, ULR, 4072, Lille, France ; PSITEC-Psychologie: Interactions Temps Émotions Cognition, 59000, Lille, France
Varescon, Isabelle; Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, Université de Paris, 92100, Boulogne Billancourt, France
Von Hammerstein, Cora; APEMAC, Équipe EPSAM, Université de Lorraine, 57000, Metz, France
Bonjour, Thierry; Department of Addictology, CHU Nîmes, Univ Montpellier, Nîmes, France
Romo, Lucia; EA 4430 Clipsyd, University Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
Grall-Bronnec, Marie; Department of Addictology and Psychiatry Nantes, Inserm U1246, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, Nantes, France
AL: data sharing agreement with Winamax and FDJ. Scientific independence towards gambling industry operators is warranted. There were no constraints on publishing. MGB, JC and GCB declare that the University Hospital of Nantes has received funding from the gambling industry (FDJ and PMU) in the form of a philantropic sponsorship (donations that do not assign purpose of use). Scientific independence towards gambling industry operators is warranted. There were no constraints on publishing. GCB: data sharing agreement with FDJ. LR : Participation in « GIS Jeu et société » , 4 universités (founded by the FDJ). Reaserch grant by U Paris Nanterre. LC is the Director of the Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, which is supported by funding from the Province of British Columbia and the British Columbia Lottery Corporation (BCLC), a Canadian Crown Corporation. The Province of British Columbia, and BCLC had no involvement in the ideas expressed herein, and impose no constraints on publishing. Luke Clark has received speaker/travel honoraria from the National Association of Gambling Studies (Australia) and the National Center for Responsible Gaming (USA). He has received consulting fees from Gambling Research Exchange Ontario (Canada) and the National Center for Responsible Gaming (USA). He has not received any further direct or indirect payments from the gambling industry or groups substantially funded by gambling. He has received royalties from Cambridge Cognition Ltd. relating to neurocognitive testing. AH has research funding from the state-owned gambling operator of Sweden (AB Svenska Spel) and from that operator’s research council, as well as from the research council of the Swedish alcohol monopoly (Systembolaget AB), as well as a non-financial collaboration with the private company Kontigo Care, which provides technical follow-up devices in clinical gambling disorder treatment. None of these organizations had any role in—or influence on—the present work.
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