High resolution reconstruction of modern charcoal production kilns: An integrated approach combining dendrochronology, micromorphology and anthracology in the French Pyrenees
Ancient charcoal production; Anthracology; Dendrochronology; Micromorphology; Modern radiocarbon plateau; Northern pyrenees; Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract :
[en] Numerous charcoal kiln remains can still be found throughout the world, evidencing wood harvesting related to former industries. These remains represent effective sources and tools for studying (i) pre-industrial pressures on forest resources and (ii) past strategies related to woodland management. However, radiocarbon dating (AMS), which is the main tool to reconstruct the chronology of past charcoal manufacturing activity, doesn't provide sufficiently accurate dating, especially for the post-1650 period, due to the broad probability range of the dates resulting from wiggles in the calibration curve. In order to overcome the radiocarbon dating limitation and therefore refine the chronology of modern charcoal manufacturing, this paper proposes to apply an integrated approach combining archaeology, micromorphology, anthracology and dendrochronology. To characterise the archaeological record of a target charcoal kiln terrace from the “Forêt de Bernadouze”, located in a historical iron production valley of the Northern Pyrenees, we combined classical stratigraphic analysis with a micromorphological study. The results highlight the multiperiod nature of the terrace, i.e. a palimpsest of multiple charcoal production episodes, revealing two major phases marked by an abandonment period between them. Subsequently, we constructed a beech charcoal-ring (n = 49) chronology cross-dated with the new “Forêt de Bernadouze” reference chronology from freshly felled, living beech trees (n = 24) to obtain the annual resolution of charcoal ring formation. Based on the new reconstructed master chronology covering the 1879–2016 period, we were able to calibrate the charcoal-ring chronology for the 1881–1941 period. Consequently, we (i) dated the charcoal production activity performed on the target terrace during the 1924–1942 period and (ii) identified a shift in the rate of use of the terrace, from one-off to high-intensive use. This study also provides new insights regarding (i) the particular nature of the archaeological record and (ii) the operating and timing of past charcoal-making practices in connection with silvicultural treatments.
Disciplines :
Archaeology
Author, co-author :
Fouédjeu, Léonel; GEODE, LABEX DRIIHM, UMR 5602 CNRS Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, TOULOUSE Cedex 1, France
Saulnier, Mélanie; GEODE, LABEX DRIIHM, UMR 5602 CNRS Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, TOULOUSE Cedex 1, France ; Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, c, Suchdol, Czech Republic
Lejay, Mathieu ; TRACES, UMR 5608 CNRS Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, TOULOUSE Cedex 1, France ; GeoArchEon Sarl, France
Dušátko, Martin; Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, c, Suchdol, Czech Republic
Labbas, Vincent ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Art, Archéologie et Patrimoine (AAP) ; GEODE, LABEX DRIIHM, UMR 5602 CNRS Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, TOULOUSE Cedex 1, France ; TRACES, UMR 5608 CNRS Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, TOULOUSE Cedex 1, France
Jump, Alistair S. ; Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
Burri, Sylvain; TRACES, UMR 5608 CNRS Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, TOULOUSE Cedex 1, France
Buscaino, Sandrine; GEODE, LABEX DRIIHM, UMR 5602 CNRS Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, TOULOUSE Cedex 1, France
Py-Saragaglia, Vanessa; GEODE, LABEX DRIIHM, UMR 5602 CNRS Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, TOULOUSE Cedex 1, France
Language :
English
Title :
High resolution reconstruction of modern charcoal production kilns: An integrated approach combining dendrochronology, micromorphology and anthracology in the French Pyrenees
This paper forms part of L. Fou\u00E9djeu's doctoral thesis co-supervised by V. Py-Saragaglia and D. Galop and funded by the University Toulouse 2 Jean Jaur\u00E8s. Financial support for field investigations was provided by the FODYNA and TRANSYLVE projects directed by V. Py-Saragaglia and S. Burri. These projects are part of the OHM-Haut Vicdessos interdisciplinary program led by D. Galop and (co)funded by the LabEx DRIIHM, French program \u201CInvestissements d'Avenir\u201D (ANR-11-LABX-0010) which is managed by the ANR. Special thanks are due to the Regional Archaeological Service of Occitanie (SRA), led by D. Delhoume, which supported the micromorphological study. The authors express their gratitude to the French National Forestry Office (ONF) of Ari\u00E8ge and the loggers who helped collect the wood disks and to V. Pescini for help during fieldwork. Special thanks are due to F. Philippe for his help and knowledge in the field, to the carpenter of the University Toulouse II, H. Come, who helped to prepare pieces of wood for the dendrochronological measurements, and to the Department of Forest Ecology of the Czech university of Life Sciences Prague (Czech Republic), led by M. Svoboda, for their support of the dendrochronological analyses in the framework of a doctoral fellowship funded by TESC PhD School and the GEODE lab. Finally, we thank two anonymous reviewers whose constructive comments led to a significant improvement of this manuscript.This paper forms part of L. Fou\u00E9djeu's doctoral thesis co-supervised by V. Py-Saragaglia and D. Galop and funded by the University Toulouse 2 Jean Jaur\u00E8s. Financial support for field investigations was provided by the FODYNA and TRANSYLVE projects directed by V. Py-Saragaglia and S. Burri. These projects are part of the OHM-Haut Vicdessos interdisciplinary program led by D. Galop and (co)funded by the LabEx DRIIHM, French program \"Investissements d'Avenir\" ( ANR-11-LABX-0010 ) which is managed by the ANR. Special thanks are due to the Regional Archaeological Service of Occitanie (SRA), led by D. Delhoume, which supported the micromorphological study. The authors express their gratitude to the French National Forestry Office (ONF) of Ari\u00E8ge and the loggers who helped collect the wood disks and to V. Pescini for help during fieldwork. Special thanks are due to F. Philippe for his help and knowledge in the field, to the carpenter of the University Toulouse II, H. Come, who helped to prepare pieces of wood for the dendrochronological measurements, and to the Department of Forest Ecology of the Czech university of Life Sciences Prague (Czech Republic), led by M. Svoboda, for their support of the dendrochronological analyses in the framework of a doctoral fellowship funded by TESC PhD School and the GEODE lab. Finally, we thank two anonymous reviewers whose constructive comments led to a significant improvement of this manuscript.
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