Funding text :
We acknowledge all physicians and ICUs staff for taking care of all those patients. With contributions of the Clinical Research Center, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva (Isabelle Semac, V\u00E9ronique M\u00E9noni, Emmanuelle Lelong-Favre, Sophie Longchamp and Isabelle Mercier). We also acknowledge with gratitude all the French and Belgian clinical research centers, the medical students, the students of the Polytechnic University, and all the volunteers for their amazing help in data collection. Participating sites and COVID-ICU investigators: CHU Angers, Angers, France (Alain Mercat, Pierre Asfar, Fran\u00E7ois Beloncle, Julien Demiselle), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Bic\u00EAtre, Le Kremlin-Bic\u00EAtre, France (T\u00E0i Pham, Arthur Pavot, Xavier Monnet, Christian Richard), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Piti\u00E9 Salp\u00EAtri\u00E8re, Paris, France (Alexandre Demoule, Martin Dres, Julien Mayaux, Alexandra Beurton), CHU Caen Normandie\u2014H\u00F4pital C\u00F4te de Nacre, Caen, France, (C\u00E9dric Daubin, Richard Descamps, Aur\u00E9lie Joret, Damien Du Cheyron), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Cochin, Paris, France (Fr\u00E9d\u00E9ric Pene, Jean-Daniel Chiche, Mathieu Jozwiak, Paul Jaubert), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Tenon, Paris (France, Guillaume Voiriot, Muriel Fartoukh, Marion Teulier, Clarisse Blayau), CHRU de Brest\u2014La Cavale Blanche, Brest, France (Erwen L\u2019Her, C\u00E9cile Aubron, Laetitia Bodenes, Nicolas Ferriere), Centre Hospitalier de Cholet, Cholet, France (Johann Auchabie, Anthony Le Meur, Sylvain Pignal, Thierry Mazzoni), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France (Jean-Pierre Quenot, Pascal Andreu, Jean-Baptiste Roudau, Marie Labruy\u00E8re), CHU Lille\u2014H\u00F4pital Roger Salengero, Lille, France (Saad Nseir, S\u00E9bastien Preau, Julien Poissy, Daniel Mathieu), Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Longjumeau, France (Sarah Benhamida, R\u00E9mi Paulet, Nicolas Roucaud, Martial Thyrault), APHM\u2014Hopital Nord, Marseille, France (Florence Daviet, Sami Hraiech, Gabriel Parzy, Aude Sylvestre), H\u00F4pital de Melun-S\u00E9nart, Melun, France (S\u00E9bastien Jochmans, Anne-Laure Bouilland, Mehran Monchi), \u00C9l\u00E9ment Militaire de R\u00E9animation du SSA, Mulhouse, France (Marc Danguy des D\u00E9serts, Quentin Mathais, Gwendoline Rager, Pierre Pasquier), CHU Nantes\u2014H\u00F4pital Hotel Dieu, Nantes, France (Reignier Jean, Seguin Am\u00E9lie, Garret Charlotte, Canet Emmanuel), CHU Nice\u2014H\u00F4pital Archet, Nice, France (Jean Dellamonica, Cl\u00E9ment Saccheri, Romain Lombardi, Yanis Kouchit), Centre Hospitalier d\u2019Orl\u00E9ans, Orl\u00E9ans, France (Sophie Jacquier, Armelle Mathonnet, Mai-Ahn Nay, Isabelle Runge), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Guadeloupe, Pointe-\u00E0-Pitre, France (Fr\u00E9d\u00E9ric Martino, Laure Flurin, Am\u00E9lie Rolle, Michel Carles), H\u00F4pital de la Mil\u00E9trie, Poitiers, France (R\u00E9mi Coudroy, Arnaud W. Thille, Jean-Pierre Frat, Maeva Rodriguez), Centre Hospitalier Roanne, Roanne, France (Pascal Beuret, Audrey Tientcheu, Arthur Vincent, Florian Michelin), CHU Rouen\u2014H\u00F4pital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France (Fabienne Tamion, Doroth\u00E9e Carpentier, D\u00E9borah Boyer, Christophe Girault), CHRU Tours\u2014H\u00F4pital Bretonneau, Tours, France (Val\u00E9rie Gissot, St\u00E9phan Ehrmann, Charlotte Salmon Gandonniere, Djlali Elaroussi), Centre Hospitalier Bretagne Atlantique, Vannes, France (Agathe Delbove, Yannick Fedun, Julien Huntzinger, Eddy Lebas), CHU Li\u00E8ge, Li\u00E8ge, Belgique (Gr\u00E2ce Kisoka, C\u00E9line Gr\u00E9goire, Stella Marchetta, Bernard Lambermont), Hospices Civils de Lyon\u2014H\u00F4pital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France (Laurent Argaud, Thomas Baudry, Pierre-Jean Bertrand, Auguste Dargent), Centre Hospitalier Du Mans, Le Mans, France (Christophe Guitton, Nicolas Chudeau, Micka\u00EBl Landais, C\u00E9dric Darreau), Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France (Alexis Ferre, Antoine Gros, Guillaume Lacave, Fabrice Bruneel), H\u00F4pital Foch, Suresnes, France (Mathilde Neuville, J\u00E9r\u00F4meDevaquet, Guillaume Tachon, Richard Gallot), H\u00F4pital Claude Galien, Quincy sous Senart, France (Riad Chelha, Arnaud Galbois, Anne Jallot, Ludivine Chalumeau Lemoine), GHR Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, Mulhouse, France (Khaldoun Kuteifan, Valentin Pointurier, Louise-Marie Jandeaux, Joy Mootien), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Antoine B\u00E9cl\u00E8re, Clamart, France (Charles Damoisel, Benjamin Sztrymf), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Piti\u00E9-Salp\u00EAtri\u00E8re, Paris, France (Matthieu Schmidt, Alain Combes, Juliette Chommeloux, Charles Edouard Luyt), H\u00F4pital Intercommunal de Cr\u00E9teil, Cr\u00E9teil, France (Fr\u00E9d\u00E9rique Schortgen, Leon Rusel, Camille Jung), Hospices Civils de Lyon\u2014H\u00F4pital Neurologique, Lyon, France (Florent Gobert), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Necker, Paris, France (Damien Vimpere, Lionel Lamhaut), Centre Hospitalier Public du Cotentin\u2014H\u00F4pital Pasteur, Cherbourg-en-cotentin, France (Bertrand Sauneuf, Liliane Charrrier, Julien Calus, Isabelle Desmeules), CHU Rennes\u2014H\u00F4pital du Pontchaillou, Rennes, France (Beno\u00EEt Painvin, Jean-Marc Tadie), CHU Strasbourg\u2014H\u00F4pital Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France (Vincent Castelain, Baptiste Michard, Jean-Etienne Herbrecht, Mathieu Baldacini), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Piti\u00E9 Salp\u00EAtri\u00E8re, Paris, France (Nicolas Weiss, Sophie Demeret, Cl\u00E9mence Marois, Benjamin Rohaut), Centre Hospitalier Territorial Gaston-Bourret, Noum\u00E9a, France (Pierre-Henri Moury, Anne-Charlotte Savida, Emmanuel Couadau, Mathieu S\u00E9rie), Centre Hospitalier Compi\u00E8gne-Noyon, Compi\u00E8gne, France (Nica Alexandru), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Joseph, Paris, France (C\u00E9dric Bruel, Candice Fontaine, Sonia Garrigou, Juliette Courtiade Mahler), Centre hospitalier m\u00E9morial de Saint-L\u00F4, Saint-L\u00F4, France (Maxime Leclerc, Michel Ramakers), Grand H\u00F4pital de l\u2019Est Francilien, Jossigny, France (Pierre Gar\u00E7on, Nicole Massou, Ly Van Vong, Juliane Sen), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (Nolwenn Lucas, Franck Chemouni, Annabelle Stoclin), Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (Alexandre Avenel, Henri Faure, Ang\u00E9lie Gentilhomme, Sylvie Ricome), Hospices Civiles de Lyon\u2014H\u00F4pital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France (Paul Abraham, C\u00E9line Monard, Julien Textoris, Thomas Rimmele), Centre Hospitalier d\u2019Avignon, Avignon, France (Florent Montini), Groupe Hospitalier Diaconesses\u2014Croix Saint Simon, Paris, France (Gabriel Lejour, Thierry Lazard, Isabelle Etienney, Younes Kerroumi), CHU Clermont-Ferrand\u2014H\u00F4pital Gabriel Montpied, Clermont Ferrand, France (Claire Dupuis, Marine Bereiziat, Elisabeth Coupez, Fran\u00E7ois Thouy), H\u00F4pital d\u2019Instruction des Arm\u00E9es Percy, Clamart, France (Cl\u00E9ment Hoffmann, Nicolas Donat, Anne Chrisment, Rose-Marie Blot), CHU Nancy\u2014H\u00F4pital Brabois, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France (Antoine Kimmoun, Audrey Jacquot, Matthieu Mattei, Bruno Levy), Centre Hospitalier de Vichy, Vichy, France (Ramin Ravan, Lo\u00EFc Dopeux, Jean-Mathias Liteaudon, Delphine Roux), Hopital Pierre B\u00E9r\u00E9govoy, Nevers, France (Brice Rey, Radu Anghel, Deborah Schenesse, Vincent Gevrey), Centre Hospitalier de Tarbes, Tarbes, France (Jermy Castanera, Philippe Petua, Benjamin Madeux), H\u00F4pitaux Civils de Colmar\u2014H\u00F4pital Louis pasteur, Colmar, France (Otto Hartman), CHU Charleroi\u2014H\u00F4pital Marie Curie, Bruxelles, Belgique (Michael Piagnerelli, Anne Joosten,Cinderella Noel, Patrick Biston), Centre hospitalier de Verdun Saint Mihiel, Saint Mihiel, France (Thibaut Noel), CH Eure-Seine\u2014H\u00F4pital d\u2019Evreux-Vernon, Evreux, France (Gurvan Le Bouar, Messabi Boukhanza, Elsa Demarest, Marie-France Bajolet), H\u00F4pital Ren\u00E9 Dubos, Pontoise, France (Nathana\u00EBl Charrier, Audrey Quenet, C\u00E9cile Zylberfajn, Nicolas Dufour), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Lariboisi\u00E8re, Paris, France (Buno M\u00E9garbane, Sq\u00E9bastianVoicu, Nicolas Deye, Isabelle Malissin), Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Brieuc, Saint-Brieuc, France (Fran\u00E7ois Legay, Matthieu Debarre, Nicolas Barbarot, Pierre Fillatre), Polyclinique Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France (Bertrand Delord, Thomas Laterrade, Tahar Saghi, Wilfried Pujol), HIA Sainte Anne, Toulon, France (Pierre Julien Cungi, Pierre Esnault, Mickael Cardinale), Grand H\u00F4pital de l\u2019Est Francilien, Meaux, France (Vivien Hong Tuan Ha, Gr\u00E9gory Fleury, Marie-Ange Brou, Daniel Zafimahazo), HIA Robert Picqu\u00E9, Villenave d\u2019Ornon, France (David Tran-Van, Patrick Avargues, Lisa Carenco), Centre Hospitalier Fontainebleau, Fontainebleau, France (Nicolas Robin, Alexandre Ouali, Lucie Houdou), H\u00F4pital Universitaire de Gen\u00E8ve, Gen\u00E8ve, Suisse (Christophe Le Terrier, No\u00E9mie Suh, Steve Primmaz, J\u00E9r\u00F4me Pugin), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Beaujon, Clichy, France (Emmanuel Weiss, Tobias Gauss, Jean-Denis Moyer, Catherine Paugam Burtz), Groupe Hospitalier Bretage Sud, Lorient, France (B\u00E9atrice La Combe, Rolland Smonig, Jade Violleau, Pauline Cailliez), Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Toulon, La Seyne sur Mer, France (Jonathan Chelly), Centre Hospitalier de Dieppe, Dieppe, France (Antoine Marchalot, C\u00E9cile Saladin, Christelle Bigot), CHU de Martinique, Fort-de-France, France (Pierre-Marie Fayolle, Jules Fats\u00E9as, Amr Ibrahim, Dabor Resiere), H\u00F4pital Fondation Adolphe de Rothchild, Paris, France (Rabih Hage, Cl\u00E9mentine Cholet, Marie Cantier, Pierre Trouiler), APHP\u2014Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France (Philippe Montravers, Brice Lortat-Jacob, Sebastien Tanaka, Alexy Tran Dinh), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Universitaire Paris Sud, Bic\u00EAtre, France (Jacques Duranteau, Anatole Harrois, Guillaume Dubreuil, Marie Werner), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Europ\u00E9en Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (Anne Godier, Sophie Hamada, Diane Zlotnik, H\u00E9l\u00E8ne Nougue), APHP, GHU Henri Mondor, Cr\u00E9teil, France (Armand Mekontso-Dessap, Guillaume Carteaux, Keyvan Razazi, Nicolas De Prost), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Cr\u00E9teil, France (Nicolas Mongardon, Olivier Langeron, Eric Levesque, Ari\u00E9 Attias), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Lariboisi\u00E8re, Paris, France (Charles de Roquetaillade, Benjamin G. Chousterman, Alexandre Mebazaa, Etienne Gayat), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France (Marc Garnier, Emmanuel Pardo, LeaSatre-Buisson, Christophe Gutton), APHP H\u00F4pital Saint-Louis, Paris, France (Elise Yvin, Cl\u00E9mence Marcault, Elie Azoulay, Michael Darmon), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France (Hafid Ait Oufella, Geoffroy Hariri, Tomas Urbina, Sandie Mazerand), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Raymond Pointcarr\u00E9, Garches, France (Nicholas Heming, Francesca Santi, Pierre Moine, Djillali Annane), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Piti\u00E9 Salp\u00EAtri\u00E8re, Paris, France (Adrien Bougl\u00E9, Edris Omar, Aymeric Lancelot, Emmanuelle Begot), Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil, France (Ga\u00E9tan Plantefeve, Damien Contou, Herv\u00E9 Mentec, Olivier Pajot), CHU Toulouse\u2014H\u00F4pital Rangueil, Toulouse, France (Stanislas Faguer, Olivier Cointault, Laurence Lavayssiere, Marie-B\u00E9atrice Nogier), Centre Hospitalier de Poissy, Poissy, France (Matthieu Jamme, Claire Pichereau, Jan Hayon, Herv\u00E9 Outin), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Saint-Louis, Paris, France (Fran\u00E7ois D\u00E9pret, Maxime Coutrot, Mait\u00E9 Chaussard, Lucie Guillemet), Clinique du MontL\u00E9gia, CHC Groupe-Sant\u00E9, Li\u00E8ge, Belgique (Pierre Goffin, Romain Thouny, Julien Guntz, Laurent Jadot), CHU Saint-Denis, La R\u00E9union, France (Romain Persichini), Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, Tourcoing, France (Vanessa Jean-Michel, Hugues Georges, Thomas Caulier), Centre Hospitalier Henri Mondor d\u2019Aurillac, Aurillac, France (Ga\u00EBl Pradel, Marie-H\u00E9l\u00E8ne Hausermann, Thi My Hue Nguyen-Valat, Michel Boudinaud), Centre Hospitalier Saint Joseph Saint Luc, Lyon, France (Emmanuel Vivier, Sylv\u00E8ne Rosseli, Ga\u00EBl Bourdin, Christian Pommier) Centre Hospitalier de Polyn\u00E9sie Fran\u00E7aise, Polyn\u00E9sie, France (Marc Vinclair, Simon Poignant, Sandrine Mons), Ramsay G\u00E9n\u00E9rale de Sant\u00E9, H\u00F4pital Priv\u00E9 Jacques Cartier, Massy, France (Wulfran Bougouin), Centre Hospitalier Alpes L\u00E9man, Contamine sur Arve, France (Franklin Bruna, Quentin Maestraggi, Christian Roth), Hospices Civils de Lyon\u2014H\u00F4pital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France (Laurent Bitker, Fran\u00E7ois Dhelft, Justine Bonnet-Chateau, Mathilde Filippelli), Centre Cardiologique du Nord, Saint-Denis, France (Tristan Morichau-Beauchant, St\u00E9phane Thierry, Charlotte Le Roy, M\u00E9lanie Saint Jouan), GHU\u2014H\u00F4pital Saint-Anne, Paris, France (Bruno Goncalves, Aur\u00E9lien Mazeraud, Matthieu Daniel, Tarek Sharshar) CHR Metz\u2014H\u00F4pital Mercy, Metz, France (Cyril Cadoz, Rostane Gaci, S\u00E9bastien Gette, Guillaune Louis), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France (Sophe-Caroline Sacleux, Marie-Am\u00E9lie Ordan), CHRU Nancy\u2014H\u00F4pital Central, Nancy, France (Aur\u00E9lie Cravoisy, Marie Conrad, Guilhem Courte, S\u00E9bastien Gibot), Centre Hospitalier d\u2019Ajaccio, Ajaccio, France (Youn\u00E8s Benzidi, Claudia Casella, Laurent Serpin, Jean-Lou Setti), Centre Hospitalier de Bourges, Bourges, France (Marie-Catherine Besse, Anna Bourreau), Centre hospitalier de la C\u00F4te Basque, Bayonne, France (J\u00E9r\u00F4me Pillot, Caroline Rivera, Camille Vinclair, Marie-Aline Robaux), Hospices Civils de Lyon\u2014H\u00F4pital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France (Chlo\u00E9 Achino, Marie-Charlotte Delignette, Tessa Mazard, Fr\u00E9d\u00E9ric Aubrun), CH Saint-Malo, Saint-Malo, France (Bruno Bouchet, Aur\u00E9lien Fr\u00E9rou, Laura Muller, Charlotte Quentin), Centre Hospitalier de Mulhouse, Mulhouse, France (Samuel Degoul), Centre Hospitalier de Brian\u00E7on, Brian\u00E7on, France (Xavier Stihle, Claude Sumian, Nicoletta Bergero, Bernard Lanaspre), CHU Nice, H\u00F4pital Pasteur 2, Nice, France (Herv\u00E9 Quintard, Eve Marie Maiziere), Centre Hospitalier des Pays de Morlaix, Morlaix, France (Pierre-Yves Egreteau, Guillaume Leloup, Florin Berteau, Marjolaine Cottrel), Centre Hospitalier Valence, Valence, France (Marie Bouteloup, Matthieu Jeannot, Quentin Blanc, Julien Saison), Centre Hospitalier Niort, Niort, France (Isabelle Geneau, Romaric Grenot, Abdel Ouchike, Pascal Hazera), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Piti\u00E9 Salp\u00EAtri\u00E8re, Paris, France (Anne-Lyse Masse, Suela Demiri, Corinne Vezinet, Elodie Baron, Deborah Benchetrit, Antoine Monsel), Clinique du Val d\u2019Or, Saint Cloud, France (Gr\u00E9goire Trebbia, Emmanuelle Schaack, Rapha\u00EBl Lepecq, Mathieu Bobet), Centre Hospitalier de B\u00E9thune, B\u00E9thune, France (Christophe Vinsonneau, Thibault Dekeyser, Quentin Delforge, Imen Rahmani), Groupe Hospitalier Intercommunal de la Haute-Sa\u00F4ne, Vesoul, France (B\u00E9reng\u00E8re Vivet, Jonathan Paillot, Lucie Hierle, Claire Chaignat, Sarah Valette), Clinique Saint-Martin, Caen, France (Beno\u00EFt Her, Jennifier Brunet), Ramsay G\u00E9n\u00E9rale de Sant\u00E9, Clinique Convert, Bourg en Bresse, France (Mathieu Page, Fabienne Boiste, Anthony Collin), H\u00F4pital Victor Jousselin, Dreux, France(Florent Bavozet, Aude Garin, Mohamed Dlala, KaisMhamdi), Centre Hospitalier de Troye, Troye, France, (Bassem Beilouny, Alexandra Lavalard, Severine Perez), CHU de ROUEN-H\u00F4pital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France (Benoit Veber, Pierre-Gildas Guitard, Philippe Gouin, Anna Lamacz), Centre Hospitalier Agen-N\u00E9rac, Agen, France (Fabienne Plouvier, Bertrand P. Delaborde, A\u00EFssa Kherchache, Amina Chaalal), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France (Jean-Damien Ricard, Marc Amouretti, Santiago Freita-Ramos, Damien Roux), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Piti\u00E9-Salp\u00EAtri\u00E8re, Paris, France (Jean-Michel Constantin, Mona Assefi, Marine Lecore, Agathe Selves), Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France (Florian Prevost, Christian Lamer, Ruiying Shi, Lyes Knani), CHU Besan\u00E7on\u2014H\u00F4pital Jean Minjoz, Besan\u00E7on, France, (S\u00E9bastien Pili Floury, Lucie Vettoretti), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Universitaire Robert-Debr\u00E9, Paris, France (Michael Levy, Lucile Marsac, St\u00E9phane Dauger, Sophie Guilmin-Cr\u00E9pon), CHU Besan\u00E7on\u2014H\u00F4pital Jean Minjoz, Besan\u00E7on, France, (Hadrien Winiszewski, Gael Piton, Thibaud Soumagne, Gilles Capellier); M\u00E9dip\u00F4le Lyon-Villeurbanne, Vileurbanne, France, (Jean-Baptiste Putegnat, Fr\u00E9d\u00E9rique Bayle, Maya Perrou, Ghyslaine Thao), APHP\u2014Ambroise Par\u00E9, Boulogne-Billancourt, France (Guillaume G\u00E9ri, Cyril Charron, Xavier Repess\u00E9, Antoine Vieillard-Baron), CHU Amiens Picardie, Amiens, France (Mathieu Guilbart, Pierre-Alexandre Roger, S\u00E9bastien Hinard, Pierre-Yves Macq), H\u00F4pital Nord-Ouest, Villefranche-sur-Sa\u00F4ne, France (Kevin Chaulier, Sylvie Goutte), CH de Ch\u00E2lons en Champagne, Ch\u00E2lons en Champagne, France (Patrick Chillet, Ana\u00EFs Pitta, Barbara Darjent, Amandine Bruneau), CHU Angers, Angers, France (Sigismond Lasocki, Maxime Leger, Soizic Gergaud, Pierre Lemarie), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France (Nicolas Terzi, Carole Schwebel, Ana\u00EFs Dartevel, Louis-Marie Galerneau), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Europ\u00E9en Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (Jean-Luc Diehl, Caroline Hauw-Berlemont, Nicolas P\u00E9ron, Emmanuel Gu\u00E9rot), H\u00F4pital Priv\u00E9 d\u2019Antony, Antony, France (Abolfazl Mohebbi Amoli, Michel Benhamou, Jean-Pierre Deyme, Olivier Andremont), Institut Arnault Tzanck,Saint Laurent du Var, France (Diane Lena, Julien Cady, Arnaud Causeret, Arnaud De La Chapelle); Centre Hospitalier d\u2019 Angoul\u00EAme, Angoul\u00EAme, France (Christophe Cracco, St\u00E9phane Rouleau, David Schnell); Centre Hospitalier de Cahors, Cahors, France (Camille Foucault), Centre hospitalier de Carcassonne, Carcassonne, France (C\u00E9cile Lory); CHU Nice\u2014H\u00F4pital L\u2019Archet 2, Nice, France (Thibault Chapelle, Vincent Bruckert, Julie Garcia, Abdlazize Sahraoui); H\u00F4pital Priv\u00E9 du Vert Galant, Tremblay-en-France, France (Nathalie Abbosh, Caroline Bornstain, Pierre Pernet); Centre Hospitalier de Rambouillet, Rambouillet, France (Florent Poirson, Ahmed Pasem, Philippe Karoubi); Hopitaux du L\u00E9man, Thonon les Bains, France (Virginie Poupinel, Caroline Gauthier, Fran\u00E7ois Bouniol, Philippe Feuchere), Centre Hospitalier Victor Jousselin, Dreux, France (Florent Bavozet, Anne Heron), H\u00F4pital Sainte Camille, Brie sur Marne, France (Serge Carreira, Malo Emery, Anne Sophie Le Floch, Luana Giovannangeli), H\u00F4pital d\u2019instruction des arm\u00E9es Clermont-Tonnerre, Brest, France (Nicolas Herzog, Christophe Giacardi, Thibaut Baudic, Chlo\u00E9 Thill), APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Piti\u00E9 Salp\u00EAtri\u00E8re, Paris, France (Said Lebbah, Jessica Palmyre, Florence Tubach, David Hajage); APHP\u2014H\u00F4pital Avicenne, Bobigny, France (Nicolas Bonnet, Nathan Ebstein, St\u00E9phane Gaudry, Yves Cohen); Groupement Hospitalier la Rochelle R\u00E9 Amis, La Rochelle, France (Julie Noublanche, Olivier Lesieur); Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Mont de Marsan et du Pays des Sources, Mont de Marsan, France (Arnaud S\u00E9ment, Isabel Roca-Cerezo, Michel Pascal, Nesrine Sma); Centre Hospitalier D\u00E9partemental de Vend\u00E9e, La-Roche-Sur-Yon, France (Gwenha\u00EBl Colin, Jean-Claude Lacherade, Gauthier Bionz, Natacha Maquigneau); P\u00F4le Anesth\u00E9sie-R\u00E9animation, CHU Grenoble (Pierre Bouzat, Michel Durand, Marie-Christine H\u00E9rault, Jean-Francois Payen).Open access funding provided by University of Geneva. This study was funded by the AP-HP Foundation and its donators though the program \u201CAlliance Tous Unis Contre le Virus\u201D, by the Clinical Research and Development Department, by the French Ministry of Health and by the Private Foundation of the Geneva University hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. The Reseau European de recherche en Ventilation Artificielle (REVA) network received a 75,000 \u20AC research grant from Air Liquide Healthcare. Sponsor: The sponsor was Assistance Publique H\u00F4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP). Role of the funder: The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study, collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
