Catalogs; Methods: data analysis; Stars: AGB and post-AGB; Stars: carbon; Stars: variables: general; Techniques: radial velocities; Catalog; Long period variables; Methods. Data analysis; Photometrics; Radial velocity; Stars:AGB and post AGB; Stars:carbon; Stars:variables:general; Times series; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science
Abstract :
[en] Context. The third Gaia Data Release (DR3) provided photometric time series of more than 2 million long-period variable (LPV) candidates. Anticipating the publication of full radial-velocity data planned with Data Release 4, this Focused Product Release (FPR) provides radial-velocity time series for a selection of LPV candidates with high-quality observations. Aims. We describe the production and content of the Gaia catalog of LPV radial-velocity time series, and the methods used to compute the variability parameters published as part of the Gaia FPR. Methods. Starting from the DR3 catalog of LPV candidates, we applied several filters to construct a sample of sources with high-quality radial-velocity measurements. We modeled their radial-velocity and photometric time series to derive their periods and amplitudes, and further refined the sample by requiring compatibility between the radial-velocity period and at least one of the G, GBP, or GRP photometric periods. Results. The catalog includes radial-velocity time series and variability parameters for 9614 sources in the magnitude range 6 ≲ G/mag ≲ 14, including a flagged top-quality subsample of 6093 stars whose radial-velocity periods are fully compatible with the values derived from the G, GBP, and GRP photometric time series. The radial-velocity time series contain a mean of 24 measurements per source taken unevenly over a duration of about three years. We identify the great majority of the sources (88%) as genuine LPV candidates, with about half of them showing a pulsation period and the other half displaying a long secondary period. The remaining 12% of the catalog consists of candidate ellipsoidal binaries. Quality checks against radial velocities available in the literature show excellent agreement. We provide some illustrative examples and cautionary remarks. Conclusions. The publication of radial-velocity time series for almost ten thousand LPV candidates constitutes, by far, the largest such database available to date in the literature. The availability of simultaneous photometric measurements gives a unique added value to the Gaia catalog.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Trabucchi, M. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy G. Galilei, University of Padova, Padova, Italy ; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Mowlavi, N. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Lebzelter, T. ; University of Vienna, Department of Astrophysics, Vienna, Austria
Lecoeur-Taibi, I. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Audard, M. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland ; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Eyer, L. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
García-Lario, P. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Madrid, Spain
Gavras, P. ; Rhea for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Holl, B. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland ; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Jevardat De Fombelle, G. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Nienartowicz, K. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland ; Sednai Sàrl, Geneva, Switzerland
Rimoldini, L. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Sartoretti, P. ; Gepi, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Meudon, France
Blomme, R. ; Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
Frémat, Y. ; Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
Marchal, O. ; Université de Strasbourg, Cnrs, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Umr 7550, Strasbourg, France
Damerdji, Yassine ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Groupe d'astrophysique des hautes énergies (GAPHE) ; CRAAG-Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique, Algiers, Algeria
Guerrier, A.; Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Panuzzo, P. ; Gepi, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Meudon, France
Katz, D. ; Gepi, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Meudon, France
Seabroke, G.M. ; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey, United Kingdom
Benson, K.; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey, United Kingdom
Haigron, R.; Gepi, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Meudon, France
Smith, M.; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey, United Kingdom
Lobel, A. ; Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
Vallenari, A. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Prusti, T. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
De Bruijne, J.H.J. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Arenou, F. ; Gepi, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Meudon, France
Babusiaux, C. ; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Cnrs, Ipag, Grenoble, France
Barbier, A. ; Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Biermann, M. ; Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Creevey, O.L. ; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Cnrs, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, Cs 34229, Nice, France
Ducourant, C. ; Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, Cnrs, Pessac, France
Evans, D.W. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Guerra, R. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Madrid, Spain
Hutton, A.; Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Jordi, C. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Klioner, S.A. ; Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Lammers, U. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Madrid, Spain
Lindegren, L. ; Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Luri, X. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Mignard, F.; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Cnrs, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, Cs 34229, Nice, France
Randich, S. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze, Italy
Smiljanic, R. ; Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Tanga, P. ; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Cnrs, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, Cs 34229, Nice, France
Walton, N.A. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Bailer-Jones, C.A.L.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
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Cropper, M. ; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey, United Kingdom
Drimmel, R. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Lattanzi, M.G. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy ; University of Turin, Department of Physics, Torino, Italy
Soubiran, C. ; Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, Cnrs, Pessac, France
Van Leeuwen, F. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Bakker, J.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Madrid, Spain
Castañeda, J. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain ; Dapcom Data Services, Barcelona, Spain
De Angeli, F. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Fabricius, C. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Fouesneau, M. ; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
Galluccio, L. ; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Cnrs, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, Cs 34229, Nice, France
Masana, E. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Messineo, R.; Altec S.p.a, Torino, Italy
Nicolas, C.; Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Pailler, F. ; Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Riclet, F.; Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Roux, W. ; Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Sordo, R. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Thévenin, F. ; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Cnrs, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, Cs 34229, Nice, France
Gracia-Abril, G.; Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany ; Gaia Dpac Project Office, Esac, Madrid, Spain
Portell, J. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
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Altmann, M. ; Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany ; Syrte, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Sorbonne Université, Lne, Paris, France
Berthier, J. ; Imcce, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Lille, Paris, France
Burgess, P.W. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Busonero, D. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Busso, G. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Cánovas, H. ; Telespazio Uk S.L. for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Carry, B. ; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Cnrs, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, Cs 34229, Nice, France
Cheek, N.; Serco Gestión de Negocios for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Clementini, G. ; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza Dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Davidson, M. ; Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
De Teodoro, P.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Madrid, Spain
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Fraile Garcia, E. ; Rhea for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Garabato, D. ; Cigus Citic, Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
Garralda Torres, N.; Atg Europe for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Hambly, N.C. ; Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Harrison, D.L. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom ; Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Hatzidimitriou, D. ; Department of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Hernández, J. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Madrid, Spain
Hodgkin, S.T. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Jamal, S. ; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
Jordan, S. ; Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Krone-Martins, A. ; Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, United States ; Centra, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Lorca, A. ; Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
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Moitinho, A. ; Centra, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Muinonen, K. ; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; Finnish Geospatial Research Institute Fgi, Espoo, Finland
Nuñez Campos, M.; Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Oreshina-Slezak, I.; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Cnrs, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, Cs 34229, Nice, France
Osborne, P. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Pancino, E. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze, Italy ; Space Science Data Center-ASI, Roma, Italy
Pauwels, T.; Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
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Riello, M. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Robin, A.C. ; Institut Utinam Cnrs UMR6213, Université de Franche-Comté, Osu Theta Franche-Comté Bourgogne, Besançon, France
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Siopis, C. ; Institut d'Astronomie et d'Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Sozzetti, A. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Utrilla, E.; Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
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Weingrill, K. ; Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), Potsdam, Germany
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Ábrahám, P. ; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Mta Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary ; Elte Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Budapest, Hungary
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Anderson, R.I. ; Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, Versoix, Switzerland
Antoja, T. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
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Binnenfeld, A. ; Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Bouquillon, S.; Syrte, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Sorbonne Université, Lne, Paris, France ; LFCA/DAS, Universidad de Chile, Cnrs, Santiago, Chile
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Carnerero, M.I. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Carrasco, J.M. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Carretero, J. ; Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus Uab, Barcelona, Spain ; Port d'Informació Científica (PIC), Campus Uab, Barcelona, Spain
Carton, S.; Thales Services for Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Casamiquela, L. ; Gepi, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Meudon, France ; Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, Cnrs, Pessac, France
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Castro-Ginard, A. ; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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Charlot, P. ; Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, Cnrs, Pessac, France
Chemin, L. ; Instituto de Astrofísica, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
Chiaramida, V.; Altec S.p.a, Torino, Italy
Chiavassa, A. ; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Cnrs, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, Cs 34229, Nice, France
Chornay, N. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Collins, R. ; Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Contursi, G. ; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Cnrs, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, Cs 34229, Nice, France
Cooper, W.J. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy ; Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
Cornez, T.; Thales Services for Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Crosta, M. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy ; University of Turin, Mathematical Department "g. Peano", Torino, Italy
Crowley, C. ; He Space Operations Bv for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Dafonte, C. ; Cigus Citic, Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
David, M. ; University of Antwerp, Onderzoeksgroep Toegepaste Wiskunde, Antwerp, Belgium
De Laverny, P. ; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Cnrs, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, Cs 34229, Nice, France
De Luise, F. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo, Teramo, Italy
De March, R. ; Altec S.p.a, Torino, Italy
De Ridder, J. ; Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, Ku Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
De Souza, R. ; Instituto de Astronomia, Geofìsica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
De Torres, A.; He Space Operations Bv for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Del Peloso, E.F.; Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Delbo, M. ; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Cnrs, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, Cs 34229, Nice, France
Delgado, A.; Rhea for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Dharmawardena, T.E. ; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
Diakite, S.; Mésocentre de Calcul de Franche-Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
Diener, C.; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Distefano, E. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Dolding, C.; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey, United Kingdom
Dsilva, K. ; Institut d'Astronomie et d'Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Durán, J.; Rhea for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Enke, H. ; Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), Potsdam, Germany
Esquej, P. ; Rhea for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Fabre, C.; Atos for Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Fabrizio, M. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Roma, Italy ; Space Science Data Center-ASI, Roma, Italy
Faigler, S. ; School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Fatović, M. ; Ruder BoškovićInstitute, Zagreb, Croatia
Fedorets, G. ; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
Fernández-Hernández, J.; Rhea for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Fernique, P. ; Université de Strasbourg, Cnrs, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Umr 7550, Strasbourg, France
Figueras, F. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Fournier, Y. ; Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), Potsdam, Germany
Fouron, C.; Telespazio for Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Garcia-Gutierrez, A.; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
García-Torres, M. ; Data Science and Big Data Lab, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
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Gerlach, E. ; Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Giacobbe, P. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Gilmore, G. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom ; Institute of Astrophysics, Forth, Crete, Greece
Girona, S. ; Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
Giuffrida, G. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Roma, Italy
Gomel, R.; School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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González-Núñez, J. ; Etse Telecomunicación, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, Galicia, Spain
González-Santamaría, I. ; Cigus Citic, Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
Gosset, Eric ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Groupe d'astrophysique des hautes énergies (GAPHE) ; F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
Granvik, M. ; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; Asteroid Engineering Laboratory, Luleå University of Technology, Kiruna, Sweden
Gregori Barrera, V.; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Gutiérrez-Sánchez, R. ; Telespazio Uk S.L. for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Haywood, M. ; Gepi, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Meudon, France
Helmer, A.; Thales Services for Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Helmi, A. ; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Hidalgo, S.L. ; IAC-Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain ; Department of Astrophysics, University of la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Hilger, T. ; Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Hobbs, D. ; Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Hottier, C. ; Gepi, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Meudon, France
Huckle, H.E.; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Jansen, F.; European Space Agency (ESA Retired), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Jiménez-Arranz, Ó. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Juaristi Campillo, J.; Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Kóspál, Á. ; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany ; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Mta Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary ; Elte Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Budapest, Hungary
Kun, M. ; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Mta Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
Lambert, S. ; Syrte, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Sorbonne Université, Lne, Paris, France
Lanza, A.F. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Le Campion, J.-F.; Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, Cnrs, Pessac, France
Lebreton, Y. ; Lesia, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Meudon, France ; Université Rennes, Cnrs, Ipr (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, Rennes, France
Leccia, S. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Napoli, Italy
Lecoutre, G.; Institut Utinam Cnrs UMR6213, Université de Franche-Comté, Osu Theta Franche-Comté Bourgogne, Besançon, France
Liao, S. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy ; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Liberato, L. ; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Cnrs, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, Cs 34229, Nice, France ; São Paulo State University, Grupo de Dinâmica Orbital e Planetologia, Brazil
Licata, E. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Lindstrøm, H.E.P. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy ; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen ø, Denmark ; Dxc Technology, Valby, Denmark
Lister, T.A. ; Las Cumbres Observatory, Goleta, United States
Livanou, E. ; Department of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Loup, C.; Université de Strasbourg, Cnrs, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Umr 7550, Strasbourg, France
Mahy, L. ; Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
Mann, R.G. ; Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Manteiga, M. ; Cigus Citic, Department of Nautical Sciences and Marine Engineering, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
Marchant, J.M. ; Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Marconi, M. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Napoli, Italy
Marín Pina, D. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Marinoni, S. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Roma, Italy ; Space Science Data Center-ASI, Roma, Italy
Marshall, D.J. ; Irap, Université de Toulouse, Cnrs, Ups, Cnes, Toulouse, France
Martín Lozano, J. ; Serco Gestión de Negocios for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Martín-Fleitas, J.M. ; Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Marton, G. ; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Mta Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
Mary, N.; Thales Services for Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Masip, A. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Massari, D. ; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza Dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Mastrobuono-Battisti, A. ; Gepi, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Meudon, France
Mazeh, T. ; School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
McMillan, P.J. ; Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Meichsner, J. ; Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Messina, S. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Michalik, D. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Millar, N.R.; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Mints, A. ; Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), Potsdam, Germany
Molina, D. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Molinaro, R. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Napoli, Italy
Molnár, L. ; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Mta Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary ; Elte Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Budapest, Hungary ; Mta Csfk Lendület Near-Field Cosmology Research Group, Konkoly Observatory, Mta Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Monari, G. ; Université de Strasbourg, Cnrs, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Umr 7550, Strasbourg, France
Monguió, M. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Montegriffo, P. ; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza Dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Montero, A.; Serco Gestión de Negocios for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Mor, R. ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain ; Pervasive Technologies S.l., Barcelona, Spain
Mora, A.; Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Morbidelli, R. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Morel, Thierry ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Morris, D. ; Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Munoz, D.; Thales Services for Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Muraveva, T. ; INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza Dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Murphy, C.P.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Madrid, Spain
Musella, I. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Napoli, Italy
Nagy, Z. ; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Mta Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
Nieto, S.; Rhea for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Noval, L.; Thales Services for Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Ogden, A.; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Ordenovic, C.; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Cnrs, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, Cs 34229, Nice, France
Pagani, C. ; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Pagano, I. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Palaversa, L. ; Ruder BoškovićInstitute, Zagreb, Croatia
Palicio, P.A. ; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Cnrs, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, Cs 34229, Nice, France
Pallas-Quintela, L. ; Cigus Citic, Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
Panahi, A. ; School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Panem, C.; Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Payne-Wardenaar, S.; Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Pegoraro, L.; Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Penttilä, A. ; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Pesciullesi, P.; Rhea for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Pinamonti, M. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Pineau, F.-X. ; Université de Strasbourg, Cnrs, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Umr 7550, Strasbourg, France
Plachy, E. ; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Mta Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary ; Elte Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Budapest, Hungary ; Mta Csfk Lendület Near-Field Cosmology Research Group, Konkoly Observatory, Mta Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Plum, G.; Gepi, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Meudon, France
Poggio, E. ; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Cnrs, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, Cs 34229, Nice, France ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Pourbaix, D. ; Institut d'Astronomie et d'Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium ; F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
Prša, A. ; Villanova University, Department of Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Villanova, United States
Pulone, L. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Roma, Italy
Racero, E. ; Serco Gestión de Negocios for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain ; Departmento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Rainer, M. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze, Italy ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Merate, Italy
Raiteri, C.M. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Ramos, P. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain ; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
Ramos-Lerate, M. ; Telespazio Uk S.L. for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Ratajczak, M. ; Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
Re Fiorentin, P. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Regibo, S. ; Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, Ku Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Reylé, C. ; Institut Utinam Cnrs UMR6213, Université de Franche-Comté, Osu Theta Franche-Comté Bourgogne, Besançon, France
Ripepi, V. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Napoli, Italy
Riva, A. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Rix, H.-W. ; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
Rixon, G. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Robichon, N. ; Gepi, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Meudon, France
Robin, C.; Thales Services for Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Romero-Gómez, M. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Rowell, N. ; Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Royer, F. ; Gepi, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Meudon, France
Ruz Mieres, D. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Rybicki, K.A. ; Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Sadowski, G. ; Institut d'Astronomie et d'Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Sáez Núñez, A. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Sagristà Sellés, A. ; Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Sahlmann, J. ; Rhea for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Sanchez Gimenez, V. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Sanna, N. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze, Italy
Santoveña, R. ; Cigus Citic, Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
Sarasso, M. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Sarrate Riera, C.; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain ; Dapcom Data Services, Barcelona, Spain
Sciacca, E. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Segovia, J.C.; Serco Gestión de Negocios for European Space Agency (ESA), Madrid, Spain
Ségransan, D. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Shahaf, S. ; Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Slezak, E.; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Cnrs, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, Cs 34229, Nice, France
Smart, R.L. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy ; Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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Solitro, F.; Altec S.p.a, Torino, Italy
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Spoto, F. ; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, United States
Squillante, L.A.; Altec S.p.a, Torino, Italy
Steele, I.A. ; Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Steidelmüller, H.; Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Surdej, Jean ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Szabados, L. ; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Mta Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
Taris, F.; Syrte, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Sorbonne Université, Lne, Paris, France
Taylor, M.B. ; H H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Teixeira, R. ; Instituto de Astronomia, Geofìsica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Tisanić, K. ; Ruder BoškovićInstitute, Zagreb, Croatia
Tolomei, L. ; Altec S.p.a, Torino, Italy
Torra, F. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain ; Dapcom Data Services, Barcelona, Spain
Torralba Elipe, G. ; Cigus Citic, Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain ; Escuela de Arquitectura y Politécnica, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Spain ; Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, Spain
Tsantaki, M. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze, Italy
Ulla, A. ; Applied Physics Department, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain ; Instituto de Física e Ciencias Aeroespaciais (IFCAE), Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
Unger, N. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
Vanel, O. ; Gepi, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Meudon, France
Vecchiato, A. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
Vicente, D. ; Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
Voutsinas, S.; Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Weiler, M.; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Wyrzykowski, Ł. ; Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
Zhao, H. ; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Cnrs, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, Cs 34229, Nice, France ; Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
Zorec, J. ; Sorbonne Université, Cnrs, UMR7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France
Zwitter, T. ; Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Balaguer-Nunez, L. ; Institut de Ciències Del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Leclerc, N. ; Gepi, Observatoire de Paris, Université Psl, Cnrs, Meudon, France
Morgenthaler, S. ; Institute of Mathematics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
Robert, G.; Thales Services for Cnes Centre Spatial de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Zucker, S. ; Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Acknowledgements. This work presents results from the European Space Agency (ESA) space mission Gaia. Gaia data are being processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC). Funding for the DPAC is provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia MultiLateral Agreement (MLA). The Gaia mission website is https://www. cosmos.esa.int/gaia. The Gaia archive website is https://archives. esac.esa.int/gaia. Full acknowledgements are given in Appendix E.
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