Leontopithecus chrysopygus; change point test; decision‐making process; forest fragment; movement ecology; route networks; Animals; Male; Female; Feeding Behavior; Ecosystem; Environment; Decision Making; Leontopithecus/physiology; Forests; Endangered Species; Leontopithecus; Leontopithecus rosalia; Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics; Animal Science and Zoology
Abstract :
[en] Daily, primates take a variety of decisions to establish why, when, and where to move. However, little is known about the factors influencing and shaping primate daily routes. We investigated the decision-making processes linked to route planning in four groups of black lion tamarins (BLT-Leontopithecus chrysopygus). We studied these endangered platyrrhines within four distinct environmental contexts across their natural distribution (i.e., a continuous forest, a 500-ha forest fragment, a 100-ha forest fragment, and a riparian forest). We used the Change Point Test to identify the points of significant direction change (CPs), which can be considered travel goals along BLT daily trajectories and are key components of travel planning. Considering the high importance of fruits and gum in BLT's diet, we predicted that feeding trees would be the main factor shaping their paths (feeding CPs-FCPs). Also, given previous evidence that platyrrhines use landmarks (i.e., characteristic features from the terrain) as nodes in route network systems (i.e., points of intersection connecting habitual route segments), we expected part of CPs to be located close to the intersection points and to be associated with "locomotion" behavior (LCPs). Analyzing 61 daily paths in four forest fragments, our results showed that BLTs planned routes to reach feeding trees, which primarily determined path orientation. As hypothesized, locomotion was the most frequent behavior observed in CPs, but only in the continuous and riparian forests, with LCPs located as close to intersections as FCPs. Interestingly, these two areas presented the most extreme values (i.e., higher and lower values, respectively) in terms of used area, richness of resources and distances traveled between fruit-feeding trees. Our results suggest that BLTs plan daily routes conditional on the environmental context to reach travel goals, likely to maximize route efficiency to reach out of sight feeding trees.
Disciplines :
Environmental sciences & ecology Zoology
Author, co-author :
Bufalo, Felipe ; Laboratório de Primatologia (LaP), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil ; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Evolução e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
Kaisin, Olivier ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Plant Sciences ; Laboratório de Primatologia (LaP), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil ; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Evolução e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
de Almeida E Silva, Anne-Sophie ; Laboratório de Primatologia (LaP), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil ; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
Amaral, Rodrigo Gonçalves ; Laboratório de Primatologia (LaP), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil ; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
Messaoudi, Yness ; Laboratório de Primatologia (LaP), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil ; University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
Alcolea, Mirela ; Laboratório de Primatologia (LaP), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
Zanette, Eduardo M ; Laboratório de Primatologia (LaP), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil ; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Evolução e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
Sabino, Gabriel Pavan ; Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
Börger, Luca ; Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
Culot, Laurence ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Biologie, Ecologie et Evolution > Biologie du comportement - Ethologie et psychologie animale ; Laboratório de Primatologia (LaP), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
Language :
English
Title :
Route Planning Process by the Endangered Black Lion Tamarin in Different Environmental Contexts.
We thank Neli Fidencio Rodrigues and Ronald Teles Rodrigues, as well as other family members, for all support during data collection in Guare\u00ED. We also thank the valuable contribution provided by the Editor Dr. Pedro Dias, and two anonymous reviewers, for the improvement of this manuscript. This work was supported by the S\u00E3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP\u2014Young Investigator Grant #2014/14739-0 and #2021/06668-0 to Laurence Culot). Felipe Bufalo received a fellowship from the S\u00E3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP #2023/01760-0), from Coordena\u00E7\u00E3o de Aperfei\u00E7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00EDvel Superior (CAPES #88881.846203/2023-01) and from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq: #133172/2018-0 and #443489/2020-3). Olivier Kaisin received funding from the National Fund for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS, Belgium). Anne-Sophie Almeida e Silva received a fellowship from CNPq (#141813/2017-2) and a Small Grant from the Rufford Foundation (#29108-1). Rodrigo Gon\u00E7alves Amaral received a fellowship from FAPESP (#2019/11102\u20135 and #2023/13054-3) and from (CAPES). Eduardo M. Zanette received fellowships from CNPq (#130909/2020-3) and FAPESP (#2020/11129-8 and #2021/10284-2). Laurence Culot Received a Research Productivity Fellowship from CNPq (#314964/2021-5). We thank Instituto de Pesquisas Ecol\u00F3gicas (IPE) for the logistics and field support.We thank Neli Fidencio Rodrigues and Ronald Teles Rodrigues, as well as other family members, for all support during data collection in Guare\u00ED. We also thank the valuable contribution provided by the Editor Dr. Pedro Dias, and two anonymous reviewers, for the improvement of this manuscript. This work was supported by the S\u00E3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP\u2014Young Investigator Grant #2014/14739\u20100 and #2021/06668\u20100 to Laurence Culot). Felipe Bufalo received a fellowship from the S\u00E3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP #2023/01760\u20100), from Coordena\u00E7\u00E3o de Aperfei\u00E7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00EDvel Superior (CAPES #88881.846203/2023\u201001) and from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq: #133172/2018\u20100 and #443489/2020\u20103). Olivier Kaisin received funding from the National Fund for Scientific Research (FRS\u2010FNRS, Belgium). Anne\u2010Sophie Almeida e Silva received a fellowship from CNPq (#141813/2017\u20102) and a Small Grant from the Rufford Foundation (#29108\u20101). Rodrigo Gon\u00E7alves Amaral received a fellowship from FAPESP (#2019/11102\u20135 and #2023/13054\u20103) and from (CAPES). Eduardo M. Zanette received fellowships from CNPq (#130909/2020\u20103) and FAPESP (#2020/11129\u20108 and #2021/10284\u20102). Laurence Received a Research Productivity Fellowship from CNPq (#314964/2021\u20105).
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