adaptive optics; high-contrast; instrumentation; exoplanets; thermal infrared; integral field spectroscopy; slenslit
Abstract :
[en] SCALES (Slicer Combined with Array of Lenslets for Exoplanet Spectroscopy) is the next-generation, diffraction-limited, thermal infrared, fully cryogenic, coronagraphic exoplanet spectrograph and imager for W.M. Keck Observatory. SCALES is fed by the Keck II Adaptive Optics bench. Both modes use common fore-optics to simplify the optical design and have individual detectors, which are JWST flight spares. The imager mode operates from 1 to 5 microns with selectable narrow- and broadband filters over a field of view 12.3 arcseconds on a side, and the integral field spectrograph mode operates from 2 to 5 microns with both low and mid spectral resolutions (R∼ 100 to R∼ 7500) over a field of view 2.15 arcseconds on a side. The diamond-turned aluminum optics, most of which are already delivered, with the rest being fabricated, provide low distortion, low wavefront error, and high throughput for all modes. The slicing unit, located behind the lenslet array, allows SCALES to reach heretofore unheard-of spatially-resolved spectral resolution for exoplanet and disc observations from the ground with a coronagraphic integral field spectrograph. The SCALES consortium includes UC Observatories, CalTech, W.M. Keck Observatory, the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, and the University of Durham, with over 40 science team members. We report on the overall design and project status during its ongoing fabrication phase, which started in early 2023.
Research Center/Unit :
STAR - Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research - ULiège
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Stelter, R. Deno; University of California, Santa Cruz
Skemer, Andrew J.; University of California, Santa Cruz, Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics
Sallum, Stephanie; University of California, Irvine
MacDonald, Nick; University of California, Santa Cruz
Kupke, Renate; University of California, Santa Cruz
Ratliff, Christopher; University of California, Santa Cruz
Copyright 2023 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited. https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/13096/3020806/SCALES-status-report/10.1117/12.3020806.short
Currie, T., Biller, B., Lagrange, A., Marois, C., Guyon, O., Nielsen, E.L., Bonnefoy, M., and De Rosa, R.J., “Direct Imaging and Spectroscopy of Extrasolar Planets,” in [Protostars and Planets VII], Inutsuka, S., Aikawa, Y., Muto, T., Tomida, K., and Tamura, M., eds., Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series 534, 799 (July 2023).
Macintosh, B., Graham, J.R., Ingraham, P., Konopacky, Q., Marois, C., Perrin, M., Poyneer, L., Bauman, B., Barman, T., Burrows, A.S., Cardwell, A., Chilcote, J., De Rosa, R.J., Dillon, D., Doyon, R., Dunn, J., Erikson, D., Fitzgerald, M.P., Gavel, D., Goodsell, S., Hartung, M., Hibon, P., Kalas, P., Larkin, J., Maire, J., Marchis, F., Marley, M.S., McBride, J., Millar-Blanchaer, M., Morzinski, K., Norton, A., Oppenheimer, B.R., Palmer, D., Patience, J., Pueyo, L., Rantakyro, F., Sadakuni, N., Saddlemyer, L., Savransky, D., Serio, A., Soummer, R., Sivaramakrishnan, A., Song, I., Thomas, S., Wallace, J.K., Wiktorowicz, S., and Wolff, S., “First light of the Gemini Planet Imager,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 111, 12661-12666 (Sept.2014).
Beuzit, J.-L., Feldt, M., Dohlen, K., Mouillet, D., Puget, P., Wildi, F., Abe, L., Antichi, J., Baruffolo, A., Baudoz, P., Boccaletti, A., Carbillet, M., Charton, J., Claudi, R., Downing, M., Fabron, C., Feautrier, P., Fedrigo, E., Fusco, T., Gach, J.-L., Gratton, R., Henning, T., Hubin, N., Joos, F., Kasper, M., Langlois, M., Lenzen, R., Moutou, C., Pavlov, A., Petit, C., Pragt, J., Rabou, P., Rigal, F., Roelfsema, R., Rousset, G., Saisse, M., Schmid, H.-M., Stadler, E., Thalmann, C., Turatto, M., Udry, S., Vakili, F., and Waters, R., “SPHERE: a'Planet Finder' instrument for the VLT,” in [Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy II], McLean, I.S.and Casali, M.M., eds., Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series 7014, 701418 (July 2008).
Groff, T.D., Kasdin, N.J., Limbach, M.A., Galvin, M., Carr, M.A., Knapp, G., Brandt, T., Loomis, C., Jarosik, N., Mede, K., McElwain, M.W., Leviton, D.B., Miller, K.H., Quijada, M.A., Guyon, O., Jovanovic, N., Takato, N., and Hayashi, M., “The CHARIS IFS for high contrast imaging at Subaru,” in [Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VII], Shaklan, S., ed., Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series 9605, 96051C (Sept.2015).
Sallum, S., Skemer, A., Stelter, D., Banyal, R., Batalha, N., Batalha, N., Blake, G., Brandt, T., Briesemeister, Z., de Kleer, K., de Pater, I., Desai, A., Eisner, J., Fong, W.-f., Greene, T., Honda, M., Jensen-Clem, R., Kain, I., Kilpatrick, C., Kupke, R., Lach, M., Liu, M.C., Macintosh, B., Martinez, R.A., Mawet, D., Miles, B., Morley, C., Powell, D., Sethuram, R., Sheehan, P., Spilker, J., Stone, J., Surya, A., Thirupathi, S., Unni, A., Wagner, K., and Zhou, Y., “The Slicer Combined with Array of Lenslets for Exoplanet Spectroscopy (SCALES): driving science cases and expected outcomes,” arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2310.07134 (Oct.2023).
Kupke, R., Stelter, R.D., Hasan, A., Surya, A., Kain, I., Briesemeister, Z., Li, J., Hinz, P., Skemer, A., Gerard, B., Dillon, D., and Ratliff, C., “SCALES on Keck: optical design,” in [Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IX], Evans, C.J., Bryant, J.J., and Motohara, K., eds., Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series 12184, 121844A (Aug.2022).
Skemer, A.J., Stelter, R.D., Sallum, S., MacDonald, N., Kupke, R., Ratliff, C., Banyal, R., Hasan, A., Varshney, H.M., Surya, A., Prakaesh, A., Thirupathi, S., Sethuram, R., K.V., G., Fitzgerald, M.P., Wang, E., Kassis, M., Absil, O., Alvarez, C., Batalha, N., Boucher, M.-A., Bourgenot, C., Brandt, T., Briesemeister, Z., de Kleer, K., de Pater, I., Deich, W., Divakar, D., Filion, G., Gauvin, É., Gonzales, M., Greene, T., Hinz, P., Jensen-Clem, R., Johnson, C., Kain, I., Kruglikov, G., Lach, M., Landry, J.-T., Li, J., Liu, M.C., Lyke, J., Magnone, K., Marin, E., Martin, E., Martinez, R., Mawet, D., Miles, B., Sandford, D., Sheehan, P., Sohn, J.M., and Stone, J., “Design of SCALES: a 2-5 micron coronagraphic integral field spectrograph for Keck Observatory,” in [Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IX], Evans, C.J., Bryant, J.J., and Motohara, K., eds., Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series 12184, 121840I (Aug.2022).
Stelter, R.D., Skemer, A.J., Kupke, R., Bourgenot, C., Martinez, R.A., and Sallum, S.S., “Weighing exo-atmospheres: a novel mid-resolution spectral mode for SCALES,” in [Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IX], Evans, C.J., Bryant, J.J., and Motohara, K., eds., Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series 12184, 1218445 (Aug.2022).
Gigante, J.V., Hernández, E., Rodríguez-Ramos, L.F., Estévez, C., Moreno, A.F., Garcia-Lorenzo, B., Herreros, J.M., Mediavilla, E., Bryson, I., Clarke, F., and Thatte, N., “Development of cryogenic components based on COTS parts for the HARMONI instrument,” in [Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VI], Evans, C.J., Simard, L., and Takami, H., eds., Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series 9908, 99089U (Aug.2016).
Li, J., Skemer, A., van Kooten, M.A.M., Kupke, R., and MacDonald, N., “Fabrication of pupil masks for a new infrared exoplanet imager at Keck Observatory,” in [Adaptive Optics Systems VIII], Schreiber, L., Schmidt, D., and Vernet, E., eds., Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series 12185, 121858N (Aug.2022).
Gonzales, M., Stelter, R.D., Kruglikov, G., Ratliff, C., Deich, W., MacDonald, N., Sallum, S., and Skemer, A., “Cryogenic test results of the SCALES focal plane coronagraph mechanism,” in [Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets X], Shaklan, S.B.and Ruane, G.J., eds., Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series 11823, 118231W (Sept.2021).
Gates, J.and Deich, W., “A multi-threaded approach to using asynchronous C libraries with Java,” in [Software and Cyberinfrastructure for Astronomy III], Chiozzi, G.and Radziwill, N.M., eds., Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series 9152, 91522Y (July 2014).
Gibson, S.R., Howard, A.W., Rider, K., Roy, A., Edelstein, J., Kassis, M., Grillo, J., Halverson, S., Sirk, M.M., Smith, C., Allen, S., Baker, A., Beichman, C., Berriman, B., Brown, T., Casey, K., Chin, J., Coutts, D., Cowley, D., Deich, W., Feger, T., Fulton, B., Gers, L., Gurevich, Y., Ishikawa, Y., James, E., Jelinsky, S., Kaye, S., Lanclos, K., Li, A., Lilley, S., McCarney, B., Miller, T., Milner, S., O'Hanlon, T.J., Pember, J., Raffanti, M., Rockosi, C., Rubenzahl, R., Rumph, D., Sandford, D., Savage, M., Schwab, C., Seifahrt, A., Shaum, A., Smith, R., Stuermer, J., Thorne, J., Vandenberg, A., Von Boeckmann, T., Wang, C., Wang, Q., Weisfeiler, M., Wilcox, M., Wishnow, E.H., Wizinowich, P., Wold, T., and Wolfenberger, A., “Keck Planet Finder: design updates,” in [Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VIII], Evans, C.J., Bryant, J.J., and Motohara, K., eds., Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series 11447, 1144742 (Dec.2020).
