% reductions; Datapoints; Genetics diversities; Geographic proximity; Global patterns; Human genetics; Human language; Linguistic diversity; Relative effects; Structural diversity; Cognition; Databases, Factual; Humans; Language; Linguistics; Multidisciplinary
Abstract :
[en] While global patterns of human genetic diversity are increasingly well characterized, the diversity of human languages remains less systematically described. Here, we outline the Grambank database. With over 400,000 data points and 2400 languages, Grambank is the largest comparative grammatical database available. The comprehensiveness of Grambank allows us to quantify the relative effects of genealogical inheritance and geographic proximity on the structural diversity of the world’s languages, evaluate constraints on linguistic diversity, and identify the world’s most unusual languages. An analysis of the consequences of language loss reveals that the reduction in diversity will be strikingly uneven across the major linguistic regions of the world. Without sustained efforts to document and revitalize endangered languages, our linguistic window into human history, cognition, and culture will be seriously fragmented.
Disciplines :
Languages & linguistics
Author, co-author :
Skirgård, Hedvig ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia ; Department of Linguistics, School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia ; Department of Language and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Haynie, Hannah J. ; Department of Linguistics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
Blasi, Damián E. ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States ; Human Relation Area Files, Yale University, New Haven, United States
Hammarström, Harald; Department of Language and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Collins, Jeremy; Department of Language and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Latarche, Jay J. ; Department of Linguistics, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London, United Kingdom
Lesage, Jakob ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Department of Language and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique (LLACAN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Villejuif, France ; Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO), Paris, France ; Department of Asian and African Studies, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Weber, Tobias; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena ; Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
Passmore, Sam; Evolution of Cultural Diversity Initiative, School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia ; Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University SFC (Shonan Fujisawa Campus), Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Chira, Angela ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
Maurits, Luke ; Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
Dinnage, Russell ; Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, United States
Dunn, Michael ; Department of Language and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Reesink, Ger ; Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Singer, Ruth ; ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia ; Research Unit for Indigenous Language, School of Languages and Linguistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
Bowern, Claire ; Department of Linguistics, Yale University, New Haven, United States
Epps, Patience ; Department of Linguistics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
Hill, Jane ; School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
Vesakoski, Outi ; Department of Biology, Turku University, Turku, Finland ; Department of Finnish and Finno-Ugric languages, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Robbeets, Martine; Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
Abbas, Noor Karolin ; Department of Linguistics, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London, United Kingdom
Auer, Daniel; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
Bakker, Nancy A.; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Barbos, Giulia; Department of Linguistics, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London, United Kingdom
Borges, Robert D. ; Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Danielsen, Swintha; Zentrum für Kleine und Regionale Sprachen, Friesisches Seminar, Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany ; Centro de Investigaciones Históricas y Antropológicas (CIHA), Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia ; Europa-Universität Flensburg (EUF), Flensburg, Germany
Dorenbusch, Luise ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Institute of Linguistics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
Dorn, Ella ; Department of Linguistics, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London, United Kingdom
Elliott, John; Department of Linguistics, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, United States
Falcone, Giada; Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Fischer, Jana ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Ghanggo Ate, Yustinus ; Department of Linguistics, School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia ; Universitas Katolik Weetebula, Indonesia
Gibson, Hannah ; Department of Languages and Linguistics, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
Göbel, Hans-Philipp; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany ; Department of Linguistics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Goodall, Jemima A. ; Department of Linguistics, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London, United Kingdom
Gruner, Victoria ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
Harvey, Andrew ; Faculty of Languages and Literatures, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
Hayes, Rebekah ; Department of Linguistics, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London, United Kingdom
Heer, Leonard ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Herrera Miranda, Roberto E.; Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO), Paris, France ; Institute of Linguistics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany ; Structure et Dynamique des Langues (SeDyl), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Villejuif, France ; Sprachwissenschaftliches Seminar, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Hübler, Nataliia ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Huntington-Rainey, Biu; Department of Linguistics, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London, United Kingdom ; Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London (UCL), University of London, London, United Kingdom ; Institutt for Filosofi, ide- og Kunsthistorie og Klassiske Språk (IFIKK), Det Humanistisk Fakultet, Universitet i Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Ivani, Jessica K.; Department of Comparative Linguistics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Johns, Marilen; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Just, Erika ; Department of Comparative Linguistics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Kashima, Eri ; ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia ; Department of Linguistics, School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
Kipf, Carolina; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Klingenberg, Janina V.; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
König, Nikita ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany ; Department of Linguistics, European University Viadrina, Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany
Koti, Aikaterina ; Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Kowalik, Richard G.A. ; Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Krasnoukhova, Olga ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de langues modernes : linguistique, littérature et traduction > Linguistique synchronique anglaise ; Centre for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Linguistics, University of Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
Lindvall, Nora L.M. ; Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Lorenzen, Mandy ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Lutzenberger, Hannah ; Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Department of English Language and Linguistics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Martins, Tânia R.A. ; Department of Linguistics, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London, United Kingdom
German, Celia Mata; Department of Linguistics, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London, United Kingdom
van der Meer, Suzanne ; Department of Language and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Samamé, Jaime Montoya; Facultad de Letras y Ciencias Humanas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
Müller, Michael ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
Muradoglu, Saliha; ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
Neely, Kelsey; Department of Linguistics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
Nickel, Johanna; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Norvik, Miina ; Institute of Estonian and General Linguistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia ; Department of Modern Languages, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Oluoch, Cheryl Akinyi ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Peacock, Jesse; Department of Language and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Pearey, India O.C.; Department of Linguistics, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London, United Kingdom
Peck, Naomi ; ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia ; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Petit, Stephanie; Department of Linguistics, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London, United Kingdom
Pieper, Sören; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Poblete, Mariana ; Facultad de Letras y Ciencias Humanas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru ; Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Prestipino, Daniel; ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
Raabe, Linda ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Raja, Amna; Department of Linguistics, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London, United Kingdom
Reimringer, Janis ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
Rey, Sydney C. ; Department of Linguistics, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London, United Kingdom ; The Language Conservancy, Bloomington, United States
Rizaew, Julia ; Department of Linguistics, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London, United Kingdom
Ruppert, Eloisa; Department of Linguistics, Quantitative Lexicology and Variational Linguistics (QLVL), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Salmon, Kim K. ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
Sammet, Jill ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Schembri, Rhiannon; ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia ; Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
Schlabbach, Lars; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Schmidt, Frederick W.P. ; Department of Social Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Skilton, Amalia ; Department of Linguistics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
Smith, Wikaliler Daniel; Department of Linguistics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
de Sousa, Hilário ; Department of Language and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur l'Asie Orientale (CRLAO), École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Aubervilliers, France
Sverredal, Kristin; Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Valle, Daniel; Department of Modern Languages, University of Mississippi, Oxford, United States
Vera, Javier ; Facultad de Letras y Ciencias Humanas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
Voß, Judith; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Witte, Tim; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Frisian and General Linguistics, Department of General Linguistics, Institute for Scandinavian Studies, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Wu, Henry ; ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia ; International College for Postgraduate Buddhist Studies, Tokyo, Japan
Yam, Stephanie; ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia ; Institute for General Linguistics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
Ye, Jingting ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Yong, Maisie; Department of Linguistics, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London, United Kingdom
Yuditha, Tessa ; Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Department of Spanish, Linguistics, Theory of Literature (Linguistics), Faculty of Philology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
Zariquiey, Roberto ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; Facultad de Letras y Ciencias Humanas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
Forkel, Robert ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
Evans, Nicholas ; ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia ; Department of Linguistics, School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
Levinson, Stephen C. ; Department of Language and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Haspelmath, Martin; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
Greenhill, Simon J. ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Atkinson, Quentin D. ; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Gray, Russell D. ; Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Acknowledgments:W ewouldliketothankthemanylanguageexperts,linguists,and speakers,whohaveenrichedourdatasetbysharingwithustheirexpertiseandknowledgeof particularlanguages.TheseareN.Aasmäe,A.AcostaBlanco,Y .Agbetsoamedo,C.Allen, S.Ananthanarayan,V .Apel,I.W .Arka,A.SajohBah,D.Barth,R.Bernander,R.Blokland,J.Bradley, M.Brow en, Y .Chen,J.Chen,B.Comrie,D.Creissels,M.deHeer,R.Defina,C.Delalorm,A.Marie Diagne,R.Dixon,C.Döhler,M.Donohue,M.-F .Duhamel,E.Ebitare,N.Edenmyr,N.J.Enfield, G.Fanselow,A.-M.Fehn,S.Floyd,U.-M.Forsberg,A.François,P .Geraghty,N.F .Gulyás, R.S.Hagman,H.-J.Hahm,A.Hamari,A.Hantgan,A.Harvey,T .Hedström,H.Heinsoo,C.Hendy, S.Iva,P .Jacob,I.Kapitonov,O.Kejonen,M.Khachaturyan,M.Kim,J.Kim,J.vanKleef,S.van Kleef,G.Klumpp,E.Kushnir,O.Kuznetsova,J.E.RosésLabrada,K.L.Lindsey,F .Lionnet, C.K.Lojenga,C.M.LópezLacay o, A.LópezVargas,H.Lutzenberger,A.M.Macías, A.L.Malchukov,A.Marley,O.Mehraliev,C.Meng,A.Mettouchi,A.Michaud,D.Mishchenko, M.Möller,Z.Molochieva,S.Morelli,M.Mous,Å.Næss,D.Nash,T .Nikitina,R.Oktarini,B.Olsson, D.Osgarby,S.Oskolskaya,S.Parkinson,B.Pa terson, A.Pa wley ,B.Peddington-W ebb, J.Peterson, N.PrasadPaudyal,J.LeePratchett,S.vanPutten,T .Rangelov,L.M.R.Berscia,N.Rolle,P .Roulon-Doko,A.Rumsey,E.Saar,S.Salffner,A.Savelyev,J.Schlossberg,S.Schnell,D.Schokkin, G.Segerer,F .Seidel,G.Senft,J.Siegel,J.Simpson,Y .Staschull,L.G.Takau,A.T errill, J.Thomas, B.Thurston,Y .Tr eis, L.Tr okhymenk o,M.Vanhove,H.vanderVoort,V .Vydrin,A.Vydrina, M.W alworth, J.Wilbur,V .Wilhelmsen,S.Yankson,andR.Zamponi.W ewouldalsoliketothank thespeakersandsignerswhocollaboratedwithlinguiststomakethedescriptiveworkswerely onpossible.W earealsogratefultothespouseofthelateJ.Hill,K.C.Hill,whosupportedJ.Hill beingincludedasaco-author.W ewouldalsoliketothankD.Orme—creatoroftheRpackage caper—fortechnicalassistanceinanalysisandA.BellandB.Beheimforguidanceregardingthe culturalfixationscores.Funding:ThisworkwasfundedbytheDepartmentofLinguisticand CulturalEvolutionattheMaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionaryAnthropology,Leipzig; DepartmentofLanguageandCognitionattheMaxPlanckInstituteforPsycholinguistics, Nijmegen;RoyalSocietyofNewZealandMarsdengrant(UOA1308)toQ.D.A.andR.D.G.; AustralianResearchCouncilCentr eofExcellenceGrant(CE140100041)fortheARCCentreof ExcellencefortheDynamicsofLanguagetoN.E.,S.J.G.,andH.S.;NSFBCS-1423711,BCS-0844550,andHSD-0902114;UniversityofTurku:ResearchInfrastructureSupportGrant2018-2020toaninterdisciplinaryconsortium(mainprincipalinvestigator,P .Onkamo)toO.V .and M.N.; and European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research andinnovationprogr amme (grantagreementno.646612)toM.R.Authorcontributions: Conceptualization:S.J.G.,Q.D.A.,andR.D.G.Formalanalysis:H.S.,H.J.H.,D.E.B.,S.Pa.,A.C.,L.M., R.D.,andS.J.G.Software:H.S.,H.J.H.,D.E.B.,S.Pa.,A.C.,L.M.,R.D.,R.F ., andS.J.G.Datacuration (including revising old coding): H.S., H.J.H., H.H., J.C., J.J.L., J.L., T .W e., A.W .-M., S.Pa., D.A., G.B., S.D.,E.D.,J.E.,H.-P .G., J.A.G.,V .G., A.H.,N.H.,B.H.-R.,E.J.,E.K.,C.K.,O.K.,M.L.,M.M.,N.P ., D.P ., J.Re., S.C.R.,J.Ri.,K.K.S.,J.M.S.,R.Sc.,J.Vo.,T .W i.,H.W ., S.Y ., J.Y ., M.Y ., R.F ., andM.H.Analysisvalidation: H.S.,S.Pa.,andS.J.G.Visualization:H.S.,H.J.H.,D.E.B.,S.Pa.,R.D.,S.J.G.,andR.D.G.DatacollectionThis work was funded by the Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig; Department of Language and Cognition at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen; Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden grant (UOA1308) to Q.D.A. and R.D.G.; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence Grant (CE140100041) for the ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language to N.E., S.J.G., and H.S.; NSF BCS-1423711, BCS-0844550, and HSD-0902114; University of Turku: Research Infrastructure Support Grant 2018-2020 to an interdisciplinary consortium (main principal investigator, P. Onkamo) to O.V. and M.N.; and European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 646612) to M.R.
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