[en] In three studies (a lab experiment, a field experiment, and a qualitative study), this
research investigates memories formed by tourism brand experiences in VR.
Specifically, this work establishes to what extent tourism brand experiences in VR are
remembered by consumers as direct brand interactions, why and how VR experiences
affect memories, and to what extent the episodic and semantic memories of the
tourism brand are formed in VR. Moreover, using a bespoke VR environment and
adopting a longitudinal approach, this study evidences how accuracy and confidence in
episodic and semantic memories of a tourism brand formed in VR evolve over time.
Theoretical and managerial implications are considered.
Disciplines :
Marketing
Author, co-author :
Kostyk, Alena
Cowan, Kirsten; University of Edinburgh [GB] > Marketing
scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.
Bibliography
Ahn, H., Liu, M., Soman, D., Memory markers: How consumers recall the duration of experiences. Journal of Consumer Psychology 19:3 (2009), 508–516.
Aldossary, M., McLean, G., Prolonging the influence of a vacation experience on consumers’ wellbeing-is there a role for virtual reality?. Annals of Tourism Research, 97, 2022, 103500.
Alyahya, M., McLean, G., Examining tourism consumers’ attitudes and the role of sensory information in virtual reality experiences of a tourist destination. Journal of Travel Research 61:7 (2022), 1666–1681.
Bartlett, F., Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. 1932, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Baumgartner, H., Sujan, M., Bettman, J., Autobiographical memories, affect, and consumer information processing. Journal of Consumer Psychology 1:1 (1992), 53–82.
Berg, L., Vance, J., Industry use of virtual reality in product design and manufacturing: A survey. Virtual Reality 21:1 (2017), 1–17.
Bouchard, S., Robillard, G., Validation canadienne-française du Gatineau Presence Questionnaire auprès d'adultes immergés en réalité virtuelle. 87e Congrès de l'ACFAS, Québec, Canada, 2019, 2019.
Braun, K.A., Postexperience advertising effects on consumer memory. Journal of Consumer Research 25:4 (1999), 319–334.
Braun, K., Ellis, R., Loftus, E., Make my memory: How advertising can change our memories of the past. Psychology & Marketing 19:1 (2002), 1–23.
Braun, V., Clarke, V., Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3:2 (2006), 77–101.
Braun-Latour, K.A., Zaltman, G., Memory change: An intimate measure of persuasion. Journal of Advertising Research 46:1 (2006), 57–72.
Braun-LaTour, K., Grinley, M., Loftus, E., Tourist memory distortion. Journal of Travel Research 44 (2006), 360–367.
Campos, A., Mendes, J., do Vale, P., Scott, N., Co-creating animal-based tourist experiences: Attention, involvement and memorability. Tourism Management 63 (2017), 100–114.
Cardoso, L., Dias, F., de Araujo, A., Marques, M., A destination imagery processing model: Structural differences between dream and favourite destinations. Annals of Tourism Research 74 (2019), 81–94.
Ceccato, I., Rici, E., Mazza, C., Bartolini, E., Di Crosta, A., La Malva, P., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Mammarella, N., Palumbo, R., Roma, P., Di Domenico, A., Influence of stimuli emotional features and typicality on memory performance: Insights from a virtual reality context. Psychological Research 88 (2024), 257–270.
Clarke, J., Tourism brands: An exploratory study of the brands box model. Journal of Vacation Marketing 6:4 (2000), 329–345.
Cohen, J., Reed, A. II, A multiple pathway anchoring and adjustment (MPAA) model of attitude generation and recruitment. Journal of Consumer Research 33:1 (2006), 1–15.
Conway, M., Pleydell-Pearce, C., The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 2000, 261.
Corbin, J.M., Strauss, A.L., Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. 4th ed., 2015, SAGE.
Cowan, K., Ketron, S., Prioritizing marketing research in virtual reality: Development of an immersion/fantasy typology. European Journal of Marketing 53:8 (2019), 1585–1611.
Cowan, K., Spielmann, N., Horn, E., Griffart, C., Perception is reality… How luxury brands can use presence and haptic factors to augment digital environments. Journal of Business Research 123 (2021), 86–96.
Cowley, E., East–West consumer confidence and accuracy in memory for product information. Journal of Business Research 55:11 (2002), 915–921.
Creswell, J., Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 2003, Sage, Thousand Oaks.
Daugherty, T., Li, H., Biocca, F., Consumer learning and the effects of virtual experience relative to indirect and direct product experience. Psychology & Marketing 25 (2008), 568–586.
Dobrowolski, P., Pochwatko, G., Skorko, M., Bielecki, M., The effects of virtual experience on attitudes toward real brands. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 17:2 (2014), 125–128.
Ezzyat, Y., Davachi, L., What constitutes an episode in episodic memory?. Psychological Science 22:2 (2011), 243–252.
Fischer, E., Guzel, G.T., The case for qualitative research. Journal of Consumer Psychology 33:1 (2023), 259–272, 10.1002/jcpy.1300.
Gnoth, J., Leveraging export brands through a tourism destination brand. Journal of Brand Management 9 (2002), 262–280.
Grodal, S., Anteby, M., Holm, A.L., Achieving rigor in qualitative analysis: The role of active categorization in theory building. Academy of Management Review 46:3 (2021), 591–612.
Harz, N., Hohenberg, S., Homburg, C., Virtual reality in new product development: Insights from prelaunch sales forecasting for durables. Journal of Marketing 86:3 (2022), 157–179.
Herz, M., Brunk, K., Conceptual advances in consumers’ semantic and episodic brand memories: A mixed methods exploration. Psychology & Marketing 34:1 (2017), 70–91.
Herz, M., Rahe, V., Virtual reality becoming part of our lives—Assessing consumers’ perceived applicability of virtual reality supported tasks and a critical reflection on the development. Jung, T., tom Dieck, M.C., Rauschnabel, P.A., (eds.) Augmented reality and virtual reality, 2020, Springer, 113–122.
Hoch, S., Product experience is seductive. Journal of Consumer Research 29 (2002), 448–454.
Hyun, M., O'Keefe, R., Virtual destination image: Testing a telepresence model. Journal of Business Research 65:1 (2012), 29–35.
Jiang, S., Moyle, B., Yung, R., Tao, L., Scott, N., Augmented reality and the enhancement of memorable tourism experiences at heritage sites. Current Issues in Tourism 26:2 (2023), 242–257.
Johnson, E., Adamo-Villani, N., A study of the effects of immersion on short-term spatial memory. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 71 (2010), 582–587.
Johnson, R., Simon, E., Henkell, H., Zhu, J., The role of episodic memory in controlled evaluative judgments about attitudes: An event-related potential study. Neuropsychologia 49 (2011), 945–960.
Karl, M., Kock, F., Ritchie, B., Gauss, J., Affective forecasting and travel decision-making: An investigation in times of a pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research, 87, 2021, 103139.
Kerstetter, D., Cho, M., Prior knowledge, credibility and information search. Annals of Tourism Research 31:4 (2004), 961–985.
Kim, J., The impact of memorable tourism experiences on loyalty behaviors: The mediating effects of destination image and satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research 57:7 (2018), 856–870.
Kim, J., Ritchie, J., McCormick, B., Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. Journal of Travel Research 51:1 (2012), 12–25.
Kim, T., Biocca, F., Telepresence via television: Two dimensions of telepresence may have different connections to memory and persuasion. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(2), 1997, JCMC325.
Kisker, J., Gruber, T., Schone, B., Virtual reality experiences promote autobiographical retrieval mechanisms: Electrophysiological correlates of laboratory and virtual experiences. Psychological Research 85 (2021), 2485–2501.
Koenig-Lewis, N., Palmer, A., Experiential values over time–a comparison of measures of satisfaction and emotion. Journal of Marketing Management 24:1–2 (2008), 69–85.
Kostyk, A., Sheng, J., VR in customer-centered marketing: Purpose-driven design. Business Horizons 66:2 (2023), 225–236.
Krishnan, H., Smith, R., The relative endurance of attitudes, confidence, and attitude-behavior consistency: The role of information source and delay. Journal of Consumer Psychology 7:3 (1998), 273–298.
Kumar, V., Kaushik, A., Building consumer–brand relationships through brand experience and brand identification. Journal of Strategic Marketing 28:1 (2018), 39–59.
Lange, F., Rosengren, S., Blom, A., Store-window creativity's impact on shopper behavior. Journal of Business Research 69:3 (2016), 1014–1021.
LaTour, K., Carbone, L., Sticktion: Assessing memory for the customer experience. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly 55:4 (2014), 342–353.
LaTour, K., LaTour, M., Bridging aficionados’ perceptual and conceptual knowledge to enhance how they learn from experience. Journal of Consumer Research 37:4 (2010), 688–697.
Lenormand, D., Piolino, P., In search of a naturalistic neuroimaging approach: Exploration of general feasibility through the case of VR-fMRI and application in the domain of episodic memory. Neuroscience and Biobeahvioral Reviews, 133, 2022, 104499.
Li, F.S., Su, Q., Influence of awe on tourism activity preferences. Annals of Tourism Research, 107, 2024, 103793.
Litvak, E., Kuflik, T., Enhancing cultural heritage outdoor experience with augmented-reality smart glasses. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 24 (2020), 873–886.
Mania, K., Chalmers, A., The effects of levels of immersion on memory and presence in virtual environments: A reality centered approach. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 4:2 (2001), 247–264.
Marschall, S., Transnational migrant home visits as identity practice: The case of African migrants in South Africa. Annals of Tourism Research 63 (2017), 140–150.
Mayer, R., Moreno, R., Nine ways to reduce cognitive load in multimedia learning. Educational Psychologist 38:1 (2003), 43–52.
Montgomery, N., Unnava, H., Temporal sequence effects: A memory framework. Journal of Consumer Research 36:1 (2009), 83–92.
Morgan, M., Making space for experiences. Journal of Retail & Leisure Property 5 (2006), 305–313.
Moutinho, L., Consumer behaviour in tourism. European Journal of Marketing 21:10 (1987), 5–44.
Ochsner, K., Lieberman, M., The emergence of social cognitive neuroscience. American Psychologist 56:9 (2001), 717–734.
Ofir, C., Raghubir, P., Brosh, G., Monroe, K., Heiman, A., Memory-based store price judgments: The role of knowledge and shopping experience. Journal of Retailing 84:4 (2008), 414–423.
Ofir, C., Simonson, I., The effect of stating expectations on customer satisfaction and shopping experience. Journal of Marketing Research 44:1 (2007), 164–174.
Optale, G., Urgesi, C., Busato, V., Marin, S., Piron, L., Priftis, K., et al. Controlling memory impairment in elderly adults using virtual reality memory training: A randomized controlled pilot study. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 24:4 (2010), 348–357.
Paivio, A., Csapo, K., Short-term sequential memory for pictures and words. Psychonomic Science 24:2 (1971), 50–51.
Park, C., Mothersbaugh, D., Feick, L., Consumer knowledge assessment. Journal of Consumer Research 21:1 (1994), 71–82.
Pearce, P., Packer, J., Minds on the move: New links from psychology to tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 40 (2012), 386–411.
Phocuswright, Destination and vacation decision making, planning and timing. Retrieved at https://www.phocuswright.com/Travel-Research/Research-Updates/2020/destination-and-vacation-decision-make-planning-and-timing, 2020.
Pizam, A., Creating memorable experiences. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 3(29), 2010, 343.
Rottenstreich, Y., Sood, S., Brenner, L., Feeling and thinking in memory-based versus stimulus-based choices. Journal of Consumer Research 33:4 (2007), 461–469.
Schacter, D., Benoit, R., De Brigard, F., Szpunar, K., Episodic future thinking and episodic counterfactual thinking: Intersections between memory and decisions. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 117 (2015), 14–21.
Schone, B., Wessels, M., Gruber, T., Experiences in virtual reality: A window to autobiographical memory. Current Psychology 38 (2019), 715–719.
Smith, S., Virtual reality in episodic memory research: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 26 (2019), 1213–1237.
So, K.K.F., King, C., Sparks, B., Customer engagement with tourism brands: Scale development and validation. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 38:3 (2014), 304–329.
Spielmann, N., Mantonakis, A., In virtuo: How user-driven interactivity in virtual tours leads to attitude change. Journal of Business Research 88 (2018), 255–264.
Sterchele, D., Memorable tourism experiences and their consequences: An interaction ritual (IR) theory approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 81, 2020, 102847.
The Met, 360 exhibition walkthrough-Gerhard Richter: Painting after all met exhibitions. Retreived from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YhjGLZMPVkY, 2020.
Thietart, R., Doing management research. 2001, Sage.
Thompson, C., Locander, W., Pollio, H., Putting consumer experience Back into consumer research: The philosophy and method of existential-phenomenology. Journal of Consumer Research 16:2 (1989), 133–146.
Tulving, E., Episodic and semantic memory. Tulving, E., Donaldson, W., (eds.) Organization of Memory, 1972, Academic Press, Cambridge, 381–403.
Tung, V., Ritchie, J., Exploring the essence of memorable tourism experiences. Annals of Tourism Research 38:4 (2011), 1367–1386.
UN Tourism, Glossary of tourism terms. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/glossary-tourism-terms, 2024.
Unger, O., Uriely, N., The bleisure memories of business travelers. Annals of Tourism Research, 97(C), 2022.
VR for Tourism. Retrieved from https://immersionvr.co.uk/about-360vr/vr-for-tourism/, 2023.
Warlop, L., Ratneshwar, S., Van Osselaer, S., Distinctive brand cues and memory for product consumption experiences. International Journal of Research in Marketing 22:1 (2005), 27–44.
Weber, R., Basic content analysis. 2nd ed., 1990, Sage.
Wong, J., Yeh, C., Tourist hesitation in destination decision making. Annals of Tourism Research 36:1 (2009), 6–23.
Wood, E., I remember how we all felt: Perceived emotional synchrony through tourist memory sharing. Journal of Travel Research 59:8 (2020), 1339–1352.
Wright, R., 'Been there, done that': Embracing our post-trip experiential recollections through the social construction and subjective consumption of personal narratives. Morgan, M., Lugosi, P., Ritchie, J.R.B., (eds.) The tourism and leisure experience: Consumer and managerial perspectives, 2010, Channel View Publications, Bristol, 117–136.
Ying, T., Tang, J., Ye, S., Tan, X., Wei, W., Virtual reality in destination marketing: Telepresence, social presence, and tourists’ visit intentions. Journal of Travel Research 61:8 (2022), 1738–1756.
Zare, S., Pearce, P.L., Does the order of visiting destinations affect their recall and evaluation?. Journal of Travel Research 61:7 (2022), 1479–1699.
Zheng, C., Chen, Z., Zhang, Y., Guo, Y., Does vivid imagination deter visitation? The role of mental imagery processing in virtual tourism on tourists’ behavior. Journal of Travel Research 61:7 (2022), 1528–1541.
Similar publications
Sorry the service is unavailable at the moment. Please try again later.
This website uses cookies to improve user experience. Read more
Save & Close
Accept all
Decline all
Show detailsHide details
Cookie declaration
About cookies
Strictly necessary
Performance
Strictly necessary cookies allow core website functionality such as user login and account management. The website cannot be used properly without strictly necessary cookies.
This cookie is used by Cookie-Script.com service to remember visitor cookie consent preferences. It is necessary for Cookie-Script.com cookie banner to work properly.
Performance cookies are used to see how visitors use the website, eg. analytics cookies. Those cookies cannot be used to directly identify a certain visitor.
Used to store the attribution information, the referrer initially used to visit the website
Cookies are small text files that are placed on your computer by websites that you visit. Websites use cookies to help users navigate efficiently and perform certain functions. Cookies that are required for the website to operate properly are allowed to be set without your permission. All other cookies need to be approved before they can be set in the browser.
You can change your consent to cookie usage at any time on our Privacy Policy page.