A comparison of foot and ankle biomechanics during running drills and distance running.

[en] The aim of this study was to compare the foot-ankle joint mechanics of running drills and running. Seventeen long-distance runners performed five popular running drills (A-skip, B-skip, Bounding, Heel flicks, Straight leg running) and a run at 3.88 m/s. Kinematics, kinetics and power values were calculated for the ankle, midtarsal (MT) and metatarsophalangeal (MP) joints. Electromyographic activity was recorded for the soleus, gastrocnemius medialis, lateralis and abductor hallucis muscle. The A-skip, the B-skip and the Heel flicks induced a smaller ankle (p < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.41), MT (p < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.43) and MP (p < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.47) dorsiflexion peak than running. No difference was found between the running drills and running for ankle, MT and MP moment. The Bounding induces a higher positive ankle power than running (diff: 5.5 ± 7.5 J/kg, p = 0.014, d = 1.05). The A-skip (diff: 2.8 ± 2.9 J/kg, p < 0.001, d = 1.5) and the B-skip (diff: 2.7 ± 2.1 J/kg, p < 0.001, d = 1.4) induce a smaller MT positive power than running. This study offers an analysis of the mechanical behaviour of the foot-ankle complex to help track and field coaches select their running drills in an evidence-based manner.

Disciplines :

Human health sciences: Multidisciplinary, general & others

Author, co-author :

Abran, Guillaume ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Motion analysis research unit (MARU) ; LAM - Motion Lab, Liége, Belgium

Berraz, Audrey; Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC), Alliance Sorbonne Université, Compiègne, France

Dardenne, Nadia ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences de la santé publique

Gramage Medina, Kevin ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Motion analysis research unit (MARU) ; LAM - Motion Lab, Liége, Belgium

Bornheim, Stephen ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Evaluation-Revalidation (EVAREVA)

Delvaux, François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des Sciences de l'activité physique et de la réadaptation ; LAM - Motion Lab, Liége, Belgium

Croisier, Jean-Louis ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des Sciences de l'activité physique et de la réadaptation > Kinésithérapie générale et réadaptation ; LAM - Motion Lab, Liége, Belgium

Schwartz, Cédric ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Motion analysis research unit (MARU) ; LAM - Motion Lab, Liége, Belgium

Language :

English

Title :

A comparison of foot and ankle biomechanics during running drills and distance running.

Publication date :

26 July 2024

Journal title :

Sports Biomechanics

ISSN :

1476-3141

Publisher :

Routledge, England

Pages :

1 - 16

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14763141.2024.2382804

Available on ORBi :

since 22 August 2024

Statistics

Number of views

59 (6 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

3 (2 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

Azevedo, A. P., Mezêncio, B., Valvassori, R., Anjos, F. O., Barbanti, V. J., Amadio, A. C., & Serrão, J. C., (2015). Usage of running drills in an interval training program: Implications related to biomechanical parameters of running. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(7), 1796–1802. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000831
Barbero, M., Merletti, R., & Rainoldi, A., (2012). Atlas of muscle innervation zones. Springer Milan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2463-2
Baxter, J. R., Corrigan, P., Hullfish, T. J., O’Rourke, P., & Silbernagel, K. G., (2021). Exercise progression to incrementally load the Achilles Tendon. Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise, 53(1), 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002459
Branthwaite, H., Aitkins, C., Lindley, S., & Chockalingam, N., (2019). Surface electromyography of the foot: A protocol for sensor placement. The Foot, 41, 24–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2019.07.001
Bruening, D. A., Cooney, K. M., & Buczek, F. L., (2012a). Analysis of a kinetic multi-segment foot model. Part I: Model repeatability and kinematic validity. Gait & Posture, 35(4), 529–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.10.363
Bruening, D. A., Cooney, K. M., & Buczek, F. L., (2012b). Analysis of a kinetic multi-segment foot model part II: Kinetics and clinical implications. Gait & Posture, 35(4), 535–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.11.012
Cornwall, M., & McPoil, T., (1999). Three-dimensional movement of the foot during the stance phase of walking. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 89(2), 56–66. https://doi.org/10.7547/87507315-89-2-56
Deschamps, K., Eerdekens, M., Desmet, D., Matricali, G. A., Wuite, S., & Staes, F., (2017). Estimation of foot joint kinetics in three and four segment foot models using an existing proportionality scheme: Application in paediatric barefoot walking. Journal of Biomechanics, 61, 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.07.017
Deschamps, K., Staes, F., Roosen, P., Nobels, F., Desloovere, K., Bruyninckx, H., & Matricali, G. A., (2011). Body of evidence supporting the clinical use of 3D multisegment foot models: A systematic review. Gait & Posture, 33(3), 338–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.12.018
Esculier, J.-F., Charlton, J. M., Krowchuk, N. M., De Pieri, J., & Hunt, M. A., (2022). Immediate effects of manipulating footwear or cadence on the lower limb biomechanics of female masters runners. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 38(5), 312–319. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.2021-0387
Farina, D., (2006). Interpretation of the surface electromyogram in dynamic contractions. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 34(3), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1249/00003677-200607000-00006
Goldmann, J.-P., Potthast, W., & Brüggemann, G.-P., (2013). Athletic training with minimal footwear strengthens toe flexor muscles. Footwear Science, 5(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2012.744361
Goldmann, J.-P., Sanno, M., Willwacher, S., Heinrich, K., & Brüggemann, G.-P., (2013). The potential of toe flexor muscles to enhance performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(4), 424–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.736627
Hall, J. P. L., Barton, C., Jones, P. R., & Morrissey, D., (2013). The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running: A systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 43(12), 1335–1353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0084-3
Hashimoto, T., & Sakuraba, K., (2014). Strength training for the intrinsic flexor muscles of the foot: Effects on muscle strength, the foot arch, and dynamic parameters before and after the training. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26(3), 373–376. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.26.373
Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., & Hanin, J., (2009). Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278
Kessler, S. E., Lichtwark, G. A., Welte, L. K. M., Rainbow, M. J., & Kelly, L. A., (2020). Regulation of foot and ankle quasi-stiffness during human hopping across a range of frequencies. Journal of Biomechanics, 108, 109853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109853
Komi, P. V., (1984). Physiological and biomechanical correlates of muscle function effects of muscle structure and stretch-shortening cycle on force and speed. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 12(1), 81–122. https://doi.org/10.1249/00003677-198401000-00006
Leardini, A., Caravaggi, P., Theologis, T., & Stebbins, J., (2019). Multi-segment foot models and their use in clinical populations. Gait & Posture, 69, 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.01.022
Leardini, A., Stebbins, J., Hillstrom, H., Caravaggi, P., Deschamps, K., & Arndt, A., (2021). ISB recommendations for skin-marker-based multi-segment foot kinematics. Journal of Biomechanics, 125, 110581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110581
Maher, J. M., Markey, J. C., & Ebert-May, D., (2013). The other half of the story: Effect size analysis in quantitative research. CBE - Life Sciences Education, 12(3), 345–351. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.13-04-0082
Malliaras, P., (2022). Physiotherapy management of achilles tendinopathy. Journal of Physiotherapy, 68(4), 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2022.09.010
Oliveira, A. S., & Pirscoveanu, C. I., (2021). Implications of sample size and acquired number of steps to investigate running biomechanics. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 3083. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82876-z
Oosterwaal, M., Telfer, S., Tørholm, S., Carbes, S., Van Rhijn, L. W., Macduff, R., Meijer, K., & Woodburn, J., (2011). Generation of subject-specific, dynamic, multisegment ankle and foot models to improve orthotic design: A feasibility study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 12(1), 256. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-12-256
Oxfeldt, M., Overgaard, K., Hvid, L. G., & Dalgas, U., (2019). Effects of plyometric training on jumping, sprint performance, and lower body muscle strength in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta‐analyses. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 29(10), 1453–1465. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13487
Perrin, T. P., Morio, C. Y. M., Besson, T., Kerhervé, H. A., Millet, G. Y., & Rossi, J., (2023). Comparison of skin and shoe marker placement on metatarsophalangeal joint kinematics and kinetics during running. Journal of Biomechanics, 146, 111410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111410
Schwartz, C., Wang, F.-C., Forthomme, B., Denoël, V., Brüls, O., & Croisier, J.-L., (2020). Normalizing gastrocnemius muscle EMG signal: An optimal set of maximum voluntary isometric contraction tests for young adults considering reproducibility. Gait & Posture, 82, 196–202.
Smith, L., Preece, S., Mason, D., & Bramah, C., (2015). A comparison of kinematic algorithms to estimate gait events during overground running. Gait & Posture, 41(1), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.08.009
Spurrs, R. W., Murphy, A. J., & Watsford, M. L., (2003). The effect of plyometric training on distance running performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 89(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-002-0741-y
Su, W., Zhang, S., Ye, D., Sun, X., Zhang, X., & Fu, W., (2022). Effects of barefoot and shod on the in vivo kinematics of medial longitudinal arch during running based on a high-speed dual fluoroscopic imaging system. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10, 917675. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.917675
Taddei, U. T., Matias, A. B., Duarte, M., & Sacco, I. C. N., (2020). Foot core training to prevent running-related injuries: A survival analysis of a single-blind, randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(14), 3610–3619. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546520969205
Takabayashi, T., Edama, M., Inai, T., & Kubo, M., (2021). Differences in rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot kinematics of normal foot and flatfoot during running. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 39(3), 565–571. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.24877
Trowell, D., Fox, A., Saunders, N., Vicenzino, B., & Bonacci, J., (2022). A comparison of plantarflexor musculotendon unit output between plyometric exercises and running. Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, 25(4), 334–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.11.037
Turner, A. M., Owings, M., & Schwane, J. A., (2003). Improvement in running economy after 6 weeks of plyometric training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017<0060:IIREAW>2.0.CO;2
Van Doorn, J., Van Den Bergh, D., Böhm, U., Dablander, F., Derks, K., Draws, T., Etz, A., Evans, N. J., Gronau, Q. F., Haaf, J. M., Hinne, M., Kucharský, Š., Ly, A., Marsman, M., Matzke, D., Gupta, A. R. K. N., Sarafoglou, A., Stefan, A., Voelkel, J. G., & Wagenmakers, E.-J., (2021). The JASP guidelines for conducting and reporting a Bayesian analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 28(3), 813–826. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-020-01798-5
Welte, L., Holowka, N. B., Kelly, L. A., Arndt, A., & Rainbow, M. J., (2023). Mobility of the human foot’s medial arch helps enable upright bipedal locomotion. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1155439. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1155439
Whelan, N., Kenny, I. C., & Harrison, A. J., (2016). An insight into track and field coaches’ knowledge and use of sprinting drills to improve performance. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 11(2), 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954116636716
Willemse, L., Wouters, E. J. M., Pisters, M. F., & Vanwanseele, B., (2023). Plantar intrinsic foot muscle activation during functional exercises compared to isolated foot exercises in younger adults. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2023.2204947
Yuasa, Y., Kurihara, T., & Isaka, T., (2018). Relationship between toe muscular strength and the ability to change direction in athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics, 64(1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0183