[en] Determining the drivers of non-native plant invasions is critical for managing native ecosystems and limiting the spread of invasive species1,2. Tree invasions in particular have been relatively overlooked, even though they have the potential to transform ecosystems and economies3,4. Here, leveraging global tree databases5-7, we explore how the phylogenetic and functional diversity of native tree communities, human pressure and the environment influence the establishment of non-native tree species and the subsequent invasion severity. We find that anthropogenic factors are key to predicting whether a location is invaded, but that invasion severity is underpinned by native diversity, with higher diversity predicting lower invasion severity. Temperature and precipitation emerge as strong predictors of invasion strategy, with non-native species invading successfully when they are similar to the native community in cold or dry extremes. Yet, despite the influence of these ecological forces in determining invasion strategy, we find evidence that these patterns can be obscured by human activity, with lower ecological signal in areas with higher proximity to shipping ports. Our global perspective of non-native tree invasion highlights that human drivers influence non-native tree presence, and that native phylogenetic and functional diversity have a critical role in the establishment and spread of subsequent invasions.
Disciplines :
Environmental sciences & ecology
Author, co-author :
Delavaux, Camille S ; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland. Camille.delavaux@usys.ethz.ch
Crowther, Thomas W; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
Zohner, Constantin M; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
Robmann, Niamh M; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
Lauber, Thomas ; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
van den Hoogen, Johan; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
Kuebbing, Sara; The Forest School at The Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Liang, Jingjing ; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
de-Miguel, Sergio ; Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain ; Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO-CERCA, Solsona, Spain
Nabuurs, Gert-Jan ; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Reich, Peter B ; Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA ; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia ; Institute for Global Change Biology, and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Abegg, Meinrad ; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Adou Yao, Yves C ; UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Alberti, Giorgio ; Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy ; Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M; Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Alvarado, Braulio Vilchez; Forestry School, Tecnológico de Costa Rica TEC, Cartago, Costa Rica
Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban; Fundacion ConVida, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, UNAD, Medellin, Colombia
Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia; Field Museum of Natural Histiory, Chicago, IL, USA
Alves, Luciana F ; Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Ammer, Christian ; Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Antón-Fernández, Clara ; Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro; Museo de Historia Natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Arroyo, Luzmila; Museo de Historia Natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Avitabile, Valerio; European Commission, Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy
Aymard, Gerardo A; UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela ; Compensation International S. A. Ci Progress-GreenLife, Bogotá, Colombia
Baker, Timothy R ; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Bałazy, Radomir; Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
Banki, Olaf; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Barroso, Jorcely G; Centro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
Bastian, Meredith L ; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA ; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Bastin, Jean-François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Biodiversité et Paysage
Birigazzi, Luca; United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change, Bonn, Germany
Birnbaum, Philippe; Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Nouméa, New Caledonia ; AMAP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France ; CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
Bitariho, Robert ; Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Sciences and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
Bongers, Frans ; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Bouriaud, Olivier ; Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control (MANSiD), Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
Brancalion, Pedro H S ; Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
Brandl, Susanne; Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Freising, Germany
Brienen, Roel ; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Broadbent, Eben N; Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Bruelheide, Helge ; Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany ; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Bussotti, Filippo; Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla; Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
César, Ricardo G; Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
Cesljar, Goran; Department of Spatial Regulation, GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
Chazdon, Robin ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA ; Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
Chen, Han Y H ; Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
Chisholm, Chelsea ; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
Cho, Hyunkook; Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
Cienciala, Emil ; IFER-Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic ; Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
Clark, Connie; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Clark, David; Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
Colletta, Gabriel D; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Coomes, David A ; Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Cornejo Valverde, Fernando; Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Peru
Corral-Rivas, José J; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
Crim, Philip M ; Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA ; Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, The College of Saint Rose, Albany, NY, USA
Cumming, Jonathan R; Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
Dayanandan, Selvadurai; Biology Department, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
de Gasper, André L ; Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
Decuyper, Mathieu ; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands ; World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
Derroire, Géraldine ; Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE), Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane, Campus Agronomique, Kourou, France
DeVries, Ben ; Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Djordjevic, Ilija; Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
Dolezal, Jiri ; Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic ; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
Dourdain, Aurélie; Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE), Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane, Campus Agronomique, Kourou, France
Engone Obiang, Nestor Laurier; IRET, Herbier National du Gabon (CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon
Enquist, Brian J ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA ; The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
Eyre, Teresa J; Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain ; Ecole de Foresterie et Ingénierie du Bois, Université Nationale d'Agriculture, Kétou, Benin
Fayle, Tom M; School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK ; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
Feldpausch, Ted R; Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Ferreira, Leandro V; Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Belém, Pará, Brazil
Fischer, Markus ; Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Fletcher, Christine; Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Frizzera, Lorenzo; Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
Gamarra, Javier G P ; Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Gianelle, Damiano ; Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
Glick, Henry B; Glick Designs LLC, Hadley, MA, USA
Harris, David J ; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Hector, Andrew ; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Hemp, Andreas ; Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
Hengeveld, Geerten ; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Hérault, Bruno ; Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France ; Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
Herbohn, John L; Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia ; Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
Herold, Martin ; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Hillers, Annika; Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK ; Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Office, Monrovia, Liberia
Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N ; Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
Hui, Cang ; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa ; Theoretical Ecology Unit, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
Ibanez, Thomas T; AMAP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France ; CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
Amaral, Iêda; National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
Imai, Nobuo; Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Jagodziński, Andrzej M ; Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland ; Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznań, Poland
Jaroszewicz, Bogdan ; Faculty of Biology, Białowieża Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
Johannsen, Vivian Kvist ; Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Joly, Carlos A ; Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
Jucker, Tommaso; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Jung, Ilbin; Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
Karminov, Viktor ; Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia
Kartawinata, Kuswata; Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
Kearsley, Elizabeth; CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Kenfack, David ; CTFS-ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
Kennard, Deborah K ; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA
Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian ; Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Keppel, Gunnar; UniSA STEM and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Khan, Mohammed Latif ; Department of Botany, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
Killeen, Timothy J; Museo de Historia Natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Kim, Hyun Seok; Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea ; Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea ; National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, South Korea ; Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
Kitayama, Kanehiro; Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Köhl, Michael; Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Korjus, Henn ; Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
Kraxner, Florian ; Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
Laarmann, Diana; Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
Lang, Mait; Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
Lewis, Simon L ; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK ; Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
Lu, Huicui; Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
Lukina, Natalia V; Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Maitner, Brian S ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Malhi, Yadvinder; Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Marcon, Eric ; AgroParisTech, UMR-AMAP, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur ; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
Marshall, Andrew R; Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia ; Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK ; Flamingo Land, Malton, UK
Martin, Emanuel H; Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania
Martynenko, Olga; Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia
Meave, Jorge A ; Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
Melo-Cruz, Omar; Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
Mendoza, Casimiro; Colegio de Profesionales Forestales de Cochabamba, Cochabamba, Bolivia
Merow, Cory ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo; Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Pasco, Peru ; Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
Moreno, Vanessa S; Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
Mukul, Sharif A ; Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia ; Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Mundhenk, Philip; Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Nava-Miranda, María Guadalupe ; Laboratorio de geomática, Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico ; Programa de doctorado en Ingeniería para el desarrollo rural y civil, Escuela de Doctorado Internacional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Neill, David ; Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
Neldner, Victor J; Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
Nevenic, Radovan V; Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
Ngugi, Michael R; Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
Niklaus, Pascal A ; Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Oleksyn, Jacek; Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
Ontikov, Petr; Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia
Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar; Forestry School, Tecnológico de Costa Rica TEC, Cartago, Costa Rica
Pan, Yude; Climate, Fire, and Carbon Cycle Sciences, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NC, USA
Paquette, Alain ; Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander; Museo de Historia Natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Parfenova, Elena I ; V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Park, Minjee; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
Parren, Marc; Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy; Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
Peri, Pablo L; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Río Gallegos, Argentina
Pfautsch, Sebastian ; School of Social Sciences (Urban Studies), Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
Phillips, Oliver L ; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Picard, Nicolas; Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Piedade, Maria Teresa T F ; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
Piotto, Daniel ; Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
Pitman, Nigel C A; Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
Polo, Irina; Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Medellin, Colombia
Poorter, Lourens ; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Poulsen, Axel D; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Pretzsch, Hans ; Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School for Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Ramirez Arevalo, Freddy; Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda; Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático (SECC), Fundación Con Vida & Corporación COL-TREE, Medellín, Colombia
Rodeghiero, Mirco; Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy ; Centro Agricoltura, Alimenti, Ambiente, University of Trento, San Michele All'adige, Italy
Rolim, Samir G; Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
Roopsind, Anand; Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
Rovero, Francesco; Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy ; Tropical Biodiversity, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
Rutishauser, Ervan; Info Flora, Geneva, Switzerland
Saikia, Purabi; Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Salas-Eljatib, Christian ; Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile ; Vicerrectoria de Investigacion y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile ; Depto. de Silvicultura y Conservacion de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Temuco, Chile
Schall, Peter ; Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Schepaschenko, Dmitry ; Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria ; V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia ; Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael ; Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
Schmid, Bernhard ; Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Schöngart, Jochen; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
Searle, Eric B ; Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Seben, Vladimír ; National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
Serra-Diaz, Josep M ; Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France ; Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Sheil, Douglas ; Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands ; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
Shvidenko, Anatoly Z ; Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
Silva-Espejo, Javier E; Departamento de Biología, Universidad de la Serena, La Serena, Chile
Silveira, Marcos ; Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
Singh, James; Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, France
Sist, Plinio; Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
Slik, Ferry; Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
Sonké, Bonaventure ; Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Souza, Alexandre F; Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Miscicki, Stanislaw; Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Stereńczak, Krzysztof J ; Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
Svenning, Jens-Christian ; Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ; Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Svoboda, Miroslav ; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Targhetta, Natalia; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
Tchebakova, Nadja ; V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Ter Steege, Hans ; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands ; Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Betafaculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Thomas, Raquel; Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development (IIC), Georgetown, Guyana
Tikhonova, Elena ; Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Umunay, Peter M ; School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Usoltsev, Vladimir A; Botanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural State Forest Engineering University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
Valencia, Renato; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Valladares, Fernando; LINCGlobal, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
van der Plas, Fons; Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Do, Tran Van ; Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
van Nuland, Michael E ; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Vasquez, Rodolfo M; Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Pasco, Peru
Verbeeck, Hans ; CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Viana, Helder ; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Viseu, Portugal ; Department of Ecology and Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural High School, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
Vibrans, Alexander C ; Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil ; Department of Forest Engineering Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
Vieira, Simone ; Environmental Studies and Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
von Gadow, Klaus ; Department of Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
Wang, Hua-Feng; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
Watson, James V; Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
Werner, Gijsbert D A; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Wiser, Susan K ; Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
Wittmann, Florian; Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Woell, Hannsjoerg; Independent Researcher, Bad Aussee, Austria
Wortel, Verginia; Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
Zagt, Roderik; Tropenbos International, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Tomasz; Polish State Forests, Coordination Center for Environmental Projects, Warsaw, Poland
Zhang, Chunyu ; Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Zhao, Xiuhai; Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Zhou, Mo; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Zhu, Zhi-Xin; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
Zo-Bi, Irie C ; Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
Maynard, Daniel S; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland ; Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London, UK
The authors acknowledge the Bernina Foundation and DOB Ecology for financial support. C.S.D. thanks the Swiss National Science Foundation (Postdoctoral Fellowship #TMPFP3_209925). C.S.D. also acknowledges funding from the Marc R. Benioff Revocable Trust, which, in collaboration with the World Economic Forum, also made this work possible. D.S.M. thanks the Swiss National Science Foundation (Ambizione Grant #PZ00P3_193612). The authors thank L. Mo for assistance in compiling the author list and G. Smith for early discussions about invasion severity. J.C.S. considers this work a contribution to Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), funded by Danish National Research Foundation (grant DNRF173) and his VILLUM Investigator project ‘Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World’, funded by VILLUM FONDEN (grant 16549). P. Schall thanks the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Priority Program 1374 Biodiversity Exploratories. G.A. thanks the French National Forest Inventory and the Italian Forest Inventory; G.A. was supported by the Italian National Recovery Plan through the National Biodiversity Future Center. Financial support from Monafor network in Mexico was funded by the National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), Council of Science and Technology of the State of Durango (COCYTED), the Natural Environment Research Council, UK (NERC; NE/T011084/1), and local support of Ejidos and Comunidades.The authors acknowledge the Bernina Foundation and DOB Ecology for financial support. C.S.D. thanks the Swiss National Science Foundation (Postdoctoral Fellowship #TMPFP3_209925). C.S.D. also acknowledges funding from the Marc R. Benioff Revocable Trust, which, in collaboration with the World Economic Forum, also made this work possible. D.S.M. thanks the Swiss National Science Foundation (Ambizione Grant #PZ00P3_193612). The authors thank L. Mo for assistance in compiling the author list and G. Smith for early discussions about invasion severity. J.C.S. considers this work a contribution to Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), funded by Danish National Research Foundation (grant DNRF173) and his VILLUM Investigator project ‘Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World’, funded by VILLUM FONDEN (grant 16549). P. Schall thanks the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Priority Program 1374 Biodiversity Exploratories. G.A. thanks the French National Forest Inventory and the Italian Forest Inventory; G.A. was supported by the Italian National Recovery Plan through the National Biodiversity Future Center. Financial support from Monafor network in Mexico was funded by the National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), Council of Science and Technology of the State of Durango (COCYTED), the Natural Environment Research Council, UK (NERC; NE/T011084/1), and local support of Ejidos and Comunidades.
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