Belgium

Husson, Jean-François

doi:10.1163/9789004517752_008

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Belgium

Husson, Jean-François

2023 • In Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, 14, p. 97-123

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https://hdl.handle.net/2268/314688

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10.1163/9789004517752_008

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Keywords :

Belgium; Islam; Church-State relations

Abstract :

[en] Developments concerning Islam in Belgium in 2021.

Disciplines :

Sociology & social sciences

Author, co-author :

Husson, Jean-François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences sociales > Sociologie de l'organisation et de l'intervention

Language :

English

Title :

Belgium

Publication date :

2023

Journal title :

Yearbook of Muslims in Europe

ISSN :

1877-1432

eISSN :

2588-9737

Publisher :

Brill, Leiden, Netherlands

Volume :

Pages :

97-123

Peer reviewed :

Peer reviewed

Available on ORBi :

since 25 March 2024

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Bibliography

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There were 81 in 2019: www.atlasinfo.fr/Des-imams-et-morchidates-en-Belgique-pour-l-encadrement-religieux-des-Marocains-durant-le-mois-de-Ramadan_a100416.html, accessed 13 February 2021.
Four imams in Diyanet mosques are paid by the Belgian state.
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The problem was also mentioned by the EMB (Exécutif des Musulmans de Belgique, Renouvellement, 2021).
Husson, Jean-François, “Belgium”, in Oliver Scharbrodt, Samin Akgönül, Ahmet Alibašić, Jørgen S. Nielsen, and Egdūnas Račius (eds), Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, vol. 7 (Leiden: Brill, 2016), pp. 95–98;
Husson, Jean-François, “Belgium”, in Stéphanie Müssig, Egdūnas Račius, Samin Akgönül, Ahmet Alibašić, Jørgen S. Nielsen, and Oliver Scharbrodt (eds), Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, vol. 13 (Leiden: Brill, 2021), pp. 89–90.
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There is a proposal to have two hours a week and reduce accordingly the specific classes of religious education: https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/enseignement/2021/11/22/les-cours -de-religion-et-de-morale-bientot-optionnels-dans-lenseignement-officiel-VGSL BZV5AZENXHTV5EMRUKFXOM/, accessed 2 March 2022.
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https://bartsomers.be/home/minister-somers-trekt-erkenning-in-van-antwerpse-mos kee-de-koepel, accessed 22 February 2022.
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While eight applications have been turned down as a consequence of negative vetting, usually from the Security of State: Compte rendu intégral des interpellations et des questions, 19 January 2021, http://weblex.brussels/data/crb/biq/2020-21/00060/images.pdf, p. 26, accessed 28 February 2022.
Four lost their recognition shortly after it was granted in 2007 because of administrative shortcomings.
www.parlement-wallonie.be/pwpages?p=interp-questions-voir&type=28&iddoc=98309, accessed 8 February 2022.
www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2021/10/18/erkenning-moskee-de-koepel, accessed 22 February 2022.
www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2021/01/27/bart-somers-open-vld-start-procedure-om-erkenning -moskee-houth, accessed 20 February 2022. The far-right party Vlaams Belang repeatedly requested the recognition be ended: www.vlaamsbelang.org/erkenning-moskee-na -homohaat-nog-steeds-niet-geschrapt-waarop-wacht-de-minister, accessed 20 February 2022.
The Belgian authorities revoked the agreement with the Muslim World League in 2019 on administrative shortcomings and interference concerns: https://plus.lesoir.be/203011/article/2019-01-26/quel-avenir-pour-la-grande-mosquee-apres-le-depart-de-la-ligue -islamique, accessed 22 February 2022.
http://weblex.brussels/data/crb/biq/2020-21/00060/images.pdf, accessed 28 February 2022.
www.lalibre.be/regions/brabant/2021/01/02/permis-octroye-pour-la-mosquee-de-nivelles-KNPJRAPV75AOJKSNN465JIHGTQ/, accessed 1 March 2022.
https://lanouvellegazette-sambre-meuse.sudinfo.be/787520/article/2021-05-19/une -mosquee-au-boulevard-dherbatte-namur-le-ministre-delivre-le-permis, accessed 23 February 2022.
That mosque was also targeted by vandalism and hate speeches: www.sudinfo.be/id384083/article/2021-03-29/la-mosquee-de-lodelinsart-regulierement-ciblee-par-des -messages-haineux-cest-de, accessed 14 February 2022.
https://lanouvellegazette.sudinfo.be/798831/article/2021-06-17/le-permis-pour-la-mos quee-de-lodelinsart-finalement-refuse-par-le-gouvernement, accessed 28 February 2022.
www.dhnet.be/regions/centre/saint-vaast-le-projet-de-construction-d-une-nouvelle -mosquee-est-toujours-d-actualite-612e2600d8ad5842acb0aeb0, accessed 28 February 2022.
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https://lacapitale.sudinfo.be/758108/article/2021-03-02/ganshoren-le-permis-durbanisme -pour-la-mosquee-est-recale, accessed 28 February 2022.
Such as a fight at the mosque of Tubize: www.lavenir.net/cnt/dmf20211015_01625956/bagarre-a-la-mosquee-un-jour-de-confinement, accessed 28 February 2022.
A letter dated 15 November 2017 from the president of the EMB to the Minister of Justice, and some interviews in the press, e.g., www.lacapitale.be/196043/article/2018-02-23/islam -de-belgique-des-femmes-au-sein-du-conseil-des-theologiens, accessed 14 February 2022.
www.middleeasteye.net/fr/reportages/belgique-mosquees-femmes-musulmanes-theo logiennes-predicatrices-imamat, accessed 14 February 2022.
www.justicedemocracy.org/2019/10/contre-la-vaticanisation-de-lislam-justice-and -democracy-saisit-la-justice, accessed 28 February 2022.
Arrêt n° 250.137, 17 March 2021, http://www.conseil-etat.be/Arrets/250000/100/250137
.pdf;
www.lavenir.net/cnt/dmf20210418_01573245/pas-de-vaticanisation-de-l-islam
both accessed 28 February 2022.
https://www.koengeens.be/news/2020/01/31/la-formation-civile-d-imams-prevue-a-l -uclouvain-en-septembre-2020;
www.embnet.be/fr/la-formation-des-imams-un-grand -pas-dans-le-parcours-dinstitutionnalisation-de-lislam-en-belgique, both accessed 15 February 2022.
Constitution published in the Annexes du Moniteur Belge, 25 April 2019, www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/tsv_pdf/2019/04/25/19057801.pdf, accessed 15 February 2022.
www.lesoir.be/269172/article/2019-12-26/le-premier-cursus-de-formation-dimams-en -belgique-debutera-en-fevrier, accessed 15 February 2022.
Moniteur belge, 31 March 2020.
https://lacapitale.sudinfo.be/803127/article/2021-06-28/forest-permis-durbanisme -accorde-lecole-musulmane-el-hikma, accessed 28 February 2022.
www.facebook.com/medinaexpo.be/posts/4075572139216045, accessed 23 February 2022.
www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/dissous-le-ccif-se-reconstitue-en-belgique-20210214; and https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/societe/2021/02/16/lassociation-ccif-dissoute -en-france-apres-avoir-ete-accusee-detre-manifestement-impliquee-dans-lassassinat -de-samuel-paty-se-reconstitue-en-belgique-IRLV6AO4TRBNBKYKTYZEUZELF4/, both accessed 1 March 2022.
www.lamanchette.be/main/gala-ccib-2021-ccib-fait-peau-neuve-et-sappelle-le-ciib/, accessed 1 March 2022.
www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/3466/Perceptions-are-not -reality-Things-the-world-gets-wrong.aspx. The Pew Research Centre therefore raised the question about the choice of interviewees:
www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/11/17/5 -facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe, both accessed 2 March 2022.
Husson, “Belgium”, Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, vol. 7, p. 106.
El Battiui, Mohamed, Meryem Kanmaz, and Firouzeh Nahavandi (eds), Mosquées, imams et professeurs de religion islamique en Belgique: état de la question et enjeux (Brussels: Fondation Roi Baudouin, 2004), pp. 7–8, www.kbs-frb.be/~ /media/Files/Bib/Publications/Older/PUB-1448-Mosquees-imams-prof-islam.pdf, accessed 2 April 2018;
www.npdata.be/BuG/448-Moslims/;
www.npdata.be/Data/Vreemdelingen/NIS/Moslims /Moslims-2011-2019.xlsx, both accessed 15 February 2022. These estimates will be used in the absence of other more detailed data.
Such estimates tend to neglect people from Muslim majority countries who are not Muslims (e.g., Middle Eastern Christians), an aspect considered by Hertogen; converts are also overlooked. See Dassetto, L’iris et le croissant, pp. 21–26.
www.npdata.be/BuG/478-Islam and www.npdata.be/BuG/479-Migratieachtergrond, both accessed 28 February 2022.
www.npdata.be/BuG/448-Moslims/; www.npdata.be/Data/Vreemdelingen/NIS/Moslims/Moslims-2011-2019.xlsx, both accessed 15 February 2022.
EMB, Information sur la situation de l’Exécutif des musulmans de Belgique, letter to the members of Parliament, December 2021.
Own calculations, based on https://data-onderwijs.vlaanderen.be/documenten/bestanden/14118.xls, accessed 2 March 2022. A number of Muslim pupils attend Catholic secondary schools, where no Islamic religious education is provided.
13.6% in primary education and 9.7% in secondary education. Own calculations based on data obtained from the French-speaking community (Direction générale de l’enseignement obligatoire).
For a regional approach, see Sägesser, Caroline, “La fréquentation des cours de religion et de morale après l’introduction du cours de philosophie et de citoyenneté”, Crisp, 8 April 2019, www.crisp.be/crisp/wp-content/uploads/analyses/2019-04-23_ACL-SagesserC -2019-Orela-frequentation_cours_religion_morale-introduction_cours_philosophie _citoyennete.pdf, accessed 15 February 2022.
www.npdata.be/BuG/478-Islam, accessed 28 February 2022.
Hertogen, Jan, “Moslims in België van 6.3% naar 6.5% van de Bevolking”, Dewereldmorgen, 08 Aug. 2014, https://www.dewereldmorgen.be/artikel/2014/10/08/moslims-in-belgie-van-63-naar-65-van-de-bevolking/, accessed 28 February 2022.
Data provided by Jan Hertogen.
Torrekens, Corinne, and Ilke Adam, Belgo-Marocains, Belgo-Turcs: (auto)portrait de nos concitoyens (Brussels: Fondation Roi Baudouin, 2015), pp. 33–34, available at https://www.kbs-frb.be/fr/belgo-marocains-belgo-turcs-autoportrait-de-nos-concitoyens, accessed 15 February 2022.
www.levif.be/actualite/belgique/pourquoi-certaines-flamandes-se-convertissent-elles-a-l-islam/article-normal-455191.html, accessed 15 February 2022.
www.stichtingbekeerling.nl/aantal-bekeerlingen-in-nederland-en-belgie/, accessed 15 February 2022.
Orban, Anne-Claire, “Un quotidien oublié: les chiites bruxellois”, Pax Christi Wallonie Bruxelles Analyse (May 2016), pp. 1–5, available at www.bepax.org/files/files/2016-analyse-un-quotidien-oublie-les-chiites-bruxellois.pdf, accessed 2 March 2022.
https://shiacity.fr/societe-et-culture/societe/qui-sont-les-chiites-de-france-et-belgique, accessed 2 March 2022.
www.catho-bruxelles.be/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/alevis.pdf, accessed 15 February 2022.
Dassetto, L’iris et le croissant, pp. 236–237.
www.ahmadiyya-islam.org/be-nl/ahmadiyya/, accessed 15 February 2022.
According to State Security: www.vsse.be/sites/default/files/2018-01_brochure_salafisme_fr.pdf, accessed 15 February 2022.
Reaching 47.6% in Saint-Josse and 42.9% in Molenbeek and being between 30–40% in four of the other Brussels Capital region’s 19 municipalities: www.npdata.be/Data/Vreemdelingen/NIS/Moslims/Moslims-2011-2019.xlsx, accessed 15 February 2022.
www.npdata.be/Data/Vreemdelingen/NIS/Moslims/Moslims-2011-2019.xlsx, accessed 15 February 2022.
www.embnet.be/fr/annuaire-des-cimetieres; www.embnet.be/nl/lijst-van-de-begraafpla atsen, both accessed 22 February 2022; some places are not recognised as such by the EMB but are mentioned.
www.pouvoirslocaux.irisnet.be/fr/acteurs/les-intercommunales/intercommunale -dinhumation, accessed 15 February 2022.
https://laprovince.sudinfo.be/631476/article/2020-09-01/bientot-de-nouveaux-carres -musulmans-dans-plusieurs-cimetieres-de-mons-borinage, accessed 15 February 2022.
See Article 24 in www.namur.be/fr/ma-ville/administration/services-communaux/population-etat-civil/reglements/reglement-general-relatif-aux-funerailles-et-sepultures, accessed 22 February 2022.
On their mission and recruitment, see: www.embnet.be/fr/conseillers-islamiques, accessed 22 February 2022.
Arrêté royal du 17 mai 2019 relatif aux aumôniers, aux conseillers des cultes et aux conseillers moraux auprès des prisons (Royal Decree of 17 May 2019 on Chaplains, Religious Advisers, and Moral Counsellors in Prisons), www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/change_lg.pl?language=fr&la=F&table_name=loi&cn=2019051728, accessed 22 February 2022.
www.lalibre.be/economie/entreprises-startup/2013/09/10/le-marche-belge-des-produits-halal-estime-a-17-milliard-deuros-FYVWLYAIQBCKNP5H5IDGASP6JI/, accessed 15 February 2022.
www.vrt.be/vrtnws/fr/2019/02/12/certificats-halal-lexecutif-des-musulmans-de-belgique-deplore/, accessed 15 February 2022.
See the answer in Parliament by the Minister of Justice, Stefaan De Clerck (CD&V), on 23 April 2010: Chambre des Représentants, Questions et réponses écrites QRVA
The Flemish government, installed in 2019, announced that it will forbid religious symbols (including the “Muslim veil”) for civil servants that are in contact with the public: www.crisp.be/crisp/wp-content/uploads/analyses/2019-12-10_ACL-Sagesser_C-2019-Orela -Cultes_et_laicite_dans_les_accords_de_gouvernement_des_entites_federees.pdf, accessed 15 February 2022.
https://onderwijs.vlaanderen.be/nl/directies-en-administraties/leerlingenadministratie-basis-en-secundair-onderwijs/levensbeschouwelijke-tekens-bij-leerlingen, accessed 2 March 2022.
For a summary of the legal situation, see www.securex.eu/lex-go.nsf/PrintReferences?OpenAgent&Cat2=49~~9&Lang=FR, accessed 15 February 2022.
https://lavertusecondaire.be/.
https://fondamental.iehs.be/ and https://secondaire.iehs.be/.
www.lalibre.be/actu/belgique/les-ecoles-islamiques-sont-depassees-par-leur-succes -analyse-59c7cd15cd70129e4188f43c, accessed 15 February 2022.
https://lmbinstitut.be, accessed 1 March 2022.
www.vrt.be/nl/over-de-vrt/nieuws/2020/12/15/waarom-zendt-de-vrt-erediensten-uit/, accessed 15 February 2022.
Husson, “Belgium”, Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, vol. 7.
www.embnet.be/fr/le-conseil-des-theologiens, accessed 15 February 2022.
www.embnet.be/fr/conseil-de-coordination-des-institutions-islamiques-de-belgique, accessed 1 March 2022.