Biodiversity pattern; Commensal network; Conservation; Elevation gradient; Epiphyte; Hump-shaped pattern; Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics; Ecology; Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract :
[en] Orchids have been long fascinating biologists and ecologists because of their remarkable range of life history strategies, floral and vegetative morphology, pollination syndromes, and symbiotic fungi. However, the diversity and distribution patterns of orchids remain unclear in several regions, seriously hindering the understanding of orchid diversity and their maintenance mechanisms. In this study, species richness, abundance, and environmental conditions of epiphytic and terrestrial orchids were investigated along an elevation gradient of Mt. Victoria, Myanmar, ranging from 600 to 3000 m with 200-m intervals. A binary species-based network was structured between epiphytic orchids and their hosts to further address the effect of hosts on orchid distribution. In total, 94 orchid species were recorded, including 58 epiphytic and 36 terrestrial orchids. A hump-shaped pattern of epiphytic orchid richness occurred along the elevation gradient, with the highest richness at ca. 2200 m, whereas terrestrial orchid richness follows a monotonous decrease. Both elevation and slope significantly affected the species composition and diversity of epiphytic and terrestrial orchids, while terrestrial orchids were also affected by herb coverage. The network between epiphytic orchids and their hosts exhibited a low level of connectance, and significant nestedness with a high level of modularity and specialization. Interactions in the network were heterogeneously distributed among hosts, as Lithocarpus variolosus, Rhododendron arboretum, and Lyonia ovalifolia hosted a wide variety of orchid species and hence played an important role in maintaining the diversity pattern of epiphytic orchids, while the bulk of species exhibited few interactions. Twenty epiphytic orchids (such as Sunipia grandiflora, Liparis viridiflora, Porpax grandiflora and Liparis tsii), which were only attached to specific host species, may be exposed to a high risk of extinction with the intensification of human activities. This study provides basic data for the conservation and management of orchids in Mt. Victoria, Myanmar.
Disciplines :
Environmental sciences & ecology
Author, co-author :
Ai, Yan-Yu ; Innovation Group of Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming, China ; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Liu, Qiang; Innovation Group of Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming, China
Hu, Hai-Xia; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
Mo, Yu-Xuan; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
Wu, Xun-Feng; Innovation Group of Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming, China
Li, Jin-Long; Innovation Group of Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming, China
Dossa, Gbadamassi G.O.; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
Song, Liang ; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
Language :
English
Title :
Terrestrial and epiphytic orchids exhibit different diversity and distribution patterns along an elevation gradient of Mt. Victoria, Myanmar
This work was supported by the Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences [ Y4ZK111B01 ], the National Natural Science Foundation of China [ 32171529 ], the Yunnan Natural Science Foundation [ 202101AT070059 ], the Candidates of the Young and Middle Aged Academic Leaders of Yunnan Province [ 2019HB040 ], and the Yunnan Revitalization Talents Support Plan [ YNWR-QNBJ-2020-066 ], the Yunnan Province Government for Talents Program [ E1YN101B01 ], the Zhi Hui Yunnan Program [ 202203AM140024 ], and grants from the Gongga Mountain National Nature Reserve and the Forestry Department of Hainan Province .
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