Biodiversity pattern; Commensal network; Conservation; Elevation gradient; Epiphyte; Hump-shaped pattern; Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics; Ecology; Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract :
[en] Orchids have been long fascinating biologists and ecologists because of their remarkable range of life history strategies, floral and vegetative morphology, pollination syndromes, and symbiotic fungi. However, the diversity and distribution patterns of orchids remain unclear in several regions, seriously hindering the understanding of orchid diversity and their maintenance mechanisms. In this study, species richness, abundance, and environmental conditions of epiphytic and terrestrial orchids were investigated along an elevation gradient of Mt. Victoria, Myanmar, ranging from 600 to 3000 m with 200-m intervals. A binary species-based network was structured between epiphytic orchids and their hosts to further address the effect of hosts on orchid distribution. In total, 94 orchid species were recorded, including 58 epiphytic and 36 terrestrial orchids. A hump-shaped pattern of epiphytic orchid richness occurred along the elevation gradient, with the highest richness at ca. 2200 m, whereas terrestrial orchid richness follows a monotonous decrease. Both elevation and slope significantly affected the species composition and diversity of epiphytic and terrestrial orchids, while terrestrial orchids were also affected by herb coverage. The network between epiphytic orchids and their hosts exhibited a low level of connectance, and significant nestedness with a high level of modularity and specialization. Interactions in the network were heterogeneously distributed among hosts, as Lithocarpus variolosus, Rhododendron arboretum, and Lyonia ovalifolia hosted a wide variety of orchid species and hence played an important role in maintaining the diversity pattern of epiphytic orchids, while the bulk of species exhibited few interactions. Twenty epiphytic orchids (such as Sunipia grandiflora, Liparis viridiflora, Porpax grandiflora and Liparis tsii), which were only attached to specific host species, may be exposed to a high risk of extinction with the intensification of human activities. This study provides basic data for the conservation and management of orchids in Mt. Victoria, Myanmar.
Disciplines :
Environmental sciences & ecology
Author, co-author :
Ai, Yan-Yu ; Innovation Group of Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming, China ; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Liu, Qiang; Innovation Group of Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming, China
Hu, Hai-Xia; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
Mo, Yu-Xuan; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
Wu, Xun-Feng; Innovation Group of Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming, China
Li, Jin-Long; Innovation Group of Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming, China
Dossa, Gbadamassi G.O.; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
Song, Liang ; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
Language :
English
Title :
Terrestrial and epiphytic orchids exhibit different diversity and distribution patterns along an elevation gradient of Mt. Victoria, Myanmar
This work was supported by the Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences [ Y4ZK111B01 ], the National Natural Science Foundation of China [ 32171529 ], the Yunnan Natural Science Foundation [ 202101AT070059 ], the Candidates of the Young and Middle Aged Academic Leaders of Yunnan Province [ 2019HB040 ], and the Yunnan Revitalization Talents Support Plan [ YNWR-QNBJ-2020-066 ], the Yunnan Province Government for Talents Program [ E1YN101B01 ], the Zhi Hui Yunnan Program [ 202203AM140024 ], and grants from the Gongga Mountain National Nature Reserve and the Forestry Department of Hainan Province .
Bascompte, J., Jordano, P., Melian, C.J., Olesen, J.M., The nested assembly of plant-animal mutualistic networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100:16 (2003), 9383–9387, 10.1073/pnas.1633576100.
Beckett, S.J., Improved community detection in weighted bipartite networks. R. Soc. Open Sci., 3(1), 2016, 140536, 10.1098/rsos.140536.
Bhattarai, K.R., Grytnes, V., Fern species richness along a central Himalayan elevation gradient. Nepal. J. Biogeogr. 31:3 (2004), 389–400, 10.1046/j.0305-0270.2003.01013.x.
Bluethgen, N., Menzel, F., Bluethgen, N., Measuring specialization in species interaction networks. BMC Ecol., 6, 2006, 9, 10.1186/1472-6785-6-9.
Burgos, E., Ceva, H., Perazzo, R.P., Devoto, M., Medan, D., Zimmermann, M., Delbue, A.M., Why nestedness in mutualistic networks?. J. Theor. Biol. 249:2 (2007), 307–313, 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.07.030.
Calatayud, J., Madrigal-Gonzalez, J., Gianoli, E., Hortal, J., Herrero, A., Uneven abundances determine nestedness in climbing plant-host interaction networks. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 26 (2017), 53–59, 10.1016/j.ppees.2017.04.003.
Ceballos, S.J., Chacoff, N.P., Malizia, A., Interaction network of vascular epiphytes and trees in a subtropical forest. Acta Oecol. 77 (2016), 152–159, 10.1016/j.actao.2016.10.007.
Chen, Y., Xu, X., Zhang, D., Wei, Y., Correlations between vegetation distribution and topographical factors in the northwest of Longmen Mountain, Sichuan Province. Chin. J. Ecol. 25:9 (2006), 1052–1055.
Clarke, K.R., Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Aust. J. Ecol. 18:1 (1993), 117–143, 10.1111/j.1442-9993.1993.tb00438.x.
Colles, A., Liow, L.H., Prinzing, A., Are specialists at risk under environmental change? Neoecological, paleoecological and phylogenetic approaches. Ecol. Lett. 12:8 (2009), 849–863, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01336.x.
Cortes-Anzures, B.O., Corona-Lopez, A.M., Damon, A., Mata-Rosas, M., Flores-Palacios, A., Phorophyte type determines epiphyte-phorophyte network structure in a Mexican oak forest. Flora, 2020, 272, 10.1016/j.flora.2020.151704.
Cribb, P.J., Kell, S.P., Dixon, K.W., Barrett, R.L., Orchid conservation: a global perspective. Dixon, K.W., Kell, S.P., Barrett, R.L., Cribb, P.J., (eds.) Orchid Conservation, 2003, Natural History Publications, Malysia, 1–24.
Csardi, G., Nepusz, T., The igraph software package for complex network research. Inter., Complex Syst., 2006, 1695 〈https://igraph.org〉.
Dirzo, R., Raven, P.H., Global state of biodiversity and loss. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 28:1 (2003), 137–167, 10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105532.
Djordjević, V., Tsiftsis, S., Kindlmann, P., Stevanović, V., Orchid diversity along an altitudinal gradient in the central Balkans. Front. Ecol. Evol., 10, 2022, 10.3389/fevo.2022.929266.
Dormann, C.F., How to be a specialist? Quantifying specialisation in pollination networks. Netw. Biol. 1:1 (2011), 1–20.
Dunne, J.A., Williams, R.J., Martinez, N.D., Food-web structure and network theory: The role of connectance and size. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99:20 (2002), 12917–12922, 10.1073/pnas.192407699.
Fay, M.F., Orchid conservation: how can we meet the challenges in the twenty-first century?. Bot. Stud., 59, 2018, 16, 10.1186/s40529-018-0232-z.
Fay, M.F., Chase, M.W., Orchid biology: from Linnaeus via Darwin to the 21st century. Ann. Bot. 104:3 (2009), 359–364, 10.1093/aob/mcp190.
Francisco, T.M., Couto, D.R., Evans, D.M., Garbin, M.L., Ruiz-Miranda, C.R., Structure and robustness of an epiphyte-phorophyte commensalistic network in a neotropical inselberg. Austral Ecol. 43:8 (2018), 903–914, 10.1111/aec.12640.
Francisco, T.M., Couto, D.R., Garbin, M.L., Misaki, F., Ruiz-Miranda, C.R., Role of spatial and environmental factors in structuring vascular epiphyte communities in two neotropical ecosystems. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst., 51, 2021, 125621, 10.1016/j.ppees.2021.125621.
Givnish, T.J., Spalink, D., Ames, M., Lyon, S.P., Hunter, S.J., Zuluaga, A., Iles, W.J., Clements, M.A., Arroyo, M.T., Leebens-Mack, J., Endara, L., Kriebel, R., Neubig, K.M., Whitten, W.M., Williams, N.H., Cameron, K.M., Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification. Proc. R. Soc. B. 282:1814 (2015), 171–180, 10.1098/rspb.2015.1553.
Gonzalez, A.M.M., Dalsgaard, B., Olesen, J.M., Centrality measures and the importance of generalist species in pollination networks. Ecol. Complex. 7:1 (2010), 36–43, 10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.03.008.
Govaerts, R., Campacci, M.A., Baptista, D.H., Cribb, P.J., George, A., Kreutz, K., Wood, J.J., 2022. World checklist of Orchidaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 〈http://wcsp.science.kew.org/〉(accessed 10 Arpil 2022).
Gravendeel, B., Smithson, A., Slik, F.J.W., Schuiteman, A., Epiphytism and pollinator specialization: drivers for orchid diversity?. Philos. T. R. Soc. B. 359:1450 (2004), 1523–1535, 10.1098/rstb.2004.1529.
Grytnes, J.A., Beaman, J.H., Elevation species richness patterns for vascular plants on Mount Kinabalu. Borneo. J. Biogeogr. 33:10 (2006), 1838–1849, 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01554.x.
Halbritter, A.H., Fior, S., Keller, I., Billeter, R., Edwards, P.J., Holderegger, R., Karrenberg, S., Pluess, A.R., Widmer, A., Alexander, J.M., Trait differentiation and adaptation of plants along elevation gradients. J. Evol. Biol. 31:6 (2018), 784–800, 10.1111/jeb.13262.
Heaney, L.R., Small mammal diversity along elevation gradients in the Philippines: an assessment of patterns and hypotheses. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 10:1 (2001), 15–39, 10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.00227.x.
Hu, H.X., Shen, T., Quan, D.L., Nakamura, A., Song, L., Structuring interaction networks between epiphytic bryophytes and their hosts in Yunnan, SW China. Front. Glob. Chang., 4, 2021, 716278, 10.3389/ffgc.2021.716278.
Hu, H.W., Wei, Y.Q., Wang, W.Y., Suonan, J., Wang, S.X., Chen, Z., Guan, J.H., Deng, Y.F., Richness and distribution of endangered orchid species under different climate scenarios on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Front. Plant Sci., 13, 2022, 948189, 10.3389/fpls.2022.948189.
Jacquemyn, H., Micheneau, C., Roberts, D.L., Pailler, T., Elevation gradients of species diversity, breeding system and floral traits of orchid species on Reunion Island. J. Biogeogr. 32:10 (2005), 1751–1761, 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01307.x.
Kang, D.H., Cho, S.H., Ong, H.G., Ling, S.M., Kyaw, N.O., Kim, Y.D., Kurzweil, H., Two new generic records in the orchid flora of Myanmar. Korean J. Plant Taxon. 49:1 (2019), 96–99, 10.11110/kjpt.2019.49.1.96.
Korner, C., The use of 'altitude' in ecological research. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22:11 (2007), 569–574, 10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.006.
Kratochwil, A., Biodiversity in ecosystems: some principles. Kratochwil, A., (eds.) Biodiversity in Ecosystems: Principles and Case Studies of Different Complexity Levels. Tasks for Vegetation Science, 34, 1999, Springer, Dordrecht, 5–38, 10.1007/978-94-011-4677-7_2.
Kromer, T., Kessler, M., Gradstein, S.R., Acebey, A., Diversity patterns of vascular epiphytes along an elevation gradient in the Andes. J. Biogeogr. 32:10 (2005), 1799–1809, 10.1002/ecy.2858.
Kuper, W., Kreft, H., Nieder, J., Koster, N., Barthlott, W., Large-scale diversity patterns of vascular epiphytes in Neotropical montane rain forests. J. Biogeogr. 31:9 (2004), 1477–1487, 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01093.x.
Kurzweil, H., Watthana, S., Ormerod, P., 2021. Natma Taung and its Orchid Flora. In: Fujikawa, K., Yumiko Baba, Y., Shin, T., Moe, A.Z., Mizukami, H. (Eds), Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park. Vol: 2, pp. 1.
Luo, Y.B., Jia, J.S., Wang, C., A general review of the conservation status of Chinese orchids. Biodivers. Sci. 11:1 (2003), 70–77, 10.3321/j.issn:1005-0094.2003.01.010.
MBG, 2022. Plant diversity of Natma Taung National Park. The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden. 〈https://www.makino.or.jp/multilingual/diversity.php?lang=en/〉 (accessed 27 December 2022).
McCain, C.M., Elevation gradients in diversity of small mammals. Ecology 86:2 (2005), 366–372, 10.1890/03-3147.
Mittermeier, R.A., Turner, W.R., Larsen, F.W., Brooks, T.M., Gascon, C., Global biodiversity conservation: The critical role of hotspots. Zachos, F., Habel, J., (eds.) Biodiversity Hotspots, 2011, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 3–22, 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1.
Naranjo, C., Iriondo, J.M., Riofrio, M.L., Lara-Romero, C., Evaluating the structure of commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte networks: a comparative perspective of biotic interactions. AoB Plants, 11(2), 2019, plz011, 10.1093/aobpla/plz011.
Nieder, J., Engwald, S., Barthlott, W., Patterns of neotropical epiphyte diversity. Selbyana 20:1 (1999), 66–75.
Piazzon, M., Larrinaga, A.R., Santamaria, L., Are nested networks more robust to disturbance? A test using epiphyte-tree, comensalistic networks. PLoS One, 6(5), 2011, e19637, 10.1371/journal.pone.0019637.
Qu, B., Miao, Y.M., Zhang, Q.D., Bi, R.C., Plant diversity and its elevation gradient patterns in Wulu Mountain, Shanxi, China. Plant Divers. Resour. 34:4 (2012), 376–382, 10.3724/SP.J.1143.2012.12022.
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. 2021, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria (URL) 〈https://www.R-project.org〉.
Oksanen J., Blanchet, F.G., Friendly, M., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., McGlinn, D., Minchin, P.R., O'Hara, R.B., Simpson, G.L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M.H.H., Szoecs, E., Wagner, H., 2020. vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.5–7. 〈https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan〉.
Phillips, R.D., Reiter, N., Peakall, R., Orchid conservation: from theory to practice. Ann. Bot. 126:3 (2020), 345–362, 10.1093/aob/mcaa093.
Quiel, C.R., Zotz, G., Vascular epiphyte assemblages on isolated trees along an elevational gradient in Southwest. Diversity -Basel, 13(2), 2021, 49, 10.3390/d13020049.
Ravigne, V., Dieckmann, U., Olivieri, I., Live where you thrive: Joint evolution of habitat choice and local adaptation facilitates specialization and promotes diversity. Am. Nat. 174:4 (2009), E141–E169, 10.1086/605369.
Salas-Morales, S.H., Meave, J.A., Trejo, I., The relationship of meteorological patterns with changes in floristic richness along a large elevational gradient in a seasonally dry region of southern Mexico. Int. J. Biometeorol. 59:12 (2015), 1861–1874, 10.1007/s00484-015-0993-y.
Sayago, R., Lopezaraiza-Mikel, M., Quesada, M., Alvarez-Anorve, M.Y., Cascante-Marin, A., Bastida, J.M., Evaluating factors that predict the structure of a commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte network. P. Roy. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 280(1756), 2013, 20122821, 10.1098/rspb.2012.2821.
Shen, T., Song, L., Collart, F., Guisan, A., Su, Y., Hu, H.X., Wu, Y., Dong, J.L., Vanderpoorten, A., What makes a good phorophyte? Predicting occupancy, species richness and abundance of vascular epiphytes in a lowland seasonal tropical forest. Front. Glob. Change, 5, 2022, 1007473, 10.3389/ffgc.2022.1007473.
Shen, Z.H., Fang, J.Y., Niche comparison of two Fagus species based on the topographic patterns of their populations. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 25 (2001), 392–398, 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2007.03.016.
Shi, X.M., Song, L., Liu, W.Y., Lu, H.Z., Qi, J.H., Li, S., Chen, X., Wu, J.F., Liu, S., Wu, C.S., Epiphytic bryophytes as bio-indicators of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in a subtropical montane cloud forest: Response patterns, mechanism, and critical load. Environ. Pollut. 229 (2017), 932–941, 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.077.
Silva, I.A., Ferreira, A.W.C., Lima, M.I.S., Soares, J.J., Networks of epiphytic orchids and host trees in Brazilian gallery forests. J. Trop. Ecol. 26 (2010), 127–137, 10.1017/S0266467409990551.
Song, C.L., Rohr, R.P., Saavedra, S., Why are some plant-pollinator networks more nested than others?. J. Anim. Ecol. 86:6 (2017), 1417–1424, 10.1111/1365-2656.12749.
Song, L., Ma, W.Z., Yao, Y.L., Liu, W.Y., Li, S., Chen, K., Lu, H.Z., Cao, M., Sun, Z.H., Tan, Z.H., Nakamura, A., Bole bryophyte diversity and distribution patterns along three altitudinal gradients in Yunnan, China. J. Veg. Sci. 26:3 (2015), 576–587, 10.1111/jvs.12263.
Song, L.A., Liu, W.Y., Ma, W.Z., Tan, Z.H., Bole epiphytic bryophytes on Lithocarpus xylocarpus (Kurz) Markgr. in the Ailao Mountains, SW China. Ecol. Res. 26:2 (2011), 351–363, 10.1007/s11284-010-0790-3.
Štípková, Z., Kindlmann, P., Factors determining the distribution of orchids-a review with examples from the Czech Republic. Eur. J. Environ. Sci. 11:1 (2021), 21–30, 10.14712/23361964.2021.3.
Stouffer, D.B., Bascompte, J., Compartmentalization increases food-web persistence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108:9 (2011), 3648–3652, 10.1073/pnas.1014353108.
Swarts, N.D., Dixon, K.W., Perspectives on orchid conservation in botanic gardens. Trends Plant Sci. 14:11 (2009), 590–598, 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.07.008.
Swarts, N.D., Dixon, K.W., Terrestrial orchid conservation in the age of extinction. Ann. Bot. 104:3 (2009), 543–556, 10.1093/aob/mcp025.
Takahashi, K., Murayama, Y., Effects of topographic and edaphic conditions on alpine plant species distribution along a slope gradient on Mount Norikura, central Japan. Ecol. Res. 29:5 (2014), 823–833, 10.1007/s11284-014-1168-8.
Tanaka, N., Plant inventory research: contributions to the flora of Myanmar. APG 56:1 (2005), 21–26.
Tanaka, N., Ohi-Toma, T., Murata, J., A new species of Argostemma (Rubiaceae) from Mt. Victoria, Myanmar. Blumea 55:1 (2010), 65–67, 10.3767/000651910X499178.
Taylor, A., Burns, K., Radial distributions of air plants: a comparison between epiphytes and mistletoes. Ecology 97:4 (2016), 819–825, 10.1890/15-1322.1.
Timsina, B., Kindlmann, P., Subedi, S., Khatri, S., Rokaya, M.B., Epiphytic orchid diversity along an altitudinal gradient in Central Nepal. Plants-Basel, 10(7), 2021, 1381, 10.3390/plants10071381.
Tusiime, F.M., Byarujali, S.M., Bates, J.W., Diversity and distribution of bryophytes in three forest types of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Afr. J. Ecol. 45:s3 (2007), 79–87, 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00862.x.
Vázquez-García, J.A., Givnish, T.J., Altitudinal gradients in tropical forest composition, structure, and diversity in the Sierra de Manantlán. J. Ecol. 86 (2010), 999–1020, 10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00325.x.
Vizentin-Bugoni, J., Debastiani, V.J., Bastazini, V.A.G., Maruyama, P.K., Sperry, J.H., Including rewiring in the estimation of the robustness of mutualistic networks. Methods Ecol. Evol. 11:1 (2020), 106–116, 10.1111/2041-210X.13306.
Wagner, K., Mendieta-Leiva, G., Zotz, G., Host specificity in vascular epiphytes: a review of methodology, empirical evidence and potential mechanisms. AoB Plants, 2015, 7, 10.1093/aobpla/plu092.
Wang, Y.Q., Wu, X.F., Li, J.L., Zhou, S.S., Li, R., Liu, Q., Li, L., Liparis casseabria, (Malaxideae: Orchidaceae) a new species from Chin State. Myanmar Phytotaxa., 575(1), 2022 https://doi.org/109-114. 10.11646/phytotaxa.575.1.9.
Wester, S., Mendieta-Leiva, G., Nauheimer, L., Wanek, W., Kreft, H., Zotz, G., Physiological diversity and biogeography of vascular epiphytes at Rio Changuinola. (https://) Panama. Flora 206:1 (2011), 66–79, 10.1016/j.flora.2010.01.011.
WFO, 2022. The World Flora Online. 〈https://wfoplantlist.org/plant-list/taxon/wfo-7000000429–2022-06/〉(accessed 29 June 2022).
Wolf, J.H.D., Factors controlling the distribution of vascular and non-vascular epiphytes in the northern Andes. Vegetatio 112 (1994), 15–28, 10.1007/BF00045096.
Wraith, J., Pickering, C., A continental scale analysis of threats to orchids. Biol. Conserv. 234 (2019), 7–17, 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.03.015.
Ye, P.C., Wu, J.Y., An, M.T., Chen, H., Zhao, X., Jin, X.H., Si, Q., Geographical distribution and relationship with environmental factors of Paphiopedilum Subgenus Brachypetalum Hallier (Orchidaceae) Taxa in Southwest China. Diversity-Basel, 13(12), 2021, 10.3390/d13120634.
Yukawa, T., Tanaka, N., Murata, J., Doritis natmataungensis (Orchidaceae), a new species from Myanmar. APG 60:3 (2010), 167–170.
Zarate-Garcia, A.M., Noguera-Savelli, E., Andrade-Canto, S.B., Zavaleta-Mancera, H.A., Gauthier, A., Alatorre-Cobos, F., Bark water storage capacity influences epiphytic orchid preference for host trees. Am. J. Bot. 107:5 (2020), 726–734, 10.1002/ajb2.1470.
Zhang, S.B., Chen, W.Y., Huang, J.L., Bi, Y.F., Yang, X.F., Orchid species richness along elevation and environmental gradients in Yunnan, China. PLoS One, 10(11), 2015, e0142621, 10.1371/journal.pone.0142621.
Zhang, S.B., Yang, Y.J., Li, J.W., Qin, J., Zhang, W., Huang, W., Hu, H., Physiological diversity of orchids. Plant Diversity 40:4 (2018), 196–208, 10.1016/j.pld.2018.06.003.
Zhang, Y.B., Du, H.D., Jin, X.H., Ma, K.P., Species diversity and geographic distribution of wild Orchidaceae in China. Sci. Bull. 60:2 (2015), 179–188, 10.1360/N972014-00480.
Zhao, M.X., Geekiyanage, N., Xu, J.C., Khin, M.M., Nurdiana, D.R., Paudel, E., Harrison, R.D., Structure of the epiphyte community in a tropical montane forest in SW China. PLoS One, 10(4), 2015, e0122210, 10.1371/journal.pone.0122210.
Zhou, S.S., Tan, Y.H., Jin, X.H., Maung, K.W., Myint, Z., Li, R., Quan, R.C., Liu, Q., Coelogyne victoria-reginae (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae, Arethuseae), a new species from Chin State, Myanmar. PhytoKeys 98 (2018), 125–133, 10.3897/phytokeys.98.23298.
Zotarelli, H.G.S., Molina, J.M.P., Ribeiro, J.E.L.S., Sofia, S.H., A commensal network of epiphytic orchids and host trees in an Atlantic Forest remnant: A case study revealing the important role of large trees in the network structure. Austral Ecol. 44:1 (2019), 114–125, 10.1111/aec.12659.
Zotz, G., The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes a critical update. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 171:3 (2013), 453–481, 10.1111/boj.12010.