Asteroids; Small Solar System bodies; Near-Earth objects; Asteroid; satellites; Planetary science; Solar system astronomy; dynamics; Asteroid surfaces; Impact phenomena
Abstract :
[en] NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission was the first to demonstrate asteroid deflection, and the mission's Level 1 requirements guided its planetary defense investigations. Here, we summarize DART's achievement of those requirements. On 2022 September 26, the DART spacecraft impacted Dimorphos, the secondary member of the Didymos near-Earth asteroid binary system, demonstrating an autonomously navigated kinetic impact into an asteroid with limited prior knowledge for planetary defense. Months of subsequent Earth-based observations showed that the binary orbital period was changed by –33.24 minutes, with two independent analysis methods each reporting a 1σ uncertainty of 1.4 s. Dynamical models determined that the momentum enhancement factor, β, resulting from DART's kinetic impact test is between 2.4 and 4.9, depending on the mass of Dimorphos, which remains the largest source of uncertainty. Over five dozen telescopes across the globe and in space, along with the Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids, have contributed to DART's investigations. These combined investigations have addressed topics related to the ejecta, dynamics, impact event, and properties of both asteroids in the binary system. A year following DART's successful impact into Dimorphos, the mission has achieved its planetary defense requirements, although work to further understand DART's kinetic impact test and the Didymos system will continue. In particular, ESA's Hera mission is planned to perform extensive measurements in 2027 during its rendezvous with the Didymos–Dimorphos system, building on DART to advance our knowledge and continue the ongoing international collaboration for planetary defense.
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Zinzi, Angelo; Italian Space Agency, -
Chesley, Steven R.; Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Moskovitz, Nicholas A.; Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ 86004, USA
Barbee, Brent W.; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland
Abell, Paul; NASA Johnson Space Center
Agrusa, Harrison F.; University of Maryland, Department of Astronomy, Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, France
Bannister, Michele T.; School of Physical and Chemical Sciences ∣ Te Kura Matū, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
Beccarelli, Joel; Astronomical Observatory of Padua
Bruck Syal, Megan; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California
Buratti, Bonnie J.; Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Busch, Michael W.; SETI Institute, California
Campo Bagatin, Adriano; Instituto de Fisica Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologias (IUFACyT), Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
Chatelain, Joseph P.; Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope
Chocron, Sidney; Southwest Research Institute, Texas
Collins, Gareth S.; Imperial College, Department of Earth Science and Engineering
Conversi, Luca; European Space Agency—ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, I-00044 Frascati (RM), Italy, ESA PDO NEO Coordination Centre, Via Galileo Galilei, 1, I-00044 Frascati (RM), Italy
Davison, Thomas M.; Imperial College, Department of Earth Science and Engineering
Prasanna Deshapriya, J. D.; Astronomical Observatory of Rome
Eggl, Siegfried; University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Espiritu, Raymond C.; Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory
Farnham, Tony L.; University of Maryland, Department of Astronomy
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Giordano, Carmine; Technical University of Milan, Italy
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Penttilä, Antti; University of Helsinki, Department of Physics
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