Autotrophic respiration; Carbon balance; Crop model; Gross primary productivity; Heterotrophic respiration; Net ecosystem exchange; Forestry; Global and Planetary Change; Agronomy and Crop Science; Atmospheric Science
Abstract :
[en] Carbon emissions in agriculture play a major role in climate change. Modelling studies enable to investigate the impacts of climate change in crops, accounting for soil organic carbon feedbacks and CO2 concentrations. But it is primordial that crop models properly consider the CO2 exchanges at the level of crop rotations beyond the cycle of a single crop. With this goal in mind, we used the outputs of the soil-crop model STICS in its standard pre-parameterized version to model (i) the Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), derived from the autotrophic respiration and the Net Primary Productivity, which is computed through the daily change in plant carbon (C) pools; (ii) the Ecosystem Respiration (RECO), with the autotrophic component being derived from the plant biomass, plant nitrogen concentration and GPP, and the heterotrophic component from the mineralization of residues and organic matter; and (iii) the Net Ecosystem Exchange, equal to the sum of GPP and RECO. The comparison of simulations with field observations indicates that the model is able to simulate accurately daily CO2 fluxes originating from a long-term and diversified crop rotation (efficiency EF equal to 0.79 for GPP, 0.59 for RECO and 0.67 for NEE). Concerning the evaluation of the cumulated fluxes over the 16-year rotation, the model is able to evaluate it accurately for RECO, with a slight underestimation (normalized deviation ND = 15.7%), and very accurately for GPP (ND = 5.12%). But for NEE, the relative overestimation is higher (ND = 62.2%), indicating that a more precise estimation of HR is required to obtain reliable net C budgets. The model also succeeds to capture the trends in the influence of several environmental drivers on CO2 fluxes. It globally proves to be a valuable tool in the investigation of CO2 exchanges of crop rotations in historical and future climatic conditions.
Disciplines :
Agriculture & agronomy Computer science
Author, co-author :
Delandmeter, Mathieu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Plant Sciences
Léonard, Joël ; BioEcoAgro Joint Research Unit, INRAE, Université de Liège, Université de Lille, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, France
Ferchaud, Fabien; BioEcoAgro Joint Research Unit, INRAE, Université de Liège, Université de Lille, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, France ; UMR Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, IRD, InstitutAgro Montpellier, Montpellier, France
Heinesch, Bernard ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Biosystems Dynamics and Exchanges (BIODYNE)
Manise, Tanguy ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Plant Sciences
Faurès, Ariane ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Biosystems Dynamics and Exchanges (BIODYNE)
Bindelle, Jérôme ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Animal Sciences (AS)
Dumont, Benjamin ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Plant Sciences
Language :
English
Title :
A comprehensive analysis of CO2 exchanges in agro-ecosystems based on a generic soil-crop model-derived methodology
This study was funded by the F.R.S-FNRS (Belgian Fund for Scientific Research ; Research Fellow grant (number 44221 ) awarded to M. Delandmeter). The authors thank the farmer, Philippe Van Eyck, for everyday field management, and the Lonzée ICOS station team for site maintenance, data acquisition, treatment and delivery. We also thank the reviewers that made insightful comments which improved the contents of this manuscript.
Amthor, J.S., The role of maintenance respiration in plant growth. Plant Cell Environ. 7:8 (1984), 561–569, 10.1111/1365-3040.ep11591833.
Amthor, J.S., The McCree–de Wit–Penning de Vries–Thornley respiration paradigms: 30 years later. Ann. Bot. 86:1 (2000), 1–20, 10.1006/anbo.2000.1175.
Asseng, S., Richter, C., Wessolek, G., Modelling root growth of wheat as the linkage between crop and soil. Plant Soil 190:2 (1997), 267–277, 10.1023/A:1004228201299.
Asseng, S., Zhu, Y., Wang, E., Zhang, W., crop modeling for climate change impact and adaptation A2 - Sadras. Victor O, Second E (ed), 2015, Calderini DFBT-CP. Academic Press, San Diego, 505–546.
Aubinet, M., Grelle, A., Ibrom, A., Rannik, Ü., Moncrieff, J., Foken, T., Vesala, T., Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology. Adv. Ecol. Res. 30 (1999), 113–175, 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60018-5.
Aubinet, M., Moureaux, C., Bodson, B., Dufranne, D., Heinesch, B., Suleau, M., Vilret, A., Carbon sequestration by a crop over a 4-year sugar beet/winter wheat/seed potato/winter wheat rotation cycle. Agric. For. Meteorol. 149:3–4 (2009), 407–418, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.09.003.
Baldocchi, D., ‘Breathing’ of the terrestrial biosphere: lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems. Aust. J. Bot. 56:1 (2008), 1–26, 10.1071/BT07151.
Basso, B., Dumont, B., Maestrini, B., Shcherbak, I., Robertson, G.P., Porter, J.R., Rosenzweig, C., Soil organic carbon and nitrogen feedbacks on crop yields under climate change. Agric. Environ. Lett., 3(1), 2018, 180026, 10.2134/ael2018.05.0026.
Beaudoin, N., Launay, M., Sauboua, E., Ponsardin, G., Mary, B., Evaluation of the soil-crop model STICS over 8 years against the “on farm” database of Bruyères catchment. Eur. J. Agron. 29:1 (2008), 46–57, 10.1016/j.eja.2008.03.001.
Beaudoin, N., Lecharpentier, P., Ripoche, D., Strullu, L., Mary, B., Leonard, J., et al. (eds.) STICS Soil-Crop Model. Conceptual Framework, Equations and Uses, 2022, Versailles, Éditions Quæ.
Bellamy, P.H., Loveland, P.J., Bradley, R.I., Lark, R.M., Kirk, G.J., Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales 1978–2003. Nature 437:7056 (2005), 245–248, 10.1038/nature04038.
Bolinder, M.A., Janzen, H.H., Gregorich, E.G., Angers, D.A., VandenBygaart, A.J., An approach for estimating net primary productivity and annual carbon inputs to soil for common agricultural crops in Canada. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 118:1–4 (2007), 29–42, 10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.013.
Bolinder, M.A., Kätterer, T., Poeplau, C., Börjesson, G., Parent, L.E., Net primary productivity and below-ground crop residue inputs for root crops: potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Can. J. Soil Sci. 95:2 (2015), 87–93, 10.4141/cjss-2014-091.
Bouma, T.J., Spitters, C.J.T., De Visser, R, Variation in respiration rate between potato cultivars: effect of developmental stage. Molecular, Biochemical and Physiological Aspects of Plant Respiration, 1992, SPB Academic Publishing, 515–522 https://edepot.wur.nl/216693.
Bouma, T.J., De Visser, R., Van Leeuwen, P.H., De Kock, M.J., Lambers, H, The respiratory energy requirements involved in nocturnal carbohydrate export from starch-storing mature source leaves and their contribution to leaf dark respiration. J. Exp. Bot. 46:9 (1995), 1185–1194, 10.1093/jxb/46.9.1185.
Brisson, N., Launay, M., Mary, B., Beaudoin, N., Conceptual Basis, Formalizations and Parameterization of the STICS Crop Model. 2009, Ed. Quae, 297.
Buysse, P., Bodson, B., Debacq, A., De Ligne, A., Heinesch, B., Manise, T., Aubinet, M., Carbon budget measurement over 12 years at a crop production site in the silty-loam region in Belgium. Agric. For. Meteorol. 246 (2017), 241–255, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.07.004.
Ceschia, E., Béziat, P., Dejoux, J.F., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, C., Bodson, B., Wattenbach, M., Management effects on net ecosystem carbon and GHG budgets at European crop sites. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 139:3 (2010), 363–383, 10.1016/j.agee.2010.09.020.
Chi, J., Waldo, S., Pressley, S., O'Keeffe, P., Huggins, D., Stöckle, C., Lamb, B., Assessing carbon and water dynamics of no-till and conventional tillage cropping systems in the inland Pacific Northwest US using the eddy covariance method. Agric. For. Meteorol. 218 (2016), 37–49, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.11.019.
Coucheney, E., Buis, S., Launay, M., Constantin, J., Mary, B., de Cortázar-Atauri, I.G., Léonard, J., Accuracy, robustness and behavior of the STICS soil–crop model for plant, water and nitrogen outputs: evaluation over a wide range of agro-environmental conditions in France. Environ. Modell. Softw. 64 (2015), 177–190, 10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.11.024.
De Baets, S., Poesen, J., Meersmans, J., Serlet, L., Cover crops and their erosion-reducing effects during concentrated flow erosion. Catena 85:3 (2011), 237–244, 10.1016/j.catena.2011.01.009.
Demyan, M.S., Ingwersen, J., Funkuin, Y.N., Ali, R.S., Mirzaeitalarposhti, R., Rasche, F., Cadisch, G., Partitioning of ecosystem respiration in winter wheat and silage maize - modeling seasonal temperature effects. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 224 (2016), 131–144, 10.1016/j.agee.2016.03.039.
Desai, A.R., Richardson, A.D., Moffat, A.M., Kattge, J., Hollinger, D.Y., Barr, A., Stauch, V.J., Cross-site evaluation of eddy covariance GPP and RE decomposition techniques. Agric. For. Meteorol. 148:6–7 (2008), 821–838, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.11.012.
Ding, W., Cai, Y., Cai, Z., Yagi, K., Zheng, X., Soil respiration under maize crops: effects of water, temperature, and nitrogen fertilization. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71:3 (2007), 944–951, 10.2136/sssaj2006.0160.
Dold, C., Büyükcangaz, H., Rondinelli, W., Prueger, J.H., Sauer, T.J., Hatfield, J.L., Long-term carbon uptake of agro-ecosystems in the Midwest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 232 (2017), 128–140, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.07.012.
Dumont, B., Basso, B., Bodson, B., Destain, J.P., Destain, M.F., Assessing and modeling economic and environmental impact of wheat nitrogen management in Belgium. Environ. Modell. Softw. 79 (2016), 184–196, 10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.02.015.
Heinesch, B., Bodson, B., Chopin, H., De Ligne, A., Demoulin, L., Douxfils, B., Engelmann, T., Faurès, A., Longdoz, B., Manise, T., Piret, A., Thyrion, T. (2021). Fluxnet Product, Lonzee, 2003-12-31–2020-12-31, Miscellaneous, https://hdl.handle.net/11676/ql2ZkJ2Xx4a4yOyG3cd5lsBS [Dataset].
Gifford, R.M., Whole plant respiration and photosynthesis of wheat under increased CO2 concentration and temperature: long-term vs. short-term distinctions for modelling. Glob. Change Biol. 1:6 (1995), 385–396, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00037.x.
Huang, Y., Yu, Y., Zhang, W., Sun, W., Liu, S., Jiang, J., Yang, Z., Agro-C: a biogeophysical model for simulating the carbon budget of agroecosystems. Agric. For. Meteorol. 149:1 (2009), 106–129, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.07.013.
IPCC. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., et al. (eds.) Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535.
IPCC. Climate change 2022: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., et al. (eds.) Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2022, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 3056, 10.1017/9781009325844.
Kang, Y., Khan, S., Ma, X., Climate change impacts on crop yield, crop water productivity and food security–a review. Progr. Nat. Sci. 19:12 (2009), 1665–1674, 10.1016/j.pnsc.2009.08.001.
Kirschbaum, M.U.F., Mueller, R., Net Ecosystem Exchange: Workshop Proceedings. 2001, Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting.
Klosterhalfen, A., Herbst, M., Weihermüller, L., Graf, A., Schmidt, M., Stadler, A., Vereecken, H., Multi-site calibration and validation of a net ecosystem carbon exchange model for croplands. Ecol. Modell. 363 (2017), 137–156, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.07.028.
Köppen, W., Die Wärmezonen der Erde, nach der Dauer der heissen, gemässigten und kalten Zeit und nach der Wirkung der Wärme auf die organische Welt betrachtet. Meteorol. Z. 1:21 (1884), 5–226.
Krinner, G., Viovy, N., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Ogée, J., Polcher, J., Friedlingstein, P., Prentice, I.C., A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 19(1), 2005, 10.1029/2003GB002199.
Kutsch, W.L., Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N., Smith, P., Osborne, B., Eugster, W., Ziegler, W., The net biome production of full crop rotations in Europe. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 139:3 (2010), 336–345, 10.1016/j.agee.2010.07.016.
Li, C., Frolking, S., Xiao, X., Moore, B. III, Boles, S., Qiu, J., Sass, R, Modeling impacts of farming management alternatives on CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions: a case study for water management of rice agriculture of China. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 19(3), 2005, 10.1029/2004GB002341.
Li, L., Vuichard, N., Viovy, N., Ciais, P., Wang, T., Ceschia, E., Bernhofer, C., Importance of crop varieties and management practices: evaluation of a process-based model for simulating CO2 and H2O fluxes at five European maize (Zea mays L.) sites. Biogeosciences 8:6 (2011), 1721–1736, 10.5194/bg-8-1721-2011.
Lobell, D.B., Asseng, S., Comparing estimates of climate change impacts from process-based and statistical crop models. Environ. Res. Lett., 12(1), 2017, 015001, 10.1088/1748-9326/aa518a.
Lokupitiya, E., Denning, A.S., Schaefer, K., Ricciuto, D., Anderson, R., Arain, M.A., Xue, Y., Carbon and energy fluxes in cropland ecosystems: a model-data comparison. Biogeochemistry 129:1 (2016), 53–76, 10.1007/s10533-016-0219-3.
Moffat, A.M., Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Hollinger, D.Y., Richardson, A.D., Barr, A.G., Stauch, V.J., Comprehensive comparison of gap-filling techniques for eddy covariance net carbon fluxes. Agric. For. Meteorol. 147:3–4 (2007), 209–232, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.011.
Moureaux, C., Debacq, A., Hoyaux, J., Suleau, M., Tourneur, D., Vancutsem, F., Aubinet, M., Carbon balance assessment of a Belgian winter wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.). Glob. Change Biol. 14:6 (2008), 1353–1366, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01560.x.
Nicolardot, B., Recous, S., Mary, B., Simulation of C and N mineralisation during crop residue decomposition: a simple dynamic model based on the C: n ratio of the residues. Plant Soil 228:1 (2001), 83–103, 10.1023/A:1004813801728.
Pastorello, G., Trotta, C., Canfora, E., Chu, H., Christianson, D., Cheah, Y.W., Law, B., The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data. Sci. Data 7:1 (2020), 1–27, 10.1038/s41597-020-0534-3.
Pausch, J., Kuzyakov, Y., Carbon input by roots into the soil: quantification of rhizodeposition from root to ecosystem scale. Glob. Change Biol. 24:1 (2018), 1–12, 10.1111/gcb.13850.
Penning de Vries, Respiration and growth. Crop Processes in Controlled Environments, 1972, Academic Press, 327–347.
Penning de Vries, Simulation of ecophysiological processes of growth in several annual crops. Int. Rice Res. Inst., Vol. 29, 1989.
Piñeiro, G., Perelman, S., Guerschman, J.P., Paruelo, J.M., How to evaluate models: observed vs. predicted or predicted vs. observed?. Ecol. Modell. 216:3–4 (2008), 316–322, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.05.006.
Pique, G., Fieuzal, R., Al Bitar, A., Veloso, A., Tallec, T., Brut, A., Ceschia, E, Estimation of daily CO2 fluxes and of the components of the carbon budget for winter wheat by the assimilation of Sentinel 2-like remote sensing data into a crop model. Geoderma, 376, 2020, 114428, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114428.
Poorter, H., Construction costs and payback time of biomass: a whole plant perspective. Roy, J, Garnier, E, (eds.) A whole plant perspective on carbon–nitrogen interactions, Eds., 1994, SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands, 111–127.
Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Valentini, R., On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm. Glob. Change Biol. 11:9 (2005), 1424–1439, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x.
Rosenzweig, C., Elliott, J., Deryng, D., Ruane, A.C., Müller, C., Arneth, A., Jones, J.W., Assessing agricultural risks of climate change in the 21st century in a global gridded crop model intercomparison. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111:9 (2014), 3268–3273, 10.1073/pnas.1222463110.
Ruimy, A., Dedieu, G., Saugier, B., TURC: a diagnostic model of continental gross primary productivity and net primary productivity. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 10:2 (1996), 269–285, 10.1029/96GB00349.
Ryan, M.G., Effects of climate change on plant respiration. Ecol. Appl. 1:2 (1991), 157–167, 10.2307/1941808.
Sándor, R., Ehrhardt, F., Grace, P., Recous, S., Smith, P., Snow, V., Bellocchi, G., Ensemble modelling of carbon fluxes in grasslands and croplands. Field Crops Res., 252, 2020, 107791, 10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107791.
Shrestha, N., Geerts, S., Raes, D., Horemans, S., Soentjens, S., Maupas, F., Clouet, P., Yield response of sugar beets to water stress under Western European conditions. Agric. Water Manag. 97:2 (2010), 346–350, 10.1016/j.agwat.2009.10.005.
Smith, P., Martino, D., Cai, Z., Gwary, D., Janzen, H., Kumar, P., McCarl, B., Ogle, S., O'Mara, F., Rice, C., Scholes, B., Sirotenko, O., Agriculture. Metz, B., Davidson, O.R., Bosch, P.R., Dave, R., Meyer, L.A., (eds.) Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Smith, P., Lanigan, G., Kutsch, W.L., Buchmann, N., Eugster, W., Aubinet, M., Jones, M., Measurements necessary for assessing the net ecosystem carbon budget of croplands. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 139:3 (2010), 302–315, 10.1016/j.agee.2010.04.004.
Suleau, M., Moureaux, C., Dufranne, D., Buysse, P., Bodson, B., Destain, J.P., Aubinet, M., Respiration of three Belgian crops: partitioning of total ecosystem respiration in its heterotrophic, above-and below-ground autotrophic components. Agric. For. Meteorol. 151:5 (2011), 633–643, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.01.012.
Sun, W., Huang, Y., Chen, S., Zou, J., Zheng, X., Dependence of wheat and rice respiration on tissue nitrogen and the corresponding net carbon fixation efficiency under different rates of nitrogen application. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 24:1 (2007), 55–64, 10.1007/s00376-007-0055-4.
Sus, O., Williams, M., Bernhofer, C., Béziat, P., Buchmann, N., Ceschia, E., Wattenbach, M., A linked carbon cycle and crop developmental model: description and evaluation against measurements of carbon fluxes and carbon stocks at several European agricultural sites. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 139:3 (2010), 402–418, 10.1016/j.agee.2010.06.012.
Taylor, K.E., Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 106:D7 (2001), 7183–7192, 10.1029/2000JD900719.
Trumbore, S., Carbon respired by terrestrial ecosystems–recent progress and challenges. Glob. Change Biol. 12:2 (2006), 141–153, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01067.x.
Tuomi, M., Vanhala, P., Karhu, K., Fritze, H., Liski, J., Heterotrophic soil respiration—comparison of different models describing its temperature dependence. Ecol. Modell. 211:1–2 (2008), 182–190, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.09.003.
Vandendriessche, H.J., A model of growth and sugar accumulation of sugar beet for potential production conditions: sUBEMOpo I. Theory and model structure. Agric. Syst. 64:1 (2000), 1–19, 10.1016/S0308-521X(00)00005-6.
Vicente-Serrano, S.M., Beguería, S., López-Moreno, J.I., A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index. J. Clim. 23:7 (2010), 1696–1718, 10.1175/2009JCLI2909.1.
Vuichard, N., Ciais, P., Viovy, N., Li, L., Ceschia, E., Wattenbach, M., Wu, X., Simulating the net ecosystem CO2 exchange and its components over winter wheat cultivation sites across a large climate gradient in Europe using the ORCHIDEE-STICS generic model. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 226 (2016), 1–17, 10.1016/j.agee.2016.04.017.
Wang, Y., Hu, C., Dong, W., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Qin, S., Oenema, O., Carbon budget of a winter-wheat and summer-maize rotation cropland in the North China Plain. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 206 (2015), 33–45, 10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.016.
Wattenbach, M., Sus, O., Vuichard, N., Lehuger, S., Gottschalk, P., Li, L., Smith, P., The carbon balance of European croplands: a cross-site comparison of simulation models. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 139:3 (2010), 419–453, 10.1016/j.agee.2010.08.004.
Williams, M., Rastetter, E.B., Fernandes, D.N., Goulden, M.L., Wofsy, S.C., Shaver, G.R., Nadelhoffer, K.J., Modelling the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum in a Quercus–Acer stand at Harvard Forest: the regulation of stomatal conductance by light, nitrogen and soil/plant hydraulic properties. Plant Cell Environ. 19:8 (1996), 911–927, 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00456.x.
Williams, M., Eugster, W., Rastetter, E.B., Mcfadden, J.P., Chapin Iii, F.S., The controls on net ecosystem productivity along an Arctic transect: a model comparison with flux measurements. Glob. Change Biol. 6:S1 (2000), 116–126, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06016.x.
Willmott, C.J., On the validation of models. Phys. Geogr. 2:2 (1981), 184–194, 10.1080/02723646.1981.10642213.
Wohlfahrt, G., Galvagno, M., Revisiting the choice of the driving temperature for eddy covariance CO2 flux partitioning. Agric. For. Meteorol. 237 (2017), 135–142, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.02.012.
Wu, X., Vuichard, N., Ciais, P., Viovy, N., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Wang, X., Ripoche, D., ORCHIDEE-CROP (v0), a new process-based agro-land surface model: model description and evaluation over Europe. Geosci. Model Dev. 9:2 (2016), 857–873, 10.5194/gmd-9-857-2016.
Zhang, Q., Lei, H.M., Yang, D.W., Seasonal variations in soil respiration, heterotrophic respiration and autotrophic respiration of a wheat and maize rotation cropland in the North China Plain. Agric. For. Meteorol. 180 (2013), 34–43, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.04.028.
Zhang, Q., Lei, H., Yang, D., Xiong, L., Liu, P., Fang, B., Decadal variation in CO 2 fluxes and its budget in a wheat and maize rotation cropland over the North China Plain. Biogeosciences 17:8 (2020), 2245–2262, 10.5194/bg-17-2245-2020.
