Hydrogeochemistry and Mercury Contamination of Surface Water in the Lom Gold Basin (East Cameroon): Water Quality Index, Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Spatial Interpolation
Bella Atangana, Marie Sorella; Ndam Ngoupayou, Jules; Deliège, Jean-François
Water Quality and Contamination; hydrogeochemistry; Mercury contamination; Artisanal gold mining; Lom river basin; upstream Sanaga basin
Abstract :
[en] Artisanal and small-scale gold mining activities have an impact on natural resources and human health. This study addresses the assessment of surface water quality in the Lom gold basin. A combined approach of water quality index calculation, multivariate statistical analysis and spatial interpolation was used. Sampling was performed at 15 stations during low- and high-water periods in 2021 for classical physicochemical parameters and total mercury measurements. The results show that the physicochemical parameters were below drinking water standards for both periods, except for pH, total suspended solids and total mercury. These waters show a large cation deficit as well as an anion deficit. The water chemistry is controlled by precipitations and silicate dissolutions in rock that convert the water into the Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 types. The level of mercury contamination varied from acceptable to high due to high flow rates during high water that cause a dilution effect for the mercury concentration upstream and its accumulation downstream. The water quality varied from excellent to very poor with better quality during the high-water period. The Lom watershed is locally affected by physical and chemical pollution due to the abundance of suspended solids and mercury resulting from the different gold mining activities.
Research Center/Unit :
PeGIRE Laboratory (Aquapole R&D Unit), Research Unit—FOCUS, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution (BEE), Faculty of Sciences
Disciplines :
Physical, chemical, mathematical & earth Sciences: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
Bella Atangana, Marie Sorella ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS) ; Hydrogeology Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Rte de l’Université, Yaoundé 33088, Cameroon
Ndam Ngoupayou, Jules; Hydrogeology Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Rte de l’Université, Yaoundé 33088, Cameroon
Deliège, Jean-François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Biologie, Ecologie et Evolution > Aquapôle
Language :
English
Title :
Hydrogeochemistry and Mercury Contamination of Surface Water in the Lom Gold Basin (East Cameroon): Water Quality Index, Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Spatial Interpolation
Abbott B.W. Bishop K. Zarnetske J.P. Hannah D.M. Frei R.J. Minaudo C. Chapin F.S. Krause S. Conner L. Ellison D. et al. A Water Cycle for the Anthropocene Hydrol. Process. 2019 33 3046 3052 10.1002/hyp.13544
Parween S. Siddique N.A. Mahammad Diganta M.T. Olbert A.I. Uddin M.G. Assessment of Urban River Water Quality Using Modified NSF Water Quality Index Model at Siliguri City, West Bengal, India Environ. Sustain. Indic. 2022 16 100202 10.1016/j.indic.2022.100202
Gallo Corredor J.A. Humberto Pérez E. Figueroa R. Figueroa Casas A. Water Quality of Streams Associated with Artisanal Gold Mining; Suárez, Department of Cauca, Colombia Heliyon 2021 7 e07047 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07047
Achina-Obeng R. Aram S.A. Informal Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in Ghana: Assessing Environmental Impacts, Reasons for Engagement, and Mitigation Strategies Resour. Policy 2022 78 102907 10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102907
Quarm J.A. Anning A.K. Fei-Baffoe B. Siaw V.F. Amuah E.E.Y. Perception of the Environmental, Socio-Economic and Health Impacts of Artisanal Gold Mining in the Amansie West District, Ghana Environ. Chall. 2022 9 100653 10.1016/j.envc.2022.100653
Tchindjang M. Philippes M. Unusa H. Eric V. Igor N. Saha F. Mines Contre Forêts et Conservation Au Cameroun: Enjeux de l’évaluation Environnementale Du Secteur Minier Pour Le Développement Durable Au Cameroun Proceedings of the Actes du Colloque du SIFEE Antananarivo, Madagascar 9 January 2017
Weng L. Boedhihartono A.K. Dirks P.H.G.M. Dixon J. Lubis M.I. Sayer J.A. Mineral Industries, Growth Corridors and Agricultural Development in Africa Glob. Food Secur. 2013 2 195 202 10.1016/j.gfs.2013.07.003
Word Gold Council Leçons Tirées de la Gestion de l’interface Entre les Exploitations Minières Aurifères à Grande Échelle et Celles Artisanales et à Petite Échelle Word Gold Council London, UK 2022 100
MINMIDT Initiative Pour La Transparence Dans Les Industries Extractives au Cameroun MINMIDT Yaoundé, Cameroon 2019 343
Quispe Aquino R. Malone A. Smith N.M. García Zúñiga F.F. Perceptions and Realities of Mercury Contamination in a Peruvian Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) Community Environ. Res. 2022 214 114092 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114092 35970374
UNEP Global Mercury Assessment 2018 Available online: http://www.unep.org/resources/publication/global-mercury-assessment-2018 (accessed on 2 February 2023)
UNEP National Action Plans (NAPs) for Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) Democratic Republic of the Congo (RDC)|Global Mercury Partnership Available online: https://www.unep.org/globalmercurypartnership/what-we-do/artisanal-and-small-scale-gold-mining-asgm/national-action-plans (accessed on 2 February 2023)
World Gold Council Small-Scale and Artisanal Gold Mining Word Gold Council London, UK 2022
Hilson G. The Environmental Impact of Small-scale Gold Mining in Ghana: Identifying Problems and Possible Solutions Geogr. J. 2002 168 57 72 10.1111/1475-4959.00038
Betancourt O. Narváez A. Roulet M. Small-Scale Gold Mining in the Puyango River Basin, Southern Ecuador: A Study of Environmental Impacts AndHuman Exposures EcoHealth 2005 2 323 332 10.1007/s10393-005-8462-4
Zwane N. Love D. Hoko Z. Shoko D. Managing the Impact of Gold Panning Activities within the Context of Integrated Water Resources Management Planning in the Lower Manyame Sub-Catchment, Zambezi Basin, Zimbabwe Phys. Chem. Earth Parts ABC 2006 31 848 856 10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.024
Gomes M.E.P. Antunes I.M.H.R. Silva P.B. Neiva A.M.R. Pacheco F.A.L. Geochemistry of Waters Associated with the Old Mine Workings at Fonte Santa (NE of Portugal) J. Geochem. Explor. 2010 105 153 165 10.1016/j.gexplo.2010.05.001
Ingram V. Tieguhong J.C. Schure J. Nkamgnia E. Tadjuidje M.H. Where Artisanal Mines and Forest Meet: Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts in the Congo Basin: Where Artisanal Mines and Forest Meet Natural Resources Forum Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Oxford, UK 2011 Volume 35 304 320 10.1111/j.1477-8947.2011.01408.x
Bakia M. East Cameroon’s Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Bonanza: How Long Will It Last? Futures 2014 62 40 50 10.1016/j.futures.2013.10.022
Guédron S. Point D. Acha D. Bouchet S. Baya P.A. Tessier E. Monperrus M. Molina C.I. Groleau A. Chauvaud L. et al. Mercury Contamination Level and Speciation Inventory in Lakes Titicaca & Uru-Uru (Bolivia): Current Status and Future Trends Environ. Pollut. 2017 231 262 270 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.009
Strady E. Dinh Q.T. Némery J. Nguyen T.N. Guédron S. Nguyen N.S. Denis H. Nguyen P.D. Spatial Variation and Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Water and Sediment of the Mekong Delta Chemosphere 2017 179 367 378 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.105 28388448
Rakotondrabe F. Ndam Ngoupayou J.R. Mfonka Z. Rasolomanana E.H. Nyangono Abolo A.J. Ako Ako A. Water Quality Assessment in the Bétaré-Oya Gold Mining Area (East-Cameroon): Multivariate Statistical Analysis Approach Sci. Total Environ. 2018 610–611 831 844 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.080
Barenblitt A. Payton A. Lagomasino D. Fatoyinbo L. Asare K. Aidoo K. Pigott H. Som C.K. Smeets L. Seidu O. et al. The Large Footprint of Small-Scale Artisanal Gold Mining in Ghana Sci. Total Environ. 2021 781 146644 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146644
Liou S.-M. Lo S.-L. Wang S.-H. A Generalized Water Quality Index for Taiwan Environ. Monit. Assess. 2004 96 35 52 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000031715.83752.a1
Uddin M.G. Nash S. Rahman A. Olbert A.I. A Comprehensive Method for Improvement of Water Quality Index (WQI) Models for Coastal Water Quality Assessment Water Res. 2022 219 118532 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118532
Deliège J.-F. Everbecq E. Magermans P. Grard A. Bourouag M. Blockx C. PEGASE, an Integrated River/Basin Model Dedicated to Surface Water Quality Assessment: Application to Cocaine Acta Clin. Belg. 2010 65 42 48 10.1179/acb.2010.108
Stehr A. Debels P. Romero F. Alcayaga H. Hydrological Modelling with SWAT under Conditions of Limited Data Availability: Evaluation of Results from a Chilean Case Study Hydrol. Sci. J. 2008 53 588 601 10.1623/hysj.53.3.588
Tripathi M. Singal S.K. Allocation of Weights Using Factor Analysis for Development of a Novel Water Quality Index Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2019 183 109510 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109510 31401332
Ngako V. Affaton P. Nnange J.M. Njanko T. Pan-African Tectonic Evolution in Central and Southern Cameroon: Transpression and Transtension during Sinistral Shear Movements J. Afr. Earth Sci. 2003 36 207 214 10.1016/S0899-5362(03)00023-X
Toteu S.F. Van Schmus W.R. Penaye J. Michard A. New U–Pb and Sm–Nd Data from North-Central Cameroon and Its Bearing on the Pre-Pan African History of Central Africa Precambr. Res. 2001 108 45 73 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00149-2
Suh C.E. Sulphide Microchemistry and Hydrothermal Fluid Evolution in Quartz Veins, Batouri Gold District (Southeast Cameroon) J. Cameroon Acad. Sci. 2008 8 12
Vishiti A. Suh C.E. Lehmann B. Shemang E.M. Ngome N.L.J. Nshanji N.J. Chinjo F.E. Mongwe O.Y. Egbe A.J. Petersen S. Mineral Chemistry, Bulk Rock Geochemistry, and S-Isotope Signature of Lode-Gold Mineralization in the Bétaré Oya Gold District, South-East Cameroon Geol. J. 2018 53 2579 2596 10.1002/gj.3093
Azeuda Ndonfack K.I. Xie Y. Goldfarb R. Zhong R. Qu Y. Genesis and Mineralization Style of Gold Occurrences of the Lower Lom Belt, Bétaré Oya District, Eastern Cameroon Ore Geol. Rev. 2021 139 104586 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104586
Fon A.N. Suh C.E. Vishiti A. Ngatcha R.B. Ngang T.C. Shemang E.M. Egbe J.A. Lehmann B. Gold Dispersion in Tropical Weathering Profiles at the Belikombone Gold Anomaly (Bétaré Oya Gold District), East Cameroon Geochemistry 2021 81 125770 10.1016/j.chemer.2021.125770
Mimba M.E. Ohba T. Nguemhe Fils S.C. Wirmvem M.J. Tibang E.E.B. Nforba M.T. Togwa Aka F. Regional Hydrogeochemical Mapping for Environmental Studies in the Mineralized Lom Basin, East Cameroon: A Pre-Industrial Mining Survey Hydrology 2017 5 15 10.11648/j.hyd.20170502.11
Rakotondrabe F. Ngoupayou J.R.N. Mfonka Z. Rasolomanana E.H. Nyangono Abolo A.J. Asone B.L. Ako Ako A. Rakotondrabe M.H. Assessment of Surface Water Quality of Bétaré-Oya Gold Mining Area (East-Cameroon) J. Water Resour. Prot. 2017 9 960 984 10.4236/jwarp.2017.98064
Ngounouno M.A. Ngueyep L.L.M. Kingni S.T. Nforsoh S.N. Ngounouno I. Evaluation of the Impact of Gold Mining Activities on the Waters and Sediments of Lom River, Wakaso, Cameroon and the Restorative Effect of Moringa Oleifera Seeds Appl. Water Sci. 2021 11 113 10.1007/s13201-021-01445-x
Molemba M. Djomo N. Landry B. Implications Socioéconomiques Du Projet PAEPYS Dans La Mise En Valeur Des Territoires à La Périphérie Est de Yaoundé Revue Territoires Sud. 2021 1 35 44 Available online: www.https://territoiressud.org (accessed on 4 July 2023)
Olivry J.-C. Fleuves et Rivières du Cameroun; Monographie hydrologiques. MESRES/ORSTOM, 1986; 733p; ISBN 978-2-7099-0804-7 Available online: http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/Cameroun.pdf (accessed on 4 July 2023)
Dubreuil P. Guiscafre J. Nouvelot J.-F. Olivry J.-C. Le Bassin de la Rivière Sanaga Monographies Hydrologiques ORSTOM Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer Paris, France 1975 978-2-7099-0361-5
Kankeu B. Greiling R.O. Nzenti J.P. Pan-African Strike–Slip Tectonics in Eastern Cameroon—Magnetic Fabrics (AMS) and Structure in the Lom Basin and Its Gneissic Basement Precambr. Res. 2009 174 258 272 10.1016/j.precamres.2009.08.001
Fouotsa S.A.N. Rigobert T. Negue Emmanuel N. Dawaï D. Joseph P. Tchunte Periclex Martial F. Polyphase Deformation in the Mbé—Sassa-Bersi Area: Implications on the Tectono-Magmatic History of the Area and the Tectonic Evolution of the Tcholliré-Banyo and Central Cameroon Shear Zones (Central North Cameroon) J. Geosci. Geomat. 2018 6 41 54 10.12691/jgg-6-2-2
Vishiti A. Etame J. Suh C.E. Features of Gold-Bearing Quartz Veins in an Artisanal Mining-Dominated Terrain, Batouri Gold District, Eastern Region of Cameroon Episodes 2019 42 199 212 10.18814/epiiugs/2019/019016
Segalen P. Les Sols et la Géomorphologie du Cameroun Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer Paris, France 1962 Volume 46
Lachassagne P. Dewandel B. Wyns R. The Conceptual Model of Hard Rock Aquifers and Its Practical Applications Proceedings of the Vingtièmes journées techniques du Comité FranCais d’Hydrogéologie de l’Association Internationale des Hydrogéo-logues La Roche-sur-Yon, France 11–13 June 2015
Rodier J. Merlet N. Legube B. L’analyse de l’eau 9th ed. Entièrement Mise à Jour; Dunod France, Paris 2009 978-2-10-054179-9
Mfonka Z. Kpoumié A. Ngouh A.N. Mouncherou O.F. Nsangou D. Rakotondrabe F. Takounjou A.F. Zammouri M. Ngoupayou J.R.N. Ndjigui P.-D. Water Quality Assessment in the Bamoun Plateau, Western-Cameroon: Hydrogeochemical Modelling and Multivariate Statistical Analysis Approach J. Water Resour. Prot. 2021 13 112 138 10.4236/jwarp.2021.132007
Chakravarty T. Gupta S. Assessment of Water Quality of a Hilly River of South Assam, North East India Using Water Quality Index and Multivariate Statistical Analysis Environ. Chall. 2021 5 100392 10.1016/j.envc.2021.100392
World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Fourth Edition Incorporating World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland 2017 978-92-4-154995-0
Cotruvo J.A. 2017 WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality: First Addendum to the Fourth Edition J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 2017 109 44 51 10.5942/jawwa.2017.109.0087
Meng Q. Zhang J. Zhang Z. Wu T. Geochemistry of Dissolved Trace Elements and Heavy Metals in the Dan River Drainage (China): Distribution, Sources, and Water Quality Assessment Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2016 23 8091 8103 10.1007/s11356-016-6074-x 26782327
Tian Y. Wen Z. Cheng M. Xu M. Evaluating the Water Quality Characteristics and Tracing the Pollutant Sources in the Yellow River Basin, China Sci. Total Environ. 2022 846 157389 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157389 35843333
Wang M. Gui H. Hu R. Zhao H. Li J. Yu H. Fang H. Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Water Quality Evaluation of Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation Limestone Water in Sulin Mining Area in Northern Anhui, China Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019 16 2512 10.3390/ijerph16142512
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. E.P.A’s 2006 Clean Water Act Recognition Awards: Availability of Application and Nomination Information Notices—Federal Register U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC, USA 2006 Volume 71 23855 24550
Zeng X. Wang Z. Wang J. Guo J. Chen X. Zhuang J. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals via Dietary Intake of Wheat Grown in Tianjin Sewage Irrigation Area Ecotoxicology 2015 24 2115 2124 10.1007/s10646-015-1547-0
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) 2006 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories. 2006. EPA 822-R-06-013 Office of Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC, USA, 2006 Available online: http://www.epa.gov/waterscience (accessed on 4 July 2023)
Watson D.F. Philip G.M. A Refinement of Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation Geo-Processing 1985 2 315 327
Kumar S. Islam A.R.M.T. Hasanuzzaman M. Salam R. Khan R. Islam M.S. Preliminary Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Water and Sediment in Nakuvadra-Rakiraki River, Fiji Using Indexical and Chemometric Approaches J. Environ. Manag. 2021 298 113517 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113517
Ewusi A. Sunkari E.D. Seidu J. Coffie-Anum E. Hydrogeochemical Characteristics, Sources and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Dispersion in the Mine Pit Water–Surface Water–Groundwater System in the Largest Manganese Mine in Ghana Environ. Technol. Innov. 2022 26 102312 10.1016/j.eti.2022.102312
Boeglin J.-L. Ndam J.-R. Braun J.-J. Composition of the Different Reservoir Waters in a Tropical Humid Area: Example of the Nsimi Catchment (Southern Cameroon) J. Afr. Earth Sci. 2003 37 103 110 10.1016/S0899-5362(03)00041-1
Freeze R.A. Cherry J.A. Groundwater Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA 1979 978-0-13-365312-0
Wanda E.M.M. Chavula G. Tembo F.M. Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Water Quality Evolution within Livingstonia Coalfield Mining Areas in Rumphi District, Northern Malawi Phys. Chem. Earth Parts ABC 2021 123 103045 10.1016/j.pce.2021.103045
European Parliament EQS Directive 2013/39/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 August 2013 Amending Directives 2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC as Regards Priority Substances in the Field of Water PolicyText with EEA Relevance Off. J. Eur. Union 2013 L226 1 17
Ayiwouo M.N. Mambou Ngueyep L.L. Mache J.R. Takougang Kingni S. Ngounouno I. Waters of the Djouzami Gold Mining Site (Adamawa, Cameroon): Physicochemical Characterization and Treatment Test by Bana Smectite (West, Cameroon) Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng. 2020 2 100016 10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100016
Viers J. Dupre B. Braun J.-J. Deberdt S. Angeletti B. Ngoupayou J.N. Michard A. Major and Trace Element Abundances, and Strontium Isotopes in the Nyong Basin Rivers Cameroon: Constraints on Chemical Weathering Processes and Elements Transport Mechanisms in Humid Tropical Environments Chem. Geol. 2000 169 211 241 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00298-9
Martin J.-M. Meybeck M. Transports dissous et particulaire de quelques éléments chimiques par les rivières en milieu tempéré Sci. Géol. Bull. Mém. 1979 53 45 48
Braun J.-J. Dupré B. Viers J. Ngoupayou J.R.N. Bedimo J.-P.B. Sigha-Nkamdjou L. Freydier R. Robain H. Nyeck B. Bodin J. et al. Biogeohydrodynamic in the Forested Humid Tropical Environment: The Case Study of the Nsimi Small Experimental Watershed (South Cameroon) Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr. 2002 173 347 357 10.2113/173.4.347
Bhateria R. Jain D. Water Quality Assessment of Lake Water: A Review Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 2016 2 161 173 10.1007/s40899-015-0014-7
Meybeck M. Meybeck M. Global Chemical Weathering of Surficial Rocks Estimated from River Dissolved Loads Am. J. Sci. 1987 287 401 428 10.2475/ajs.287.5.401
Piper A.M. A Graphic Procedure in the Geochemical Interpretation of Water-Analyses Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 1944 25 914 10.1029/TR025i006p00914
Meybeck M. River Water Quality Global Ranges, Time and Space Variabilities, Proposal for Some Redefinitions SIL Proceedings 1922–2010; Taylor & Francis Milton Park, UK 1996 Volume 26 81 96 10.1080/03680770.1995.11900694
Gibbs R.J. Mechanisms Controlling World Water Chemistry Sci. New Ser. 1970 170 1088 1090 10.1126/science.170.3962.1088
Kamtchueng B.T. Fantong W.Y. Wirmvem M.J. Tiodjio R.E. Takounjou A.F. Ndam Ngoupayou J.R. Kusakabe M. Zhang J. Ohba T. Tanyileke G. et al. Hydrogeochemistry and Quality of Surface Water and Groundwater in the Vicinity of Lake Monoun, West Cameroon: Approach from Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Stable Isotopic Characterization Environ. Monit. Assess. 2016 188 524 10.1007/s10661-016-5514-x
Thalmeier M.B. Rodriguez L. Heredia J. Veizaga E. Hydrogeological and Hydrochemical Framework of the Distal Section of the Salado-Juramento Fluvial Megafan (Bajos Submeridionales) in South America Sci. Total Environ. 2022 824 153543 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153543
Edjah A.K.M. Akiti T.T. Osae S. Adotey D. Glover E.T. Hydrogeochemistry and Isotope Hydrology of Surface Water and Groundwater Systems in the Ellembelle District, Ghana, West Africa Appl. Water Sci. 2017 7 609 623 10.1007/s13201-015-0273-3
Kim K. Koo M.-H. Moon S.-H. Yum B.-W. Lee K.-S. Hydrochemistry of Groundwaters in a Spa Area of Korea: An Implication for Water Quality Degradation by Intensive Pumping Hydrol. Process. 2005 19 493 505 10.1002/hyp.5551
Braun J.-J. Marechal J.-C. Riotte J. Boeglin J.-L. Bedimo Bedimo J.-P. Ndam Ngoupayou J.R. Nyeck B. Robain H. Sekhar M. Audry S. et al. Elemental Weathering Fluxes and Saprolite Production Rate in a Central African Lateritic Terrain (Nsimi, South Cameroon) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2012 99 243 270 10.1016/j.gca.2012.09.024
Aragão F. Velásquez L.N.M. Galvão P. Vieira L.C. Natural Hydrogeochemical Background Levels in the Carste Lagoa Santa Protection Unit, Minas Gerais, Brazil J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 2021 105 102985 10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102985
Ndam Ngoupayou J.R. Kpoumie A. Boeglin J.-L. Lienou G. Nfocgo A.K. Ekodeck G.E. Transports solides et érosion mécanique dans un écosystème tropical d’Afrique: Exemple du bassin versant de la Sanaga au Sud—Cameroun Proceedings of the JSIRAUF (1res Journées Scientifiques Inter-Réseaux de l’AUF) Hanoi, Vietnam 6–9 November 2007 6
Carmouze J.-P. Lucotte M. Boudou A. Le Mercure en Amazonie: Rôle de L’homme et de L’environnement, Risques Sanitaires Expertise Collégiale; IRD Éditions Paris, France 2001 978-2-7099-1467-3
Guédron S. Tisserand D. Garambois S. Spadini L. Molton F. Bounvilay B. Charlet L. Polya D.A. Baseline Investigation of (Methyl)Mercury in Waters, Soils, Sediments and Key Foodstuffs in the Lower Mekong Basin: The Rapidly Developing City of Vientiane (Lao PDR) J. Geochem. Explor. 2014 143 96 102 10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.03.020
Bhardwaj V. Singh D.S. Singh A.K. Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater and Anthropogenic Control over Dolomitization Reactions in Alluvial Sediments of the Deoria District: Ganga Plain, India Environ. Earth Sci. 2010 59 1099 1109 10.1007/s12665-009-0100-y
Das A. Multivariate Statistical Approach for the Assessment of Water Quality of Mahanadi Basin, Odisha Mater. Today Proc. 2022 65 A1 A11 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.08.146
Miyittah M.K. Tulashie S.K. Tsyawo F.W. Sarfo J.K. Darko A.A. Assessment of Surface Water Quality Status of the Aby Lagoon System in the Western Region of Ghana Heliyon 2020 6 e04466 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04466
Lienou G. Impacts de la Variabilité Climatique sur les Ressources en eau et les Transports de Matières en Suspension de Quelques Bassins Versants Représentatifs au Cameroun Ph.D. Thesis Université de Yaoundé I Yaoundé, Cameroon 2007
Ullrich S.M. Ilyushchenko M.A. Uskov G.A. Tanton T.W. Mercury Distribution and Transport in a Contaminated River System in Kazakhstan and Associated Impacts on Aquatic Biota Appl. Geochem. 2007 22 2706 2734 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.07.005
De Miguel E. Iribarren I. Chacón E. Ordoñez A. Charlesworth S. Risk-Based Evaluation of the Exposure of Children to Trace Elements in Playgrounds in Madrid (Spain) Chemosphere 2007 66 505 513 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.065 16844191
Xiao J. Wang L. Deng L. Jin Z. Characteristics, Sources, Water Quality and Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in River Water and Well Water in the Chinese Loess Plateau Sci. Total Environ. 2019 650 2004 2012 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.322 30290343
