[en] Bioplastics, which are plastic materials produced from renewable bio-based feedstocks, have been investigated for their potential as an attractive alternative to petroleum-based plastics. Despite the harmful effects of plastic accumulation in the environment, bioplastic production is still underdeveloped. Recent advances in strain development, genome sequencing, and editing technologies have accelerated research efforts toward bioplastic production and helped to advance its goal of replacing conventional plastics. In this review, we highlight bioengineering approaches, new advancements, and related challenges in the bioproduction and biodegradation of plastics. We cover different types of polymers, including polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs and PHBs) produced by bacterial, microalgal, and plant species naturally as well as through genetic engineering. Moreover, we provide detailed information on pathways that produce PHAs and PHBs in bacteria. Lastly, we present the prospect of using large-scale genome engineering to enhance strains and develop microalgae as a sustainable production platform.
Disciplines :
Biotechnology
Author, co-author :
Al-Khairy, Dina; Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
Fu, Weiqi; Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates ; Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University & Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan 316021, China
Alzahmi, Amnah Salem; Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates ; Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), Institute Abu Dhabi, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
Twizere, Jean-Claude ; Université de Liège - ULiège > GIGA > GIGA Molecular Biology of Diseases - Viral Interactomes Network ; Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
Amin, Shady A ; Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates ; Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), Institute Abu Dhabi, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
Salehi-Ashtiani, Kourosh ; Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates ; Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), Institute Abu Dhabi, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
Mystikou, Alexandra ; Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates ; Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), Institute Abu Dhabi, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
Language :
English
Title :
Closing the Gap between Bio-Based and Petroleum-Based Plastic through Bioengineering.
NYU Abu Dhabi - New York University Abu Dhabi Zhejiang University
Funding text :
This research was funded by [Faculty Award AD060 from the Division of Science, NYU Abu Dhabi, to K.S.-A.], [NYU Abu Dhabi Research Institute Award under Tamkeen to the NYUAD Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, sub-award 73 71210 CGSB9], and [NYU Abu Dhabi Award AD179 to S.A.A.] W.F. was funded by [the Hundred Talents Programme of Zhejiang University and also supported by Science Foundation of Donghai Laboratory, grant no. DH-2022KF0203]. J.-C.T. is a Maitre de Recherche from the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS, Wallonia-Brussels Federation, Belgium).
Plastics Europe Plastics—The Facts 2021 Available online: https://plasticseurope.org/knowledge-hub/plastics-the-facts-2017-2/ (accessed on 8 November 2022)
EPA National Overview: Facts and Figures on Materials, Wastes and Recycling Available online: https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/national-overview-facts-and-figures-materials (accessed on 29 September 2022)
Geyer R. Jambeck J.R. Law K.L. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made Sci. Adv. 2017 3 e1700782 10.1126/sciadv.1700782 28776036
Derraik J.G. The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2002 44 842 852 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5 12405208
Zheng Y. Yanful E.K. Bassi A.S. A review of plastic waste biodegradation Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 2005 25 243 250 10.1080/07388550500346359 16419620
Thompson R.C. Moore C.J. vom Saal F.S. Swan S.H. Plastics, the environment and human health: Current consensus and future trends Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 2009 364 2153 2166 10.1098/rstb.2009.0053 19528062
Sharma S. Chatterjee S. Microplastic pollution, a threat to marine ecosystem and human health: A short review Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int 2017 24 21530 21547 10.1007/s11356-017-9910-8
Meeker J.D. Sathyanarayana S. Swan S.H. Phthalates and other additives in plastics: Human exposure and associated health outcomes Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond\. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 2009 364 2097 2113 10.1098/rstb.2008.0268
Talsness C.E. Andrade A.J. Kuriyama S.N. Taylor J.A. vom Saal F.S. Components of plastic: Experimental studies in animals and relevance for human health Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 2009 364 2079 2096 10.1098/rstb.2008.0281
Barboza L.G.A. Vethaak A.D. Lavorante B.R.B.O. Lundebye A.K. Guilhermino L. Marine microplastic debris: An emerging issue for food security, food safety and human health Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2018 133 336 348 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.047
Martin J. Lusher A. Thompson R.C. Morley A. The Deposition and Accumulation of Microplastics in Marine Sediments and Bottom Water from the Irish Continental Shelf Sci. Rep. 2017 7 10772 10.1038/s41598-017-11079-2
Jamieson A.J. Brooks L.S.R. Reid W.D.K. Piertney S.B. Narayanaswamy B.E. Linley T.D. Microplastics and synthetic particles ingested by deep-sea amphipods in six of the deepest marine ecosystems on Earth R. Soc. Open Sci. 2019 6 180667 10.1098/rsos.180667
Smith M. Love D.C. Rochman C.M. Neff R.A. Microplastics in Seafood and the Implications for Human Health Curr. Environ. Health Rep. 2018 5 375 386 10.1007/s40572-018-0206-z
de Sa L.C. Oliveira M. Ribeiro F. Rocha T.L. Futter M.N. Studies of the effects of microplastics on aquatic organisms: What do we know and where should we focus our efforts in the future? Sci. Total Environ. 2018 645 1029 1039 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.207 30248828
Kontrick A.V. Microplastics and Human Health: Our Great Future to Think About Now J. Med. Toxicol. 2018 14 117 119 10.1007/s13181-018-0661-9 29687221
Li W.C. Tse H.F. Fok L. Plastic waste in the marine environment: A review of sources, occurrence and effects Sci. Total Environ. 2016 566–567 333 349 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.084
O’Hanlon N.J. James N.A. Masden E.A. Bond A.L. Seabirds and marine plastic debris in the northeastern Atlantic: A synthesis and recommendations for monitoring and research Environ. Pollut. 2017 231 1291 1301 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.101
Jambeck J.R. Geyer R. Wilcox C. Siegler T.R. Perryman M. Andrady A. Narayan R. Law K.L. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean Science 2015 347 768 10.1126/science.1260352 25678662
Lee G.N. Na J. Future of microbial polyesters Microb. Cell Fact. 2013 12 54 10.1186/1475-2859-12-54 23714196
Atiwesh G. Mikhael A. Parrish C.C. Banoub J. Le T.-A.T. Environmental impact of bioplastic use: A review Heliyon 2021 7 e07918 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07918
Urtuvia V. Villegas P. Gonzalez M. Seeger M. Bacterial production of the biodegradable plastics polyhydroxyalkanoates Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2014 70 208 213 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.06.001
Varghese S. Dhanraj N.D. Rebello S. Sindhu R. Binod P. Pandey A. Jisha M.S. Awasthi M.K. Leads and hurdles to sustainable microbial bioplastic production Chemosphere 2022 305 135390 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135390
Dolci G. Venturelli V. Catenacci A. Ciapponi R. Malpei F. Romano Turri S.E. Grosso M. Evaluation of the anaerobic degradation of food waste collection bags made of paper or bioplastic J. Environ. Manag. 2022 305 114331 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114331 34954688
Minakawa H. Masuo S. Kaneko T. Takaya N. Fermentation and purification of microbial monomer 4-amminocinnamic acid to produce ultra-high performance bioplastics Process. Biochem. 2019 77 100 105 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.11.021
Malik M.R. Yang W. Patterson N. Tang J. Wellinghoff R.L. Preuss M.L. Burkitt C. Sharma N. Ji Y. Jez J.M. et al. Production of high levels of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in plastids of Camelina sativa seeds Plant Biotechnol. J. 2015 13 675 688 10.1111/pbi.12290 25418911
NESTE Neste and Ikea of Sweden Announce Partnership to Deliver Renewable, Bio-Based Plastics Available online: https://www.neste.com/neste-and-ikea-sweden-announce-partnership-deliver-renewable-bio-based-plastics (accessed on 29 September 2022)
Jurasek L. Marchessault R.H. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) granule formation in Ralstonia eutropha cells: A computer simulation Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2004 64 611 617 10.1007/s00253-003-1551-9 14758517
Mravec F. Obruca S. Krzyzanek V. Sedlacek P. Hrubanova K. Samek O. Kucera D. Benesova P. Nebesarova J. Accumulation of PHA granules in Cupriavidus necator as seen by confocal fluorescence microscopy FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2016 363 fnw094 10.1093/femsle/fnw094 27190240
Poli A. Di Donato P. Abbamondi G.R. Nicolaus B. Synthesis, production, and biotechnological applications of exopolysaccharides and polyhydroxyalkanoates by archaea Archaea 2011 2011 693253 10.1155/2011/693253
Kim Y.B. Lenz R.W. Polyesters from microorganisms Adv. Biochem. Eng./Biotechnol. 2001 71 51 79
Laycock B. Halley P. Pratt S. Werker A. Lant P. The chemomechanical properties of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates Prog. Polym. Sci. 2013 38 536 583 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.06.003
Masood F. Yasin T. Hameed A. Comparative oxo-biodegradation study of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate/polypropylene blend in controlled environments Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2014 87 1 8 10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.09.023
Lemoigne M. Produit de deshydratation et de polymerisation de l’acide β-oxybutyrique Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol. 1926 8 770 782
Peoples O.P. Sinskey A.J. Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthesis in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. Identification and characterization of the PHB polymerase gene (phbC) J. Biol. Chem. 1989 264 15298 15303 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)84825-1
Peoples O.P. Sinskey A.J. Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. Characterization of the genes encoding beta-ketothiolase and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase J. Biol. Chem. 1989 264 15293 15297 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)84824-X
Kosseva M.R. Rusbandi E. Trends in the biomanufacture of polyhydroxyalkanoates with focus on downstream processing Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018 107 762 778 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.054
Nakajima H. Dijkstra P. Loos K. The Recent Developments in Biobased Polymers toward General and Engineering Applications: Polymers that Are Upgraded from Biodegradable Polymers, Analogous to Petroleum-Derived Polymers, and Newly Developed Polymers 2017 9 523 10.3390/polym9100523
Dilkes-Hoffman L.S. Lant P.A. Laycock B. Pratt S. The rate of biodegradation of PHA bioplastics in the marine environment: A meta-study Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2019 142 15 24 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.020
Dilkes-Hoffman L.S. Pratt S. Laycock B. Ashworth P. Lant P.A. Public attitudes towards plastics Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2019 147 227 235 10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.05.005
Song J.H. Murphy R.J. Narayan R. Davies G.B.H. Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 2009 364 2127 2139 10.1098/rstb.2008.0289 19528060
Auras R. Harte B. Selke S. An overview of polylactides as packaging materials Macromol. Biosci. 2004 4 835 864 10.1002/mabi.200400043
Karamanlioglu M. Robson G.D. The influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the rate of degradation of poly(lactic) acid (PLA) coupons buried in compost and soil Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2013 98 2063 2071 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.07.004
Pemba A.G. Rostagno M. Lee T.A. Miller S.A. Cyclic and spirocyclic polyacetal ethers from lignin-based aromatics Polym. Chem. 2014 5 3214 3221 10.1039/C4PY00178H
Tokiwa Y. Calabia B.P. Ugwu C.U. Aiba S. Biodegradability of Plastics Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2009 10 3722 3742 10.3390/ijms10093722
Accinelli C. Sacca M.L. Mencarelli M. Vicari A. Deterioration of bioplastic carrier bags in the environment and assessment of a new recycling alternative Chemosphere 2012 89 136 143 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.028
Kubowicz S. Booth A.M. Biodegradability of Plastics: Challenges and Misconceptions Environ. Sci. Technol 2017 51 12058 12060 10.1021/acs.est.7b04051
Emadian S.M. Onay T.T. Demirel B. Biodegradation of bioplastics in natural environments Waste Manag. 2017 59 526 536 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.006 27742230
Montazer Z. Habibi Najafi M.B. Levin D.B. Challenges with Verifying Microbial Degradation of Polyethylene Polymers 2020 12 123 10.3390/polym12010123
Lucas N. Bienaime C. Belloy C. Queneudec M. Silvestre F. Nava-Saucedo J.-E. Polymer biodegradation: Mechanisms and estimation techniques—A review Chemosphere 2008 73 429 442 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.064
Sekiguchi T. Saika A. Nomura K. Watanabe T. Watanabe T. Fujimoto Y. Enoki M. Sato T. Kato C. Kanehiro H. Biodegradation of aliphatic polyesters soaked in deep seawaters and isolation of poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-degrading bacteria Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 2011 96 1397 1403 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.03.004
McKeen L. Renewable Resource and Biodegradable Polymers Pdl. Handb. Ser. 2012 353 378
Kim S. Park S. Lee K. Fishing Performance of an Octopus minor Net Pot Made of Biodegradable Twines Turk. J. Fish Aquat Sc 2014 14 21 30
Byun Y. Kim Y.T. Bioplastics for Food Packaging: Chemistry and Physics Innovations in Food Packaging 2nd ed. Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2014 353 368
Phukon P. Saikia J.P. Konwar B.K. Bio-plastic (P-3HB-co-3HV) from Bacillus circulans (MTCC 8167) and its biodegradation Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2012 92 30 34 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.11.011 22154099
Calabia B.P. Tokiwa Y. Microbial degradation of poly(D-3-hydroxybutyrate) by a new thermophilic Streptomyces isolate Biotechnol. Lett. 2004 26 15 19 10.1023/B:BILE.0000009453.81444.51 15005145
Tokiwa Y. Calabia B.P. Degradation of microbial polyesters Biotechnol. Lett. 2004 26 1181 1189 10.1023/B:BILE.0000036599.15302.e5 15289671
Garcia-Hidalgo J. Hormigo D. Arroyo M. de la Mata I. Novel Extracellular PHB Depolymerase from Streptomyces ascomycinicus: PHB Copolymers Degradation in Acidic Conditions PLoS ONE 2013 8 e71699 10.1371/journal.pone.0071699
Tokiwa Y. Jarerat A. Biodegradation of poly(L-lactide) Biotechnol. Lett. 2004 26 771 777 10.1023/B:BILE.0000025927.31028.e3
Nakajima-Kambe T. Toyoshima K. Saito C. Takaguchi H. Akutsu-Shigeno Y. Sato M. Miyama K. Nomura N. Uchiyama H. Rapid monomerization of poly(butylene succinate)-co-(butylene adipate) by Leptothrix sp J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2009 108 513 516 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.05.018 19914585
Penkhrue W. Khanongnuch C. Masaki K. Pathom-aree W. Punyodom W. Lumyong S. Isolation and screening of biopolymer-degrading microorganisms from northern Thailand World J. Microb. Biot. 2015 31 1431 1442 10.1007/s11274-015-1895-1
Sangkharak K. Prasertsan P. Screening and identification of polyhydroxyalkanoates producing bacteria and biochemical characterization of their possible application J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 2012 58 173 182 10.2323/jgam.58.173
Riedel S.L. Jahns S. Koenig S. Bock M.C. Brigham C.J. Bader J. Stahl U. Polyhydroxyalkanoates production with Ralstonia eutropha from low quality waste animal fats J. Biotechnol. 2015 214 119 127 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.09.002 26428087
Tan G.-Y.A. Chen C.-L. Li L. Ge L. Wang L. Razaad I.M.N. Li Y. Zhao L. Mo Y. Wang J.-Y. Start a Research on Biopolymer Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): A Review Polymers 2014 6 706 754 10.3390/polym6030706
Mezzolla V. D’Urso O.F. Poltronieri P. Role of PhaC Type I and Type II Enzymes during PHA Biosynthesis Polymers 2018 10 910 10.3390/polym10080910 30960835
Amara A.A. Rehm B.H. Replacement of the catalytic nucleophile cysteine-296 by serine in class II polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa-mediated synthesis of a new polyester: Identification of catalytic residues Biochem. J. 2003 374 413 421 10.1042/bj20030431 12924980
Chen G.Q. A microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) based bio- and materials industry Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009 38 2434 2446 10.1039/b812677c 19623359
Jain R. Tiwari A. Biosynthesis of planet friendly bioplastics using renewable carbon source J. Environ. Health Sci. 2015 13 11 10.1186/s40201-015-0165-3 25717378
Johnston B. Radecka I. Hill D. Chiellini E. Ilieva V.I. Sikorska W. Musiol M. Zieba M. Marek A.A. Keddie D. et al. The Microbial Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Waste Polystyrene Fragments Attained Using Oxidative Degradation Polymers 2018 10 957 10.3390/polym10090957 30960882
Jari M. Khatami S.R. Galehdari H. Shafiei M. Cloning and Expression of Poly 3-Hydroxybutyrate Operon Into Escherichia coli Jundishapur. J. Microb. 2015 8 e16318 10.5812/jjm.16318 25834710
Ushimaru K. Motoda Y. Numata K. Tsuge T. Phasin Proteins Activate Aeromonas caviae Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Synthase but Not Ralstonia eutropha PHA Synthase Appl. Environ. Microb. 2014 80 2867 2873 10.1128/AEM.04179-13 24584238
Qiu Y.Z. Han J. Chen G.Q. Metabolic engineering of Aeromonas hydrophila for the enhanced production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Appl. Microbiol. Biot. 2006 69 537 542 10.1007/s00253-005-0034-6
Adkins J. Pugh S. McKenna R. Nielsen D.R. Engineering microbial chemical factories to produce renewable “biomonomers” Front. Microbiol. 2012 3 313 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00313
Zhou Y. Dominguez J.M. Cao N.J. Du J.X. Tsao G.T. Optimization of L-lactic acid production from glucose by Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 52311 Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 1999 77–79 401 407 10.1385/ABAB:78:1-3:401 15304710
Mazumdar S. Clomburg J.M. Gonzalez R. Escherichia coli Strains Engineered for Homofermentative Production of D-Lactic Acid from Glycerol Appl. Environ. Microb. 2010 76 4327 4336 10.1128/AEM.00664-10 20472739
Jung Y.K. Kim T.Y. Park S.J. Lee S.Y. Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for the Production of Polylactic Acid and Its Copolymers Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010 105 161 171 10.1002/bit.22548
Yang T.H. Kim T.W. Kang H.O. Lee S.H. Lee E.J. Lim S.C. Oh S.O. Song A.J. Park S.J. Lee S.Y. Biosynthesis of Polylactic Acid and Its Copolymers Using Evolved Propionate CoA Transferase and PHA Synthase Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010 105 150 160 10.1002/bit.22547
Chaudhry W. Jamil N. Ali I. Ayaz M. Hasnain S. Screening for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-producing bacterial strains and comparison of PHA production from various inexpensive carbon sources Ann. Microbiol. 2010 61 623 629 10.1007/s13213-010-0181-6
Kim D.Y. Kim Y.B. Rhee Y.H. Evaluation of various carbon substrates for the biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates bearing functional groups by Pseudomonas putida Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2000 28 23 29 10.1016/S0141-8130(00)00150-1
Somleva M.N. Peoples O.P. Snell K.D. PHA Bioplastics, Biochemicals, and Energy from Crops Plant Biotechnol. J. 2013 11 233 252 10.1111/pbi.12039
Poirier Y. Somerville C. Schechtman L.A. Satkowski M.M. Noda I. Synthesis of high-molecular-weight poly([R]-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate) in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plant cells Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 1995 17 7 12 10.1016/0141-8130(95)93511-U
Poirier Y. Dennis D.E. Klomparens K. Somerville C. Polyhydroxybutyrate, a biodegradable thermoplastic, produced in transgenic plants Science 1992 256 520 523 10.1126/science.256.5056.520
Nawrath C. Poirier Y. Somerville C. Targeting of the polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthetic pathway to the plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana results in high levels of polymer accumulation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994 91 12760 12764 10.1073/pnas.91.26.12760 7809117
Bohmert K. Balbo I. Kopka J. Mittendorf V. Nawrath C. Poirier Y. Tischendorf G. Trethewey R.N. Willmitzer L. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants can accumulate polyhydroxybutyrate to up to 4% of their fresh weight Planta 2000 211 841 845 10.1007/s004250000350 11144269
Endo N. Yoshida K. Akiyoshi M. Manji S. Hybrid fiber production: A wood and plastic combination in transgenic rice and Tamarix made by accumulating poly-3-hydroxybutyrate Plant Biotechnol. J. 2006 3 99 109 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.23.99
Lössl A. Eibl C. Harloff H.-J. Jung C. Koop H.U. Polyester synthesis in transplastomic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.): Significant contents of polyhydroxybutyrate are associated with growth reduction Plant Cell Rep. 2003 21 891 899 10.1007/s00299-003-0610-0 12789507
Bohmert-Tatarev K. McAvoy S. Daughtry S. Peoples O.P. Snell K.D. High Levels of Bioplastic Are Produced in Fertile Transplastomic Tobacco Plants Engineered with a Synthetic Operon for the Production of Polyhydroxybutyrate Plant Physiol 2011 155 1690 10.1104/pp.110.169581 21325565
Somleva M.N. Snell K.D. Beaulieu J.J. Peoples O.P. Garrison B.R. Patterson N.A. Production of polyhydroxybutyrate in switchgrass, a value-added co-product in an important lignocellulosic biomass crop Plant Biotechnol. J. 2008 6 663 678 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00350.x
Institute for Bioplastics and Biocomposites Biopolymers, Facts and Statistics Institute for Bioplastics and Biocomposites Hannover, Germany 2018
Troschl C. Meixner K. Drosg B. Cyanobacterial PHA Production-Review of Recent Advances and a Summary of Three Years’ Working Experience Running a Pilot Plant Bioengineering 2017 4 26 10.3390/bioengineering4020026
Troschl C. Meixner K. Fritz I. Lechner K. Romero A. Kovalcik A. Sedlacek P. Drosg B. Pilot-scale production of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate with the cyanobacterium Synechocytis sp. CCALA192 in a non-sterile tubular photobioreactor Algal. Res. 2018 34 116 125 10.1016/j.algal.2018.07.011
Katayama N. Iijima H. Osanai T. Production of Bioplastic Compounds by Genetically Manipulated and Metabolic Engineered Cyanobacteria Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2018 1080 155 169
Falkowski P.G. Barber R.T. Smetacek V. Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production Science 1998 281 200 206 10.1126/science.281.5374.200
Huang W. Daboussi F. Genetic and metabolic engineering in diatoms Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2017 372 20160411 10.1098/rstb.2016.0411
Poulsen N. Kroger N. A new molecular tool for transgenic diatoms: Control of mRNA and protein biosynthesis by an inducible promoter-terminator cassette FEBS J. 2005 272 3413 3423 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04760.x 15978046
Hempel F. Bozarth A.S. Lindenkamp N. Klingl A. Zauner S. Linne U. Steinbuchel A. Maier U.G. Microalgae as bioreactors for bioplastic production Microb. Cell Fact. 2011 10 81 10.1186/1475-2859-10-81
Chaogang W. Zhangli H. Anping L. Baohui J. Biosynthesis of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (phb) in the transgenic green alga chlamydomonas reinhardtii1 J. Phycol. 2010 46 396 402 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00789.x
Chen G.Q. Hajnal I. Wu H. Lv L. Ye J. Engineering Biosynthesis Mechanisms for Diversifying Polyhydroxyalkanoates Trends Biotechnol. 2015 33 565 574 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.07.007
Meng D.C. Shen R. Yao H. Chen J.C. Wu Q. Chen G.Q. Engineering the diversity of polyesters Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2014 29 24 33 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.02.013 24632193
Chen G.Q. Hajnal I. The ‘PHAome’ Trends Biotechnol. 2015 33 559 564 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.07.006 26409775
Tao W. Lv L. Chen G.Q. Engineering Halomonas species TD01 for enhanced polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesis via CRISPRi Microb. Cell Fact. 2017 16 48 10.1186/s12934-017-0655-3
Wang H.H. Isaacs F.J. Carr P.A. Sun Z.Z. Xu G. Forest C.R. Church G.M. Programming cells by multiplex genome engineering and accelerated evolution Nature 2009 460 894 898 10.1038/nature08187
Wang H.H. Kim H. Cong L. Jeong J. Bang D. Church G.M. Genome-scale promoter engineering by coselection MAGE Nat. Methods 2012 9 591 10.1038/nmeth.1971 22484848
DiCarlo J.E. Conley A.J. Penttila M. Jantti J. Wang H.H. Church G.M. Yeast Oligo-Mediated Genome Engineering (YOGE) Acs Synth. Biol. 2013 2 741 749 10.1021/sb400117c 24160921
Richardson S.M. Mitchell L.A. Stracquadanio G. Yang K. Dymond J.S. DiCarlo J.E. Lee D. Huang C.L.V. Chandrasegaran S. Cai Y.Z. et al. Design of a synthetic yeast genome Science 2017 355 1040 1044 10.1126/science.aaf4557
Annaluru N. Muller H. Mitchell L.A. Ramalingam S. Stracquadanio G. Richardson S.M. Dymond J.S. Kuang Z. Scheifele L.Z. Cooper E.M. et al. Total Synthesis of a Functional Designer Eukaryotic Chromosome Science 2014 344 55 58 10.1126/science.1249252
Dymond J.S. Richardson S.M. Coombes C.E. Babatz T. Muller H. Annaluru N. Blake W.J. Schwerzmann J.W. Dai J. Lindstrom D.L. et al. Synthetic chromosome arms function in yeast and generate phenotypic diversity by design Nature 2011 477 471 476 10.1038/nature10403
Wu Y. Zhu R.-Y. Mitchell L.A. Ma L. Liu R. Zhao M. Jia B. Xu H. Li Y.-X. Yang Z.-M. et al. In vitro DNA SCRaMbLE Nat. Commun. 2018 9 1935 10.1038/s41467-018-03743-6
Jia B. Wu Y. Li B.Z. Mitchell L.A. Liu H. Pan S. Wang J. Zhang H.R. Jia N. Li B. et al. Precise control of SCRaMbLE in synthetic haploid and diploid yeast Nat. Commun. 2018 9 1933 10.1038/s41467-018-03084-4
Fu W. Nelson D.R. Yi Z. Xu M. Khraiwesh B. Jijakli K. Chaiboonchoe A. Alzahmi A. Al-Khairy D. Brynjolfsson S. et al. Chapter 6—Bioactive Compounds From Microalgae: Current Development and Prospects Studies in Natural Products Chemistry Rahman A.U. Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2017 Volume 54 199 225
Khavari F. Saidijam M. Taheri M. Nouri F. Microalgae: Therapeutic potentials and applications Mol. Biol. Rep. 2021 48 4757 4765 10.1007/s11033-021-06422-w
Karemore A. Nayak M. Sen R. Recent Inventions and Trends in Algal Biofuels Research Recent Pat. Biotechnol. 2016 10 30 42 10.2174/1872208310666160830164929
Jijakli K. Abdrabu R. Khraiwesh B. Nelson D.R. Koussa J. Salehi-Ashtiani K. Molecular Genetic Techniques for Algal Bioengineering Biomass and Biofuels from Microalgae: Advances in Engineering and Biology Moheimani N.R. McHenry M.P. de Boer K. Bahri P.A. Springer International Publishing Cham, Switzerland 2015 155 171
Munoz-Bonilla A. Echeverria C. Sonseca A. Arrieta M.P. Fernandez-Garcia M. Bio-Based Polymers with Antimicrobial Properties towards Sustainable Development Materials 2019 12 641 10.3390/ma12040641
Li T. Chen X.B. Chen J.C. Wu Q. Chen G.Q. Open and continuous fermentation: Products, conditions and bioprocess economy Biotechnol. J. 2014 9 1503 1511 10.1002/biot.201400084
Li Z.J. Shi Z.Y. Jian J. Guo Y.Y. Wu Q. Chen G.Q. Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) from unrelated carbon sources by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli Metab. Eng. 2010 12 352 359 10.1016/j.ymben.2010.03.003
Tripathi L. Wu L.P. Dechuan M. Chen J. Wu Q. Chen G.Q. Pseudomonas putida KT2442 as a platform for the biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates with adjustable monomer contents and compositions Bioresour. Technol. 2013 142 225 231 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.05.027 23743426
Wu H. Fan Z. Jiang X. Chen J. Chen G.Q. Enhanced production of polyhydroxybutyrate by multiple dividing E. coli Microb. Cell Fact. 2016 15 128 10.1186/s12934-016-0531-6 27465264
