Water Science and Technology; Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract :
[en] The modeling of ice sheets in Earth system models (ESMs) is an active area of research with applications to future sea level rise projections and paleoclimate studies. A major challenge for surface mass balance (SMB) modeling with ESMs arises from their coarse resolution. This paper evaluates the elevation class (EC) method as an SMB downscaling alternative to the dynamical downscaling of regional climate models. To this end, we compare EC-simulated elevation-dependent surface energy and mass balance gradients from the Community Earth System Model 1.0 (CESM1.0) with those from the regional climate model RACMO2.3. The EC implementation in CESM1.0 combines prognostic snow albedo, a multilayer snow model, and elevation corrections for two atmospheric forcing variables: temperature and humidity. Despite making no corrections for incoming radiation and precipitation, we find that the EC method in CESM1.0 yields similar SMB gradients to RACMO2.3, in part due to compensating biases in snowfall, surface melt, and refreezing gradients. We discuss the sensitivity of the results to the lapse rate used for the temperature correction. We also evaluate the impact of the EC method on the climate simulated by the ESM and find minor cooling over the Greenland ice sheet and Barents and Greenland seas, which compensates for a warm bias in the ESM due to topographic smoothing. Based on our diagnostic procedure to evaluate the EC method, we make several recommendations for future implementations.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Sellevold, Raymond; Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
Van Kampenhout, Leonardus; Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Lenaerts, Jan T.M. ; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
Noël, Brice ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géographie > Climatologie et Topoclimatologie ; Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Lipscomb, William H.; Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, United States
Vizcaino, Miren ; Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
Language :
English
Title :
Surface mass balance downscaling through elevation classes in an Earth system model: Application to the Greenland ice sheet
ERC - European Research Council [BE] NWO - Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek [NL]
Funding text :
erlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (grant no. ALWOP.2015.096), the European Research Council (grant no. ERC-StG-678145-CoupledIceClim), and the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (OCW, grant no. 024.002.001).Acknowledgements. Computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The material is based upon work supported by NCAR, which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation under cooperative agreement no. 1852977. The CESM project is supported primarily by the National Science Foundation. Brice Noël acknowledges funding from the Polar Program of NWO and NESSC. We thank the editor Xavier Fettweis and three anonymous reviewers, whose comments helped improve the manuscript.
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