Thermal discomfort; Overheating; Overcooling; Climate change resistivity; Energy use; Greenhouse gas emissions
Abstract :
[en] As climate change continues, it is expected that the risk of overheating will rise in both new and existing buildings in mixed humid climate zones in Europe. This study introduced a novel climate change sensitive sizing and design approach for cooling and heating systems in nearly zero-energy office buildings in Brussels, Belgium, for different weather scenarios. This approach considered the long-term effects of climate change on building performance. The climate change effects were assessed using current and future climate data from the regional atmospheric model, MAR. To demonstrate the approach, a case study of a nearly zero-energy office building in Brussels was conducted. The reference building model was first calibrated using monthly energy use data from the year 2019 using ASHRAE Guideline 14. Then, the building was evaluated with different HVAC strategies and their performances were quantified. The results indicated an increase in overheating as high as 1.2 °C and cooling energy use as high as 13.5 kWh/m2 and a decrease in overcooling as low as 0.3 °C and heating energy use as low as 10.9 kWh/m2 in the reference building by the end of the century. In addition, due to climate change sensitive sizing and design approach coupled with optimal sizing, the reference building was climate change resistant towards the worst-case scenario by end of the century with up to 3.7 for climate change overheating resistivity and 20.2 for climate change overcooling resistivity. Finally, the paper provided recommendations for future practice and research based on the study findings.
Research Center/Unit :
Sustainable Building Design Lab
Disciplines :
Civil engineering
Author, co-author :
Amaripadath, Deepak ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Urban and Environmental Engineering
Rahif, Ramin ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Urban and Environmental Engineering
Zuo, Wangda
Velickovic, Mirjana
Voglaire, Corentin
Attia, Shady ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département ArGEnCo > Techniques de construction des bâtiments
Language :
English
Title :
Climate change sensitive sizing and design for nearly zero-energy office building systems in Brussels
scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.
Bibliography
Santamouris, M., Innovating to zero the building sector in Europe: minimising the energy consumption, eradication of the energy poverty and mitigating the local climate change. Sol. Energy 128 (2016), 61–94, 10.1016/j.solener.2016.01.021.
D'Agostino, D., Parker, D., Epifani, I., Crawley, D., Lawrie, L., How will future climate impact the design and performance of nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEBs)?. Energy, 240, 2022, 122479, 10.1016/j.energy.2021.122479.
Robert, A., Kummert, M., Designing net-zero energy buildings for the future climate, not for the past. Build. Environ. 55 (2012), 150–158, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.12.014.
Füssel, H.M., Adaptation planning for climate change: concepts, assessment approaches, and key lessons. Sustain. Sci. 2:2 (2007), 265–275, 10.1007/s11625-007-0032-y.
OE&H, “Anthropogenic climate change,” NSW Office of Environment & Heritage, 2017. [online]. Available: www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=20025, Accessed on: Mar. 15, 2022.
J. Mccarthy, O. Canziani, N. Leary, D. Dokken, K. White, “Climate change 2001: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability,” Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, vol. 19, Jul. 2001.
Bohnenstengel, S.I., Evans, S., Clark, P.A., Belcher, S.E., Simulations of the London urban heat island. Q. J. R. Meteorolog. Soc. 137:659 (2011), 1625–1640, 10.1002/qj.855.
T.R. Oke, “The heat island of the urban boundary layer: characteristics, causes and effects,” in Wind Climate in Cities, J. E. Cermak, A. G. Davenport, E. J. Plate, and D. X. Viegas, eds. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995, pp. 81–107, doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-3686-2_5.
Santamouris, M., et al. Urban heat island and overheating characteristics in Sydney, Australia. An analysis of multiyear measurements. Sustainability, 9(5), 2017, 10.3390/su9050712.
Cabeza, L.F., Ürge-Vorsatz, D., The role of buildings in the energy transition in the context of the climate change challenge. Global Transitions 2 (2020), 257–260, 10.1016/j.glt.2020.11.004.
C. Huynh, “How green buildings can help fight climate change,” USGBC, 2021. [online]. Available: www.usgbc.org/articles/how-green-buildings-can-help-fight-climate-change, Accessed on: Mar. 21, 2022.
Bamdad, K., Cholette, M.E., Omrani, S., Bell, J., Future energy-optimised buildings - Addressing the impact of climate change on buildings. Energ. Build., 231, 2021, 110610, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110610.
Jiang, A., Liu, X., Czarnecki, E., Zhang, C., Hourly weather data projection due to climate change for impact assessment on building and infrastructure. Sustain. Cities Soc., 50, 2019, 10.1016/j.scs.2019.101688.
Daly, D., Cooper, P., Ma, Z., Implications of global warming for commercial building retrofitting in Australian cities. Build. Environ. 74 (2014), 86–95, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.01.008.
Andrić, I., Koc, M., Al-Ghamdi, S.G., A review of climate change implications for built environment: impacts, mitigation measures and associated challenges in developed and developing countries. J. Clean. Prod. 211 (2019), 83–102, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.128.
Guan, L., Implication of global warming on air-conditioned office buildings in Australia. Build. Res. Inf. 37:1 (2009), 43–54, 10.1080/09613210802611025.
Guan, L., The implication of global warming on the energy performance and indoor thermal environment of air-conditioned office buildings in Australia. 2006, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia Ph.D. Thesis,[Online]. Available:.
Ferreira, M., Almeida, M., Rodrigues, A., Silva, S.M., Comparing cost-optimal and net-zero energy targets in building retrofit. Build. Res. Inf. 44:2 (2016), 188–201, 10.1080/09613218.2014.975412.
Ferreira, M., Almeida, M., Benefits from energy related building renovation beyond costs, energy and emissions. Energy Procedia 78 (2015), 2397–2402, 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.199.
Chai, J., Huang, P., Sun, Y., Differential evolution - based system design optimization for net zero energy buildings under climate change. Sustain. Cities Soc., 55, 2020, 102037, 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102037.
Longo, S., Montana, F., Riva Sanseverino, E., A review on optimization and cost-optimal methodologies in low-energy buildings design and environmental considerations. Sustain. Cities Soc. 45 (2019), 87–104, 10.1016/j.scs.2018.11.027.
O'Brien, W., Athienitis, A., Modeling, Design, and Optimization of Net-Zero Energy Buildings. 2015, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, USA.
ANSI/ASHRAE, ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2009.
Frank, T., Climate change impacts on building heating and cooling energy demand in Switzerland. Energ. Buildings 37:11 (2005), 1175–1185, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.06.019.
Kolokotroni, M., Ren, X., Davies, M., Mavrogianni, A., London's urban heat Island: impact on current and future energy consumption in office buildings. Energ. Build. 47 (2012), 302–311, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.12.019.
Cellura, M., Guarino, F., Longo, S., Tumminia, G., Climate change and the building sector: modelling and energy implications to an office building in southern Europe. Energy Sustain. Dev. 45 (2018), 46–65, 10.1016/j.esd.2018.05.001.
Roetzel, A., Tsangrassoulis, A., Impact of climate change on comfort and energy performance in offices. Build. Environ. 57 (2012), 349–361, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.06. 002.
Boyano, A., Hernandez, P., Wolf, O., Energy demands and potential savings in European office buildings: case studies based on EnergyPlus simulations. Energ. Build. 65 (2013), 19–28, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.05.039.
Moreci, E., Ciulla, G., Lo Brano, V., Annual heating energy requirements of office buildings in a European climate. Sustain. Cities Soc. 20 (2016), 81–95, 10.1016/j.scs.2015.10.005.
Sánchez-García, D., Rubio-Bellido, C., Tristancho, M., Marrero, M., A comparative study on energy demand through the adaptive thermal comfort approach considering climate change in office buildings of Spain. Build. Simul. 13:1 (2020), 51–63, 10.1007/s12273-019-0560-2.
Hooyberghs, H., Verbeke, S., Lauwaet, D., Costa, H., Floater, G., De Ridder, K., Influence of climate change on summer cooling costs and heat stress in urban office buildings. Clim. Change 144:4 (2017), 721–735, 10.1007/s10584-017-2058-1.
De Masi, R.F., Gigante, A., Ruggiero, S., Vanoli, G.P., Impact of weather data and climate change projections in the refurbishment design of residential buildings in cooling dominated climate. Appl. Energy, 303, 2021, 117584, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117584.
Ascione, F., De Masi, R.F., Gigante, A., Vanoli, G.P., Resilience to the climate change of nearly zero energy-building designed according to the EPBD recast: Monitoring, calibrated energy models and perspective simulations of a Mediterranean nZEB living lab. Energ. Build., 262, 2022, 112004, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112004.
Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., Rubel, F., World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorol. Z. 15:3 (2006), 259–263, 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.
Rahif, R., et al. Impact of climate change on nearly zero-energy dwelling in temperate climate: time-integrated discomfort, HVAC energy performance, and GHG emissions. Build. Environ., 223, 2022, 109397, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109397.
ISO, ISO 15927-2: Hygrothermal performance of buildings - Calculation and presentation of climatic data - Part 2: Hourly data for design cooling load. International Standards Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2009.
ISO, ISO 7730: Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria. International Standards Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2004.
Liping, W., Hien, W.N., Applying natural ventilation for thermal comfort in residential buildings in Singapore. Archit. Sci. Rev. 50:3 (2007), 224–233, 10.3763/asre.2007.5028.
ANSI/ASHRAE, ASHRAE standard 55: Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2020.
Silva, A.S., Ghisi, E., Lamberts, R., Performance evaluation of long-term thermal comfort indices in building simulation according to ASHRAE Standard 55. Build. Environ. 102 (2016), 95–115, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.03.004.
Abd El-Raheim, D., Mohamed, A., Fatouh, M., Abou-Ziyan, H., Comfort and economic aspects of phase change materials integrated with heavy-structure buildings in hot climates. Appl. Therm. Eng., 213, 2022, 118785, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118785.
CIBSE, CIBSE TM 52: The limits of thermal comfort: Avoiding overheating in European buildings. Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers: London, UK, 2015.
Moore, T., Ridley, I., Strengers, Y., Maller, C., Horne, R., Dwelling performance and adaptive summer comfort in low-income Australian households. Build. Res. Inf. 45:4 (2016), 443–456, 10.1080/09613218.2016.1139906.
Dartevelle, O., van Moeseke, G., Mlecnik, E., Altomonte, S., Long-term evaluation of residential summer thermal comfort: measured vs. perceived thermal conditions in NZEB houses in Wallonia. Build. Environ., 190, 2021, 107531, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107531.
Salimi, S., Estrella Guillén, E., Samuelson, H., Exceedance Degree-Hours: a new method for assessing long-term thermal conditions. Indoor Air 31:6 (2021), 2296–2311, 10.1111/ina.12855.
ANSI/ASHRAE, ASHRAE standard 169: Climatic data for building design standards. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Atlanta, GA, USA, 2013.
G. Betti, F. Tartarini, C. Nguyen, S. Schiavon, “CBE Clima Tool: A free and open-source web application for climate analysis tailored to sustainable building design,” V.0.7.3, 2022, doi: doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2212.04609.
Rahif, R., Amaripadath, D., Attia, S., Review on time-integrated overheating evaluation methods for residential buildings in temperate climates of Europe. Energ. Build., 252, 2021, 111463, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111463.
Hamdy, M., Carlucci, S., Hoes, P.J., Hensen, J.L.M., The impact of climate change on the overheating risk in dwellings - A Dutch case study. Build. Environ. 122 (2017), 307–323, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.06.031.
CEN, EN 16798-1: Energy performance of buildings - Ventilation for buildings - Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics. European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium, 2019.
ISO, ISO 17772-1: Energy performance of buildings - Indoor environmental quality. Part 1: Indoor environmental input parameters for the design and assessment of energy performance in buildings. International Standards Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2017.
CIBSE, CIBSE Guide A: Environmental design. Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers: London, UK, 2015.
Rahif, R., Hamdy, M., Homaei, S., Zhang, C., Holzer, P., Attia, S., Simulation-based framework to evaluate resistivity of cooling strategies in buildings against overheating impact of climate change. Build. Environ., 208, 2022, 108599, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108599.
M. Carlier, “nearly Zero-Energy Building definitions in selected countries,” Master Thesis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, Jul. 2016. [Online]. Available: www.libstore.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/301/ 108/RUG01-002301108_2016_0001_AC.pdf.
IBGE, “Performance Energétique des Bâtiments: Guide des exigences et des procédures de la 960 réglementation Travaux PEB en Région de Bruxelles Capitale,” Brussels, Belgium, 2017.
Encon, “Calculation of CO2,” Encon. [online]. Available: www.encon.be/en/calculation-co2, Accessed on: Jul. 11, 2022.
Pérez-Andreu, V., Aparicio-Fernández, C., Martínez-Ibernón, A., Vivancos, J.L., Impact of climate change on heating and cooling energy demand in a residential building in a Mediterranean climate. Energy 165 (2018), 63–74, 10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.015.
C. Kittel, “Present and future sensitivity of the Antarctic surface mass balance to oceanic and atmospheric forcings: insights with the regional climate model MAR,” University of Liege, Belgium, 2021. [Online]. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/2268/258491.
Wyard, C., Scholzen, C., Doutreloup, S., Hallot, É., Fettweis, X., Future evolution of the hydroclimatic conditions favouring floods in the south-east of Belgium by 2100 using a regional climate model. Int. J. Climatol. 41:1 (2021), 647–662, 10.1002/joc.6642.
Doutreloup, S., et al. Sensitivity to convective schemes on precipitation simulated by the regional climate model MAR over Belgium (1987–2017). Atmos., 10(1), 2019, 34, 10.3390/atmos10010034.
Moazami, A., Nik, V.M., Carlucci, S., Geving, S., Impacts of future weather data typology on building energy performance - Investigating long-term patterns of climate change and extreme weather conditions. Appl. Energy 238 (2019), 696–720, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.085.
De Ridder, K., Gallée, H., Land surface-induced regional climate change in southern Israel. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 37:11 (1998), 1470–1485, 10.1175/1520-0450(1998)037<1470:LSIRCC>2.0.CO;2.
Hersbach, H., et al. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorolog. Soc. 146:730 (2020), 1999–2049, 10.1002/qj.3803.
Eyring, V., et al. Overview of the coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization. Geosci. Model Dev. 9:5 (2016), 1937–1958, 10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016.
Doutreloup, S., et al. Historical and future weather data for dynamic building simulations in Belgium using the regional climate model MAR: typical and extreme meteorological year and heatwaves. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 14 (2022), 3039–3051, 10.5194/essd-14-3039-2022.
V. Masson-Delmotte et al., “Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science - Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,” 2021.
Riahi, K., et al. The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: an overview. Glob. Environ. Chang. 42 (2017), 153–168, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009.
ISO, ISO 15927-4: Hygrothermal performance of buildings - Calculation and presentation of climatic data - Part 4: Hourly data for assessing the annual energy use for heating and cooling. International Standards Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2005.
Performance Énergétique des Bâtiments, “La performance énergétique des bâtiments - La PEB, une réglementation à 3 volets,” Environnement Brussels, Belgium. [Online]. Avaiable: www.environn ement.brussels/thematiques/batiment-et-energie/obligations/la-performance-energetique-des-batiments-peb, Accessed on: Feb. 25, 2022.
Hamdy, M., Sirén, K., Attia, S., Impact of financial assumptions on the cost optimality towards nearly zero energy buildings – a case study. Energ. Build. 153 (2017), 421–438, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.08.018.
Attia, S., Shadmanfar, N., Ricci, F., Developing two benchmark models for nearly zero energy schools. Appl. Energy, 263, 2020, 114614, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114614.
CEN, EN 13829: Thermal performance of buildings - Determination of air permeability of buildings - Fan pressurization method. European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium, 2001.
CEN, EN 16798-2: Energy performance of buildings - Ventilation for buildings - Part 2: Interpretation of the requirements in EN 16798-1 - Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics. European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium, 2019.
Amaripadath, D., Velickovic, M., Attia, S., Performance evaluation of a nearly zero-energy office building in temperate oceanic climate based on field measurements. Energies, 15(18), 2022, 10.3390/en15186755.
R. Fassbender, “What is energy model calibration? pt 1,” Energy Models. [online]. Available: www.energy-models.com/blog/what-energy-model-calibration-pt-1, Accessed on: Mar. 14, 2022.
Chong, A., Gu, Y., Jia, H., Calibrating building energy simulation models: a review of the basics to guide future work. Energ. Build., 253, 2021, 111533, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111533.
ANSI/ASHRAE, ASHRAE Guideline 14: Measurement of energy, demand, and water savings. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2014.
Ruiz, G.R., Bandera, C.F., Validation of calibrated energy models: common errors. Energies, 10(10), 2017, Oct, 10.3390/en10101587.
Shinoda, J., Kazanci, O.B., Tanabe, S., Olesen, B.W., A review of the surface heat transfer coefficients of radiant heating and cooling systems. Build. Environ., 159, 2019, 106156, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.05.034.
O.B. Kazanci, “Low temperature heating and high temperature cooling in buildings,” Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, 2016. [Online]. Available: www.backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/126945749/Thesis_til_orbit.pdf.
Dragos, D.I., Kazanci, O.B., Olesen, B.W., An experimental study of the active cooling performance of a novel radiant ceiling panel containing phase change material (PCM). Energ. Build., 243, 2021, 110981, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110981.
J. Babiak, B.W. Olesen, D. Petras, “Low temperature heating and high temperature cooling,” 2nd ed., Technical Task Force 3, REHVA: Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations, Brussels, Belgium.
T. Dwyer, “Module 51: Air source VRF systems for flexible room heating and cooling, heat recovery and hydronic heating,” CIBSE Journal, 2013. [online]. Available: www.cibsejournal.com/cpd/modules/2013-04/, Accessed on: Mar. 22, 2022.
M. Coley, “What is a VRF system? Top myths and facts about VRF explained,” Ferguson Enterprises, 2018. [online]. Available: www.ferguson.com/content/trade-talk/tricks-of-the-trade/what-is-a-vrf-system, Accessed on: Mar. 16, 2022.
K. Taylor, “EU paves way for renewable and low-carbon gases to replace fossil fuel,” Euractiv, Dec. 2021. [online]. Available: www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/eu-paves-way-for-renewable-and-low-carbon-gases-to-replace-fossil-fuel/, Accessed on: Mar. 23, 2022.
M. Tobias, “Heating and cooling system configurations for commercial buildings,” Nearby Engineers, 2021. [online]. Available: www.ny-engineers.com/blog/heating-and-cooling-system-configurations-for-commercial-buildings, Accessed on: Mar. 16, 2022.
Luan, W., Li, X., Rapid urbanization and its driving mechanism in the Pan-Third Pole region. Sci. Total Environ., 750, 2021, 141270, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141270.
Luo, M., et al. The dynamics of thermal comfort expectations: the problem, challenge and implication. Build. Environ. 95 (2016), 322–329, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.07.015.
United Nations, “World population prospects: The 2017 revision,” United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, New York, USA, 2017.
EEA, “EU renewable electricity has reduced environmental pressures; Targeted actions help further reduce impacts: Briefing,” European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2021. [Online]. Available: www.eea.europa.eu/themes/energy/renewable-energy/eu-renewable-electricity-has-reduced. Accessed: Jul. 19, 2022.
Lou, Y., Ye, Y., Yang, Y., Zuo, W., Long-term carbon emission reduction potential of building retrofits with dynamically changing electricity emission factors. Build. Environ., 210, 2022, 108683.
S. Attia, et al. “Framework to evaluate the resilience of different cooling technologies.” Liege, Belgium: Sustainable Building Design Lab, 2021, doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.33998.59208.
DGBG, “SAPP ceiling,” Dutch Green Building Guide. [Online]. Available: www.dgbg.nl/product/263. Accessed: Jul. 20, 2022.
Amaripadath, D., Rahif, R., Velickovic, M., Attia, S., A systematic review on role of humidity as an indoor thermal comfort parameter in humid climates. J. Build. Eng., 68, 2023, 106039, 10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106039.
R. Rahif, D. Amaripadath, and S. Attia, “Review on Overheating Evaluation Methods in National Building Codes in Western Europe”, CLIMA, May 2022, doi: doi.org/10.34641/clima.2022.357.
EC, “Delivering the European Green Deal,” European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, 2022. [Online]. Available: ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/delivering-european-green-deal_en. Accessed: Jul. 19, 2022.
Zhang, C., et al. Resilient cooling strategies – A critical review and qualitative assessment. Energ. Build., 251, 2021, 111312, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111312.
J. Żuławińska, “Wet bulb calculator,” Omni Calculator, 2022. [online]. Available: www.omnicalculator.com/physics/wet-bulb, Accessed on: Mar. 17, 2022.
Vecellio, D.J., Wolf, S.T., Cottle, R.M., Kenney, W.L., Evaluating the 35°C wet-bulb temperature adaptability threshold for young, healthy subjects (PSU HEAT Project). J. Appl. Physiol. 132:2 (2022), 340–345, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00738.2021.
Legal Information Institute, “10 CFR § 431.97 - Energy efficiency standards and their compliance dates,” Cornell Law School, NY, USA. [Online]. Available: https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/10/431.97#fn1_tbl2. Accessed on: Dec. 12, 2022.
HVAC HESS, “Heat Pump and Heat Recovery Technologies,” Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Australia, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/energy/files/hvac-factsheet-heat-pump-tech.pdf. Accessed on: Dec. 12, 2022.
This website uses cookies to improve user experience. Read more
Save & Close
Accept all
Decline all
Show detailsHide details
Cookie declaration
About cookies
Strictly necessary
Performance
Strictly necessary cookies allow core website functionality such as user login and account management. The website cannot be used properly without strictly necessary cookies.
This cookie is used by Cookie-Script.com service to remember visitor cookie consent preferences. It is necessary for Cookie-Script.com cookie banner to work properly.
Performance cookies are used to see how visitors use the website, eg. analytics cookies. Those cookies cannot be used to directly identify a certain visitor.
Used to store the attribution information, the referrer initially used to visit the website
Cookies are small text files that are placed on your computer by websites that you visit. Websites use cookies to help users navigate efficiently and perform certain functions. Cookies that are required for the website to operate properly are allowed to be set without your permission. All other cookies need to be approved before they can be set in the browser.
You can change your consent to cookie usage at any time on our Privacy Policy page.