Environmental and economic consequences; Natural resources; Strategy and heterogeneity effects; Sustainable livelihood; Switching regression; Environmental Science (all); Economics and Econometrics; General Environmental Science
Abstract :
[en] Traditional ranching farming provides society with meat, agricultural products, leather, and hides in an economic procedure through livestock grazing on rangelands. Based on recent research, traditional ranching farming has a crucial role and a significant contribution to the employment of nomadic households. According to recent rangeland degradation, it is important to pay attention to the nomadic livelihoods based on the rangeland environment and the household economy. Global implications for the study of pastoral livelihoods are based on maintaining rangelands and improving household welfare (in terms of earnings). For this purpose, a sustainable livelihood framework based on livelihood strategies and natural and unnatural capitals was applied. The sample size of 393 households from 24 nomadic residences was selected based on the multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected in the form of face-to-face interviews with sample nomads in 2018. The results of switching regression models for analyzing the counterfactual effect indicated that nomadic households who adopted servicing, agriculture, and diversification strategies caused the improvement of rangeland sustainability at 3%, 7%, and 4% and the reduction of household poverty at 4%, 7%, and 5%, respectively. In this regard, increasing human capital and financial capital have significant effects on rejecting ranching strategies and selecting agriculture and diversification strategies.
Azadi, Hossein ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Modélisation et développement ; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic ; Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Language :
English
Title :
Impact of livelihood strategies and capitals on rangeland sustainability and nomads' poverty: A counterfactual analysis in Southwest Iran
Aazami, M., Shanazi, K., Tourism wetlands and rural sustainable livelihood: the case from Iran. J. Outdoor Recreat. Tour., 30, 2020, 100284, 10.1016/j.jort.2020.100284.
Abeje, M.T., Tsunekawa, A., Haregeweyn, N., Nigussie, Z., Adgo, E., Ayalew, Z., et al. Communities’ livelihood vulnerability to climate variability in Ethiopia. Sustainability., 11(22), 2019, 6302, 10.3390/su11226302.
Ahmad, M.I., Oxley, L., Ma, H., What makes farmers exit farming: A case study of Sindh Province, Pakistan. Sustainability, 12, 2020, 3160, 10.3390/su12083160.
Babulo, B., Muys, B., Nega, F., Tollens, E., Nyssen, J., Deckers, J., Mathijs, E., Household livelihood strategies and forest dependence in the highlands of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Agric. Syst. 98:2 (2008), 147–155, 10.1016/j.agsy.2008.06.001.
Barati, A.A., Zhoolideh, M., Moradi, M., Sohrabi Mollayousef, E., Fürst, C., Multidimensional poverty and livelihood strategies in rural Iran. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 24 (2022), 12963–12993, 10.1007/s10668-021-01977-x.
Bateman, I.J., Mace, G.M., The natural capital framework for sustainably efficient and equitable decision making. Nat. Sustain. 3:10 (2020), 776–783, 10.1038/s41893-020-0552-3.
Bebbington, A., Capitals and capabilities: a framework for analyzing peasant viability, rural livelihoods and poverty. World Dev. 27:12 (1999), 2021–2044, 10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00104-7.
Bourguignon, F., Fournier, M., Gurgand, M., Selection bias corrections based on the multinomial logit model: Monte-Carlo comparisons. J. Econ. Surv. 21:1 (2007), 174–205, 10.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00503.x.
Chakravarty, S.R., Chattopadhyay, N., Deutsh, J., Nissanov, Z., Silber, J., Reference groups and the poverty line: An axiomatic approach with an empirical illustration. Poverty, Social Exclusion and Stochastic Dominance, 2019, Springer Singapore, Singapore, 39–61, 10.1007/978-981-13-3432-0_5.
Chea, V., Effects of remittances on household poverty and inequality in Cambodia. J. Asia Pac. Econ., 2021, 10.1080/13547860.2021.1905200.
Chen, J., Yin, S., Gebhardt, H., Yang, X., Farmers’ livelihood adaptation to environmental change in an arid region: A case study of the Minqin Oasis, northwestern China. Ecol. Indic. 93 (2018), 411–423, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.05.017.
Cochrane, P., Exploring cultural capital and its importance in sustainable development. Ecol. Econ. 57:2 (2006), 318–330, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.04.012.
D'Annolfo, R., Gemmill-Herren, B., Amudavi, D., Shiraku, H.W., Piva, M.M., Garibaldi, L.A., The effects of agroecological farming systems on smallholder livelihoods: a case study on push–pull system from Western Kenya. Int. J. Agric. Sustain. 19:1 (2021), 56–70, 10.1080/14735903.2020.1822639.
Danso-Abbeam, G., Baiyegunhi, L.J.S., Welfare impact of pesticides management practices among smallholder cocoa farmers in Ghana. Technol. Soc. 54 (2018), 10–19, 10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.01.011.
Davies, J., Herrera, P., Manzano Baena, P., The governance of rangelands : Collective action for sustainable pastoralism. IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2014 Retrieved from https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1374148/the-governance-of-rangelands/1988388/ on 15 May 2022. CID: 20.500.12592/6hvx0j.
Dehghani Pour, M., Barati, A.A., Azadi, H., Scheffran, J., Revealing the role of livelihood assets in livelihood strategies: towards enhancing conservation and livelihood development in the Hara biosphere reserve, Iran. Ecol. Indic. 94 (2018), 336–347, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.05.074.
Dressler, W.H., Wilson, D., Clendenning, J., Cramb, R., Keenan, R., Mahanty, S., Lasco, R.D., The impact of swidden decline on livelihoods and ecosystem services in Southeast Asia: A review of the evidence from 1990 to 2015. Ambio 46:3 (2016), 291–310, 10.1007/s13280-016-0836-z.
Duda, I., Fasse, A., Grote, U., Drivers of rural-urban migration and impact on food security in rural Tanzania. Food Sec. 10 (2018), 785–798, 10.1007/s12571-018-0788-1.
Eakin, H., Luers, A.L., Assessing the vulnerability of social-environmental systems. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 31:1 (2006), 365–394, 10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144352.
Ekins, P., Simon, S., Deutsch, L., Folke, C., De Groot, R., A framework for the practical application of the concepts of critical natural capital and strong sustainability. Ecol. Econ. 44:2–3 (2003), 165–185, 10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00272-0.
Eriksson, H., Robinson, G., Slater, M.J., Troell, M., Sea cucumber aquaculture in the Western Indian Ocean: challenges for sustainable livelihood and stock improvement. Ambio. 41:2 (2012), 109–121.
Fang, Y., Fan, J., Shen, M., Song, M., Sensitivity of livelihood strategy to livelihood capital in mountain areas: empirical analysis based on different settlements in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, China. Ecol. Indic. 38 (2014), 225–235, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.007.
Farimani, S.M., Raufirad, V., Hunter, R., Lebailly, P., Coping strategies during drought: the case of rangeland users in Southwest Iran. Rangelands. 39:5 (2017), 133–142, 10.1016/j.rala.2017.06.004.
Freier, K.P., Bruggemann, R., Scheffran, J., Finckh, M., Schneider, U.S., Assessing the predictability of future livelihood strategies of pastoralists in semi-arid Morocco under climate change. Technol. Forecast Soc. Chang. 79:2 (2012), 371–382, 10.1016/j.techfore.2011.07.003.
Ghazali, S., Zibaei, M., Determinants of livelihood strategies selecting by nomadic households of Fars province. Agric. Econ. 11:4 (2018), 63–80, 10.22034/IAES.2018.27529.
Ghazali, S., Zibaei, M., Keshavarz, M., The effectiveness of livelihood management strategies in mitigating drought impacts and improving livability of pastoralist households. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct., 77, 2022, 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103063.
Hair, J.F.J., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E., Multivariate Data Analysis. seventh ed., 2010, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Hematalikeikha, M.A., Alinaghizadeh, M., Educational and practical approach to the study of native architecture - case study: study of Qashqai tribe housing as one example of a sustainable native culture of Iran. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 51 (2012), 373–379, 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.175.
Hieu, N., Huong, H.T.T., Hens, L., Hieu, D.T., Phuong, D.T., Canh, P.X., Sustainable livelihoods development by utilization of geomorphological resources in the Bai Tu Long Bay, Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 20:6 (2018), 2463–2485, 10.1007/s10668-017-9999-4.
Hua, X., Yan, J., Zhang, Y., Evaluating the role of livelihood assets in suitable livelihood strategies: protocol for anti-poverty policy in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. Ecol. Indic. 78 (2017), 62–74, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.03.009.
Jansen, H.G.P., Rodriguez, A., Damon, A., Pender, J., Chenier, J., Schipper, R., Determinants of income-earning strategies and adoption of conservation practices in hillside communities in rural Honduras. Agric. Syst. 88:1 (2006), 92–110, 10.1016/j.agsy.2005.06.005.
Jiao, X., Pouliot, M., Walelign, S.Z., Livelihood strategies and dynamics in rural Cambodia. World Dev. 97 (2017), 266–278, 10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.04.019.
Kassie, M., Teklewold, H., Marenya, P., Jaleta, M., Erenstein, O., Production risks and food security under alternative technology choices in Malawi: application of a multinomial endogenous switching regression. J. Agric. Econ. 66:3 (2015), 640–659, 10.1111/1477-9552.12099.
Khedrigharibvand, H., Azadi, H., Teklemariam, D., Ebrahimi, A., Omidzadeh Ardali, E., Van Acker, V., et al. Sustainable rangeland management in Southwest Iran: understanding changes in experts’ attitudes toward livelihood alternatives. Rangel. Ecol. Manag. 72:3 (2019), 433–445, 10.1016/j.rama.2019.01.005.
Khedrigharibvand, H., Azadi, H., Teklemariam, D., Houshyar, E., De Maeyer, P., Witlox, F., Livelihood alternatives model for sustainable rangeland management: a review of multi-criteria decision-making techniques. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 21:1 (2019), 11–36, 10.1007/s10668-017-0035-5.
Kinuthia, V.N., Wahome, R.G., Attitudes on land-use systems and social mindset transformations after group ranch subdivision in Kenya. Land Use Policy, 87, 2019, 104004, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.05.023.
Kuchimanchi, B.R., van Paassen, A., Oosting, S.J., Understanding the vulnerability, farming strategies and development pathways of smallholder farming systems in Telangana, India. Clim. Risk Manag., 31, 2021, 10.1016/j.crm.2021.100275.
Kuyah, S., Sileshi, G.W., Luedeling, E., Akinnifesi, F.K., Whitney, C.W., Bayala, J., et al. Potential of agroforestry to enhance livelihood security in Africa. Agro for Degraded Landscapes, 2020, Springer Singapore, Singapore, 135–167, 10.1007/978-981-15-4136-0_4.
Kwazu, G., Chang-Richards, A.Y., Metric of indicators and factors for assessing livelihood preparedness: A systematic review. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct., 52, 2021, 101966, 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101966.
Li, E., Deng, Q., Zhou, Y., Livelihood resilience and the generative mechanism of rural households out of poverty: an empirical analysis from Lankao County, Henan Province, China. J. Rural. Stud. 93 (2022), 210–222, 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.01.005.
Liu, M., Yang, L., Bai, Y., Min, Q., The impacts of farmers’ livelihood endowments on their participation in eco-compensation policies: globally important agricultural heritage systems case studies from China. Land Use Policy 77 (2018), 231–239, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.054.
Manlosa, A.O., Hanspach, J., Schultner, J., Dorresteijn, I., Fischer, J., Livelihood strategies, capital assets, and food security in rural Southwest Ethiopia. Food Sec. 11:1 (2019), 167–181, 10.1007/s12571-018-00883-x.
Markakis, J., Pastoralism on the Margin. 2004, Minority Rights Group International, London.
Mazzone, A., Decentralised energy systems and sustainable livelihoods, what are the links? Evidence from two isolated villages of the Brazilian Amazon. Energy Build. 186 (2019), 138–146, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.01.027.
Meteorological Organization, Meteorological Yearbook of Fars Province. 2020 Iran.
Mukherjee, N., Siddique, G., Basak, A., Roy, A., Mandal, M.H., Climate change and livelihood vulnerability of the local population on Sagar Island, India. Chin. Geo. Sci. 29:3 (2019), 417–436, 10.1007/s11769-019-1042-2.
Naah, J.-B.S.N., Braun, B., Local agro-pastoralists’ perspectives on forage species diversity, habitat distributions, abundance trends and ecological drivers for sustainable livestock production in West Africa. Sci. Rep., 9(1), 2019, 1707, 10.1038/s41598-019-38636-1.
Natural Resources Department, Studies and Research Group. 2018 Fars province, Iran.
Nielsen, Ø.J., Rayamajhi, S., Uberhuaga, P., Meilby, H., Smith-Hall, C., Quantifying rural livelihood strategies in developing countries using an activity choice approach. Agric. Econ. 44:1 (2013), 57–71, 10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00632.x.
Nomadic Administration of Fars Province, Nomadic Census Report. 2017 Fars, Iran.
Odero, K.K., Information capital: 6th asset of sustainable livelihood framework. Discov. Innov. 18 (2008), 83–91.
Ostrom, E., Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. 1990, Cambridge university press.
Paul, S., Das, T.K., Pharung, R., Ray, S., Mridha, N., Kalita, N., et al. Development of an indicator based composite measure to assess livelihood sustainability of shifting cultivation dependent ethnic minorities in the disadvantageous Northeastern region of India. Ecol. Indic., 110, 2020, 105934, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105934.
Peng, W., Zheng, H., Robinson, B., Li, C., Wang, F., Household livelihood strategy choices, impact factors, and environmental consequences in Miyun reservoir watershed, China. Sustainability, 9(2), 2017, 175, 10.3390/su9020175.
Pindado, E., Sánchez, M., Verstegen, J.A.A.M., Lans, T., Searching for the entrepreneurs among new entrants in European agriculture: the role of human and social capital. Land Use Policy 77 (2018), 19–30, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.014.
Porro, R., Lopez-Feldman, A., Vela-Alvarado, J.W., Forest use and agriculture in Ucayali, Peru: livelihood strategies, poverty and wealth in an Amazon frontier. For. Policy Econ. 51 (2015), 47–56, 10.1016/j.forpol.2014.12.001.
Rai, M.K., Paudel, B., Zhang, Y., Khanal, N.R., Nepal, P., Koirala, H.L., Vegetable farming and farmers’ livelihood: insights from Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Sustainability, 11, 2019, 889, 10.3390/su11030889.
Rockenbauch, T., Sakdapolrak, P., Sterly, H., Beyond the local – exploring the socio-spatial patterns of translocal network capital and its role in household resilience in Northeast Thailand. Geoforum. 107 (2019), 154–167, 10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.09.009.
Sandford, S., Too Many People, Too Few Livestock: The Crisis Affecting Pastoralists in the Greater Horn of Africa. 2006.
Scheaffer, R., Mendenhall-III, W., Lyman-Ott, R., Gerow, K., Elementary Survey Sampling. 7th ed., 2012 Boston, USA.
Scoones, I., Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis. IDS Working Paper. 72. 1998, IDS, Brighton.
Simmance, F.A., Simmance, A.B., Kolding, J., Schreckenberg, K., Tompkins, E., Poppy, G., Nagoli, J., A photovoice assessment for illuminating the role of inland fisheries to livelihoods and the local challenges experienced through the lens of fishers in a climate-driven lake of Malawi. Ambio., 1-16, 2021.
Soltani, A., Angelsen, A., Eid, T., Naieni, M.S.N., Shamekhi, T., Poverty, sustainability, and household livelihood strategies in Zagros, Iran. Ecol. Econ. 79 (2012), 60–70, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.04.019.
Statistical Center of Iran, Statistical Year Book of Fars Province. 2016 Iran.
Su, M.M., Wall, G., Wang, Y., Jin, M., Livelihood sustainability in a rural tourism destination - Hetu Town, Anhui Province, China. Tour. Manag. 71 (2019), 272–281, 10.1016/j.tourman.2018.10.019.
Sun, R., Mi, J., Cao, S., Gong, X., Classifying livelihood strategies adopting the activity choice approach in rural China. Sustainability., 11(11), 2019, 3019, 10.3390/su11113019.
Sutherland, L.A., Barlagne, C., Barnes, A.P., Beyond ‘hobby farming’: towards a typology of non-commercial farming. Agric. Hum. Values 36 (2019), 475–493, 10.1007/s10460-019-09930-5.
Tang, Q., Bennett, S.J., Xu, Y., Li, Y., Agricultural practices and sustainable livelihoods: rural transformation within the Loess Plateau, China. Appl. Geo. 41 (2013), 15–23, 10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.03.007.
Teklewold, H., Kassie, M., Shiferaw, B., Köhlin, G., Cropping system diversification, conservation tillage and modern seed adoption in Ethiopia: impacts on household income, agrochemical use and demand for labor. Ecol. Econ. 93 (2013), 85–93, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.05.002.
Tilahun, M., Maertens, M., Deckers, J., Muys, B., Mathijs, E., Impact of membership in frankincense cooperative firms on rural income and poverty in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Forest Policy Econ. 62 (2016), 95–108, 10.1016/j.forpol.2015.08.009.
Tsiouni, M., Aggelopoulos, S., Pavloudi, A., Siggia, D., Economic and financial sustainability dependency on subsidies: the case of goat farms in Greece. Sustainability., 13, 2021, 7441, 10.3390/su13137441.
Tuyen, T.Q., Lim, S., Cameron, M.P., Huong, V., Farmland loss and livelihood outcomes: a microeconometric analysis of household surveys in Vietnam. J. Asia Pacific. Econ. 19:3 (2014), 423–444, 10.1080/13547860.2014.908539.
van den Berg, M., Household income strategies and natural disasters: dynamic livelihoods in rural Nicaragua. Ecol. Econ. 69:3 (2010), 592–602, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.09.006.
Wang, C., Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Yang, Q., Kush, J., Xu, Y., Xu, L., Assessment of sustainable livelihoods of different farmers in hilly red soil erosion areas of southern China. Ecol. Indic. 64 (2016), 123–131, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.12.036.
Wang, W., Lan, Y., Wang, X., Impact of livelihood capital endowment on poverty alleviation of households under rural land consolidation. Land Use Policy, 109, 2021, 105608, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105608.
Woyesa, T., Kumar, S., Potential of coffee tourism for rural development in Ethiopia: a sustainable livelihood approach. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 23:1 (2021), 815–832, 10.1007/s10668-020-00610-7.
Wu, Qi, Yang, Y., Sun, Y., Research on the intergenerational transmission of poverty in rural China based on sustainable livelihood analysis framework: a case study of six poverty-stricken counties. Sustainability., 11(8), 2019, 2341, 10.3390/su11082341.
Yang, H., Dietz, T., Yang, W., Zhang, J., Liu, J., Changes in human well-being and rural livelihoods under natural disasters. Ecol. Econ. 151 (2018), 184–194, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.05.008.
Yang, L., Liu, M., Lun, F., Min, Q., Li, W., The impacts of farmers’ livelihood capitals on planting decisions: A case study of Zhagana agriculture-forestry-animal husbandry composite system. Land Use Policy 86 (2019), 208–217, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.04.030.
Yang, X., Dong, Q., Zhang, C., Optimizing the alpine grazing system to improve carbon management and livelihood for Tibetan herders. Carbon Manage for Promoting Local Livelihood in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) Region, 2020, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 197–210, 10.1007/978-3-030-20591-1_11.
You, H., Zhang, X., Sustainable livelihoods and rural sustainability in China: ecologically secure, economically efficient or socially equitable?. Res. Conserv. Recycl. 120 (2017), 1–13, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.12.010.
Zhang, C., Fang, Y., Application of capital-based approach in the measurement of livelihood sustainability: a case study from the Koshi River basin community in Nepal. EcolIndicat., 116, 2020, 106474, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106474.
Zhang, J., Cui, X., Wang, Y., Gongbuzeren, M., Zhuang, B.J., Ecological consequence of nomad settlement policy in the pasture area of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: from plant and soil perspectives. J. Environ. Manag., 260, 2020, 110114, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110114.
Zhang, Q., Wang, Y., Tao, S., Bilsborrow, R.E., Qiu, T., Liu, C., Divergent socioeconomic-ecological outcomes of China's conversion of cropland to forest program in the subtropical mountainous area and the semi-arid Loess Plateau. Ecosys. Ser., 45, 2020, 101167, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101167.
Zhang, R., Yeh, E.T., Tan, S., Marketization induced overgrazing: the political ecology of neoliberal pastoral policies in Inner Mongolia. J. Rural. Stud. 86 (2021), 309–317, 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.06.008.