[en] Objectives: Belgium enacted a COVID-19 pass, called Covid Safe Ticket (CST) during
the Autumn-Winter 2021-2022. This study aimed to understand the reasons
advanced by and expectations of those supporting this policy measure
Methods: This mixed method study was based on a voluntary online survey among
9,444 French-speaking residents in Belgium.
Results: Most respondents were not very supportive of COVID-19 passes, with only
617 respondents (7%) being favourable to the CST. Compared to other respondents,
the pro-CST sample comprised more males, older people, people scared of Covid-19,
people who trust anti-Covid vaccines, and highly educated people. A qualitative
analysis enabled to identify the reasons why respondents supported the CST. Two
lines of arguments were related to personal comfort (individual protection and means
of „recovering freedom‟) and two were related to collective protection (controlling the
pandemic and incentivising vaccination). Pro-CST respondents also advanced some
limits of the CST.
Conclusions: The expectations regarding COVID passes were high, diverse, and not
entirely rational. Some contradictions and frustration emerged from respondents‟
verbatims. We conclude that the CST might have exacerbated social divide in society.
The high expectations risk to lead to comparably high disappointment and
henceforth, potential distrust towards future public health interventions.
Research Center/Unit :
RUCHE - Research Unit for a life-Course perspective on Health & Education - ULiège
Disciplines :
Social & behavioral sciences, psychology: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
Vermeulen, Nicolas ✱
Guyomarch, Morgane ✱
Jidovtseff, Boris ; ULiège - Université de Liège [BE]
Oleffe, Amandine
Labat, Aline
Paul, Elisabeth ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences sociales > Sociologie du développement
✱ These authors have contributed equally to this work.
Language :
French
Title :
Expectations and disappointments relative to COVID-19 passes: Results from a voluntary mixed-method study in French-speaking Belgium
Ward, JK, Gauna, F, Gagneux-Brunon, A, Botelho-Nevers, E, Cracowski, JL, Khouri, C, et al. The French health pass holds lessons for mandatory COVID-19 vaccination. Nat Med 28 (2022), 232–235.
Bardosh, K, de Figueiredo, A, Gur-Arie, R, Jamrozik, E, Doidge, J, Lemmens, T, et al. The unintended consequences of COVID-19 vaccine policy: why mandates, passports and restrictions may cause more harm than good. BMJ Glob Health, 7, 2022, e008684.
Sciensano. Belgium COVID-19 epidemiological situation 2022. Available at: https://datastudio.google.com/embed/reporting/c14a5cfc-cab7-4812-848c-0369173148ab/page/ZwmOB (accessed 14 May 2022).
Greenberg, J, Arndt, J., Terror management theory. Handbook of theories of social psychology, 2012, SAGE Publications, London, 398–415.
Pyszczynski, T, Lockett, M, Greenberg, J, Solomon, S., Terror management theory and the COVID-19 pandemic. J Humanist Psychol 61 (2021), 173–189.
Slama M. En faisant des non-vaccinés des ennemis de la nation, le Président se pose en diviseur des Français. Le Figaro 5 January 2022. Available at: https://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/politique/en-faisant-des-non-vaccines-des-ennemis-de-la-nation-le-president-se-pose-en-diviseur-des-francais-20220105 (accessed 6 February 2023).
Sleat, D, Innes, K, Parker, I., Are vaccine passports and COVID passes a valid alternative to lockdown?. BMJ, 375, 2021, n2571.
Sun, N, Christie, E, Cabal, L, Amon, JJ, Human rights in pandemics: criminal and punitive approaches to COVID-19. BMJ Glob Health, 7, 2022, e008232.
Landau, MJ, Solomon, S, Greenberg, J, Cohen, F, Pyszczynski, T, Arndt, J, et al. Deliver us from evil: the effects of mortality salience and reminders of 9/11 on support for President George W. Bush. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 30 (2004), 1136–1150.
Pazhoohi, F, Kingstone, A., Associations of political orientation, xenophobia, right-wing authoritarianism, and concern of COVID-19: cognitive responses to an actual pathogen threat. Personal Individ Differ, 182, 2021, 111081.
Mills, MC, Rüttenauer, T., The effect of mandatory COVID-19 certificates on vaccine uptake: synthetic-control modelling of six countries. Lancet Public Health 7 (2022), e15–e22.
Gbenonsi, GY, Labat, A, Oleffe, A, Jidovsteff, B, Servais, O, Vermeulen, N, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination among individuals with vaccine hesitancy in French-speaking Belgium. JAMA Netw Open, 5, 2022, e2234433.
COVID Vaccinations Belgium. 2022. Available at: https://covid-vaccinatie.be/en.
Sobkow, A, Zaleskiewicz, T, Petrova, D, Garcia-Retamero, R, Traczyk, J., Worry, risk perception, and controllability predict intentions toward COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Front Psychol, 11, 2020, 582720.
Judge, TA, Erez, A, Bono, JE, Thoresen, CJ., Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct?. J Pers Soc Psychol 83 (2002), 693–710.
Krampe, H, Danbolt, LJ, Haver, A, Stålsett, G, Schnell, T., Locus of control moderates the association of COVID-19 stress and general mental distress: results of a Norwegian and a German-speaking cross-sectional survey. BMC Psychiatry, 21, 2021, 437.
Braeye, T, Catteau, L, Brondeel, R, van Loenhout, JAF, Proesmans, K, Cornelissen, L, et al. Vaccine effectiveness against onward transmission of SARS-CoV-2-infection by variant of concern and time since vaccination, Belgian contact tracing, 2021. Vaccine 40 (2022), 3027–3037.
Madewell, ZJ, Yang, Y, Longini, IM Jr, Halloran, ME, Dean, NE., Household secondary attack rates of SARS-CoV-2 by variant and vaccination status: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open, 5, 2022, e229317.
Franco-Paredes, C., Transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 among fully vaccinated individuals. Lancet Infect Dis, 22, 2022, 16.
Nordström, P, Ballin, M, Nordström, A., Risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and COVID-19 hospitalisation in individuals with natural and hybrid immunity: a retrospective, total population cohort study in Sweden. Lancet Infect Dis 22 (2022), 781–790.
Hegtvedt, KA, Killian, C., Fairness and emotions: reactions to the process and outcomes of negotiations. Soc Forces 78 (1999), 269–303.
Zeelenberg, M, van Dijk, WW, Manstead, ASR, van der Pligt, J., On bad decisions and disconfirmed expectancies: the psychology of regret and disappointment. Cogn Emot 14 (2000), 521–541.
Paul, E, Brown, GW, Kalk, A, Van Damme, W, Ridde, V, Sturmberg, JP., When my information changes, I alter my conclusions.’ What can we learn from the failures to adaptively respond to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the under preparedness of health systems to manage COVID-19?. Int J Health Policy Manag 11 (2020), 1241–1245.
Sturmberg, J, Paul, E, Van Damme, W, Ridde, V, Brown, GW, Kalk, A, The danger of the single storyline obfuscating the complexities of managing SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. J Eval Clin Pract 28 (2022), 1173–1186.