Predicting Compliance with Sanitary Behaviors among Students in Higher Education During the Second COVID-19 Wave: The Role of Health Anxiety and Risk Perception
Dekeyser et al. 2023 Predicting Compliance with Sanitary Behaviors among Students in Higher Education During the Second COVID-19 Wave1171-5936-1-PB.pdf
health anxiety; risk perception; sanitary behaviors; COVID-19
Abstract :
[en] To limit the spread of COVID-19, public authorities have recommended sanitary behaviors such as handwashing, mask-wearing, physical distancing, and social distancing. We recruited a large sample of higher education students in Belgium (N = 3201–3441) to investigate the role of sociodemographic variables, mental health, previous COVID-19 infections, academic involvement, and risk perception on adherence to these sanitary behaviors. This cross-sectional study took place during the second COVID-19 wave in Belgium, between February and March 2021. Analyses showed that living alone, being female, later in the academic curriculum, having higher general and health anxiety, higher academic involvement, and higher risk perception were positively associated with adherence to the four aforementioned sanitary behaviors. Conversely, previous infection with COVID-19 and having been quarantined were negative predictors. Our results show a set of predictors highly similar for the four sanitary behaviors. We discuss potential initiatives to increase adherence to sanitary behaviors in this group of highly educated youngsters.
Disciplines :
Treatment & clinical psychology
Author, co-author :
Dekeyser, Sarah ; UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain [BE] > Research Institute for Psychological Sciences
Schmits, Emilie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Psychologie > Psychologie de la délinquance,des inadaptations sociales et des processus d'insertion
Glowacz, Fabienne ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Psychologie > Psychologie de la délinquance,des inadaptations sociales et des processus d'insertion
Klein, Olivier ; ULB - Université Libre de Bruxelles [BE] > Center for Social and Cultural Psychology
Schmitz, Mathias ; UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain [BE] > Research Institute for Psychological Sciences
Wollast, Robin ; UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain [BE] > Research Institute for Psychological Sciences
Yzerbyt, Vincent ; UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain [BE] > Research Institute for Psychological Sciences
Luminet, Olivier ; UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain [BE] > Research Institute for Psychological Sciences
Language :
English
Title :
Predicting Compliance with Sanitary Behaviors among Students in Higher Education During the Second COVID-19 Wave: The Role of Health Anxiety and Risk Perception
Académie de Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur. (2016). L'enseignement supérieur en faits et chiffres. ARES. https://www.ares-ac.be/fr/statistiques
Ai, T., Adams, G., & Zhao, X. (2021). Obligation or Desire: Variation in Motivation for Compliance With COVID-19 Public Health Guidance. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 647830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647830
Alam, M. K., Ali, F. B., Banik, R., Yasmin, S., & Salma, N. (2021). Assessing the mental health condition of home-confined university level students of Bangladesh due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Public Health. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01542-w
Alsharawy, A., Spoon, R., Smith, A., & Ball, S. (2021). Gender Differences in Fear and Risk Perception During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689467
Arain, M., Haque, M., Johal, L., Mathur, P., Nel, W., Rais, A., Sandhu, R., & Sharma, S. (2013). Maturation of the adolescent brain. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 449-461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S39776
Asmundson, G. J. G., & Taylor, S. (2020). How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 71, 102211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102211
Audet, É. C., Levine, S. L., Metin, E., Koestner, S., & Barcan, S. (2021). Zooming their way through university: Which Big 5 traits facilitated students' adjustment to online courses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 180, 110969. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110969
Batra, K., Urankar, Y., Batra, R., Gomes, A. F., S, M., & Kaurani, P. (2021). Knowledge, Protective Behaviors and Risk Perception of COVID-19 among Dental Students in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Healthcare, 9(5), 574. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050574
Berman, A. H., Bendtsen, M., Molander, O., Lindfors, P., Lindner, P., Granlund, L., Topooco, N., Engström, K., & Andersson, C. (2022). Compliance with recommendations limiting COVID-19 contagion among university students in Sweden: Associations with self-reported symptoms, mental health and academic self-efficacy. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 50(1), 70-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948211027824
Bigot, A., Banse, E., Cordonnier, A., & Luminet, O. (2021). Sociodemographic, Cognitive, and Emotional Determinants of Two Health Behaviors during SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak: An Online Study among French-Speaking Belgian Responders during the Spring Lockdown. Psychologica Belgica, 61(1), 63-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.712
Bish, A., & Michie, S. (2010). Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: A review. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(4), 797-824. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/135910710X485826
Blagov, P. S. (2021). Adaptive and Dark Personality in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Predicting Health-Behavior Endorsement and the Appeal of Public-Health Messages. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(5), 697-707. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620936439
Bocéréan, C., & Dupret, E. (2014). A validation study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in a large sample of French employees. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-014-0354-0
Borges, J., & Byrne, M. (2022). Investigating COVID-19 risk perception and preventive behaviours in third-level students in Ireland. Acta Psychologica, 224, 103535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103535
Bowman, L., Kwok, K. O., Redd, R., Yi, Y., Ward, H., Wei, W. I., Atchison, C., & Wong, S. Y.-S. (2021). Comparing Public Perceptions and Preventive Behaviors During the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom: Cross-sectional Survey Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(3), e23231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/23231
Brouard, S., Vasilopoulos, P., & Becher, M. (2020). Sociodemographic and Psychological Correlates of Compliance with the COVID-19 Public Health Measures in France. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 53(2), 253-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423920000335
Čavojová, V., Šrol, J., & Ballová Mikušková, E. (2022). How scientific reasoning correlates with health-related beliefs and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic? Journal of Health Psychology, 27(3), 534-547. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320962266
Chon, M.-G., & Kim, S. (2022). Fostering compliance with COVID-19 guidelines: Insights for risk communication strategies during a pandemic. The Social Science Journal, 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2022.2049555
Chouksey, A., & Agrawal, M. (2021). Mpact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Psychological Health of College Students in India. Engineered Science, 15, 177-186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30919/es8d483
Clark, C., Davila, A., Regis, M., & Kraus, S. (2020). Predictors of COVID-19 voluntary compliance behaviors: An international investigation. Global Transitions, 2, 76-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glt.2020.06.003
Cohen, A. K., Hoyt, L. T., & Dull, B. (2020). A Descriptive Study of COVID-19-Related Experiences and Perspectives of a National Sample of College Students in Spring 2020. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(3), 369-375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.06.009
Cohen, A. K., Hoyt, L. T., Nichols, C. R., Yazdani, N., & Dotson, M. P. (2021). Opportunities to Reduce Young Adult College Students' COVID-19-Related Risk Behaviors: Insights From a National, Longitudinal Cohort. Journal of Adolescent Health, 69(3), 383-389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.06.004
Cori, L., Bianchi, F., Cadum, E., & Anthonj, C. (2020). Risk Perception and COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), Art. 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093114
Danon, L., Read, J. M., House, T. A., Vernon, M. C., & Keeling, M. J. (2013). Social encounter networks: Characterizing Great Britain. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280(1765), 20131037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1037
de Bruin, W., & Bennett, D. (2020). Relationships Between Initial COVID-19 Risk Perceptions and Protective Health Behaviors: A National Survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 59(2), 157-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.05.001
DeJonckheere, M., Waselewski, M., Amaro, X., Frank, A., & Chua, K.-P. (2021). Views on COVID-19 and Use of Face Coverings Among U.S. Youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(5), 873-881. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.02.015
Ding, Y., Du, X., Li, Q., Zhang, M., Zhang, Q., Tan, X., & Liu, Q. (2020). Risk perception of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its related factors among college students in China during quarantine. PLOS ONE, 15(8), e0237626. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237626
Dryhurst, S., Schneider, C. R., Kerr, J., Freeman, A. L. J., Recchia, G., van der Bles, A. M., Spiegelhalter, D., & van der Linden, S. (2020). Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world. Journal of Risk Research, 23(7-8), 994-1006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1758193
Elhadi, M., Msherghi, A., Alsoufi, A., Buzreg, A., Bouhuwaish, A., Khaled, A., Alhadi, A., Alameen, H., Biala, M., Elgherwi, A., Elkhafeefi, F., Elmabrouk, A., Abdulmalik, A., Alhaddad, S., Khaled, A., & Elgzairi, M. (2020). Knowledge, preventive behavior and risk perception regarding COVID-19: A self-reported study on college students. The Pan African Medical Journal, 35(Suppl 2), 75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.2.23586
Essadek, A., & Rabeyron, T. (2020). Mental health of French students during the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 392-393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.042
Farias, J., & Pilati, R. (2022). Violating social distancing amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Psychological factors to improve compliance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 52(4), 233-245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12853
Fuhrmann, D., Knoll, L. J., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2015). Adolescence as a Sensitive Period of Brain Development. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(10), 558-566. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.008
Funder, D. C., & Ozer, D. J. (2019). Evaluating Effect Size in Psychological Research: Sense and Nonsense. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 2(2), 156-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245919847202
Gibson, L. P., Magnan, R. E., Kramer, E. B., & Bryan, A. D. (2021). Theory of Planned Behavior Analysis of Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Focusing on the Intention-Behavior Gap. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 55(8), 805-812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaab041
Gilles, I., Bangerter, A., Clémence, A., Green, E. G. T., Krings, F., Staerklé, C., & Wagner-Egger, P. (2011). Trust in medical organizations predicts pandemic (H1N1) 2009 vaccination behavior and perceived efficacy of protection measures in the Swiss public. European Journal of Epidemiology, 26(3), 203-210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-011-9577-2
Glowacz, F., & Schmits, E. (2020). Psychological distress during the COVID-19 lockdown: The young adults most at risk. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113486. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113486
Gupta, R., & Agrawal, R. (2021). Are the concerns destroying mental health of college students?: A qualitative analysis portraying experiences amidst COVID-19 ambiguities. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 21(1), 621-639. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12232
Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R. D. (2021). Functional Fear Predicts Public Health Compliance in the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(5), 1875-1888. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5
Hazrati-Viari, A., Rad, A. T., & Torabi, S. S. (2012). The effect of personality traits on academic performance: The mediating role of academic motivation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 32, 367-371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.01.055
Heeren, A., Hanseeuw, B., Cougnon, L.-A., & Lits, G. (2021). Excessive Worrying as a Central Feature of Anxiety during the First COVID-19 Lockdown-Phase in Belgium: Insights from a Network Approach. Psychologica Belgica, 61(1), Art. 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.1069
Hung, S.-C., Yang, S.-C., & Luo, Y.-F. (2021). New Media Literacy, Health Status, Anxiety, and Preventative Behaviors Related to COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111247
Irfan, M., Akhtar, N., Ahmad, M., Shahzad, F., Elavarasan, R. M., Wu, H., & Yang, C. (2021). Assessing Public Willingness to Wear Face Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Fresh Insights from the Theory of Planned Behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), Art. 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094577
Johnstone, E., Owens, D. G. C., & Lawrie, S. (2010). Companion to Psychiatric Studies. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Jordan, J. J., Yoeli, E., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Don't get it or don't spread it: Comparing self-interested versus prosocial motivations for COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Scientific Reports, 11(1), Art. 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97617-5
Jungmann, S. M., & Witthöft, M. (2020). Health anxiety, cyberchondria, and coping in the current COVID-19 pandemic: Which factors are related to coronavirus anxiety? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 73, 102239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102239
Karimi, S., & Sotoodeh, B. (2020). The mediating role of intrinsic motivation in the relationship between basic psychological needs satisfaction and academic engagement in agriculture students. Teaching in Higher Education, 25(8), 959-975. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2019.1623775
Komarraju, M., Karau, S. J., & Schmeck, R. R. (2009). Role of the Big Five personality traits in predicting college students' academic motivation and achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 19(1), 47-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2008.07.001
Krupić, D., Žuro, B., & Krupić, D. (2021). Big Five traits, approach-avoidance motivation, concerns and adherence with COVID-19 prevention guidelines during the peak of pandemic in Croatia. Personality and Individual Differences, 179, 110913. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110913
Lewis, A., & Duch, R. (2021). Gender differences in perceived risk of COVID-19. Social Science Quarterly, 102(5), 2124-2133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.13079
Li, Y., Wang, A., Wu, Y., Han, N., & Huang, H. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of College Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 669119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.669119
Li, Y., Zhao, J., Ma, Z., McReynolds, L. S., Lin, D., Chen, Z., Wang, T., Wang, D., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Fan, F., & Liu, X. (2021). Mental Health Among College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic in China: A 2-Wave Longitudinal Survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 597-604. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.109
Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 267-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267
Marinoni, G., van't Land, H., & Jensen, T. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Higher Education Around the World. International Association of Universities. https://www.iau-aiu.net/IMG/pdf/iau_covid19_and_he_survey_report_final_may_2020.pdf
Meeter, M., Bele, T., Hartogh, C. den, Bakker, T. C., de Vries, R. E., & Plak, S. (2020). College students' motivation and study results after COVID-19 stay-at-home orders [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/kn6v9
Mevorach, T., Cohen, J., & Apter, A. (2021). Keep Calm and Stay Safe: The Relationship between Anxiety and Other Psychological Factors, Media Exposure and Compliance with COVID-19 Regulations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), Art. 6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062852
Milner, A., Page, A., Morrell, S., Hobbs, C., Carter, G., Dudley, M., Duflou, J., & Taylor, R. (2015). Social connections and suicidal behaviour in young Australian adults: Evidence from a case-control study of persons aged 18-34 years in NSW, Australia. SSM - Population Health, 1, 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2015.09.001
Miyake, A., & Friedman, N. P. (2012). The Nature and Organization of Individual Differences in Executive Functions: Four General Conclusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 8-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411429458
Moore, A. M., Holding, A. C., Levine, S., Powers, T., & Koestner, R. (2022). Agreeableness and Conscientiousness promote successful adaptation to the Covid-19 pandemic through effective internalization of public health guidelines. Motivation and Emotion, 46(4), 476-485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-022-09948-z
Morbée, S., Vermote, B., Waterschoot, J., Dieleman, L., Soenens, B., Van den Bergh, O., Ryan, R. M., Vanhalst, J., De Muynck, G.-J., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2021). Adherence to COVID-19 measures: The critical role of autonomous motivation on a short- and long-term basis. MOTIVATION SCIENCE, 7(4), Art. 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000250
Motivation Barometer. (2021a). Update on vaccination, motivation and mental health during a transition phase. https://motivationbarometer.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/RAPPORT-39_ENG.pdf
Motivation Barometer. (2021b). Update on vaccination, motivation and mental health during a transition phase. https://motivationbarometer.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/RAPPORT-33_ENG.pdf
Motivation Barometer. (2021c). The corona numbers: motivation matters! https://motivationbarometer.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/RAPPORT-25_ENG.pdf
Motivation Barometer. (2021d). Motivation for behavioral measures and vaccination readiness heading into the summer. https://motivationbarometer.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/RAPPORT-30_ENG.pdf
Motivation Barometer. (2021e). Is the population still conscious of the risks and motivated to follow the measures? What is the role of the COVID Pass in this? https://motivationbarometer.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/RAPPORT-35_ENG.pdf
Motivation Barometer. (2021f). Omicron and children's vaccination at the end of the year. https://motivationbarometer.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/RAPPORT-38_ENG.pdf
Ogilvie, J. M., Shum, D. H. K., & Stewart, A. (2020). Executive Functions in Late Adolescence and Early Adulthood and Their Relationship with Risk-Taking Behavior. Developmental Neuropsychology, 45(7-8), 446-468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2020.1833885
Okabe-Miyamoto, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2021). Social connection and well-being during COVID-19. In World Happiness Report (pp. 131-152).
Önder, İ., Beşoluk, Ş., İskender, M., Masal, E., & Demirhan, E. (2014). Circadian Preferences, Sleep Quality and Sleep Patterns, Personality, Academic Motivation and Academic Achievement of university students. Learning and Individual Differences, 32, 184-192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.02.003
Oral, T., & Gunlu, A. (2021). Adaptation of the Social Distancing Scale in the Covid-19 Era: Its Association with Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Resilience in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00447-1
Otterbring, T., & Festila, A. (2022). Pandemic prevention and personality psychology: Gender differences in preventive health behaviors during COVID-19 and the roles of agreeableness and conscientiousness. Journal of Safety Science and Resilience, 3(1), 87-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnlssr.2021.11.003
Park, C. L., Russell, B. S., Fendrich, M., Finkelstein-Fox, L., Hutchison, M., & Becker, J. (2020). Americans' COVID-19 Stress, Coping, and Adherence to CDC Guidelines. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(8), 2296-2303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05898-9
Parlapani, E., Holeva, V., Voitsidis, P., Blekas, A., Gliatas, I., Porfyri, G. N., Golemis, A., Papadopoulou, K., Dimitriadou, A., Chatzigeorgiou, A. F., Bairachtari, V., Patsiala, S., Skoupra, M., Papigkioti, K., Kafetzopoulou, C., & Diakogiannis, I. (2020). Psychological and Behavioral Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00821
Pascaru, M. (2021). Determinants of Attitudinal Compliance during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov, Series VII: Social Sciences and Law, 14(1), 79-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31926/but.ssl.2021.14.63.1.8
Patil, U., Kostareva, U., Hadley, M., Manganello, J. A., Okan, O., Dadaczynski, K., Massey, P. M., Agner, J., & Sentell, T. (2021). Health Literacy, Digital Health Literacy, and COVID-19 Pandemic Attitudes and Behaviors in U.S. College Students: Implications for Interventions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 3301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063301
Pilowsky, I. (1967). Dimensions of Hypochondriasis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 113(494), 89-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.113.494.89
Pokhrel, S., & Chhetri, R. (2021). A Literature Review on Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Teaching and Learning. Higher Education for the Future, 8(1), 133-141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2347631120983481
Rana, I. A., Bhatti, S. S., Aslam, A. B., Jamshed, A., Ahmad, J., & Shah, A. A. (2021). COVID-19 risk perception and coping mechanisms: Does gender make a difference? International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 55, 102096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102096
Rashid, S., & Yadav, S. S. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Higher Education and Research. Indian Journal of Human Development, 14(2), 340-343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0973703020946700
Rayani, M., Rayani, S., & Najafi-Sharjabad, F. (2021). COVID-19-related knowledge, risk perception, information seeking, and adherence to preventive behaviors among undergraduate students, southern Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(42), 59953-59962. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14934-y
Rodriguez-Besteiro, S., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Fernández-Lucas, J., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2021). Gender Differences in the COVID-19 Pandemic Risk Perception, Psychology, and Behaviors of Spanish University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), Art. 8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083908
Sauer, K. S., Jungmann, S. M., & Witthöft, M. (2020). Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Health Anxiety, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Distress (In)Tolerance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), Art. 19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197241
Schmälzle, R., Renner, B., & Schupp, H. T. (2017). Health Risk Perception and Risk Communication. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4(2), 163-169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732217720223
Schmits, E., Dekeyser, S., Klein, O., Luminet, O., Yzerbyt, V., & Glowacz, F. (2021). Psychological Distress among Students in Higher Education: One Year after the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147445
Schmitz, M., Luminet, O., Klein, O., Morbée, S., Van den Bergh, O., Van Oost, P., Waterschoot, J., Yzerbyt, V., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2021). Predicting Vaccine Uptake during COVID-19 Crisis: A Motivational Approach. Vaccine. https://psyarxiv.com/3f4pb. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3f4pb
Schmitz, M., Wollast, R., Bigot, A., & Luminet, O. (2022). Predicting health behaviors across Belgium and France during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Health Psychology, 13591053221083820. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053221083819
Schumpe, B. M., Van Lissa, C. J., Bélanger, J. J., Ruggeri, K., Mierau, J., Nisa, C. F., Molinario, E., Gelfand, M. J., Stroebe, W., Agostini, M., Gützkow, B., Jeronimus, B. F., Kreienkamp, J., Kutlaca, M., Lemay, E. P., Reitsema, A. M., vanDellen, M. R., Abakoumkin, G., Abdul Khaiyom, J. H., … Leander, N. P. (2022). Predictors of adherence to public health behaviors for fighting COVID-19 derived from longitudinal data. Scientific Reports, 12(1), Art. 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04703-9
Sciensano. (2021a). COVID-19-Bulletin Epidemiologique du 13 février 2021. Sciensano. https://covid-19.sciensano.be/sites/default/files/Covid19/COVID-19_Daily%20report_20210213%20-%20FR.pdf
Sciensano. (2021b). COVID-19: Bulletin épidémiologique du 28 février 2021 (p. 1-29). https://covid-19.sciensano.be/sites/default/files/Covid19/COVID-19_Daily%20report_20210228%20-%20FR.pdf
Sciensano. (2021c). COVID-19: Bulletin épidémiologique du 15 mars 2021 (p. 1-29). https://covid-19.sciensano.be/sites/default/files/Covid19/COVID-19_Daily%20report_20210315%20-%20FR.pdf
Seyed Hashemi, S. G., Hosseinnezhad, S., Dini, S., Griffiths, M. D., Lin, C.-Y., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The mediating effect of the cyberchondria and anxiety sensitivity in the association between problematic internet use, metacognition beliefs, and fear of COVID-19 among Iranian online population. Heliyon, 6(10), e05135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05135
Sheldon, E., Simmonds-Buckley, M., Bone, C., Mascarenhas, T., Chan, N., Wincott, M., Gleeson, H., Sow, K., Hind, D., & Barkham, M. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors for mental health problems in university undergraduate students: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 287, 282-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.054
Solomou, I., & Constantinidou, F. (2020). Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Compliance with Precautionary Measures: Age and Sex Matter. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 4924. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144924
Stroebe, W., vanDellen, M. R., Abakoumkin, G., Jr., E. P. L., Schiavone, W. M., Agostini, M., Bélanger, J. J., Gützkow, B., Kreienkamp, J., Reitsema, A. M., Khaiyom, J. H. A., Ahmedi, V., Akkas, H., Almenara, C. A., Atta, M., Bagci, S. C., Basel, S., Kida, E. B., Bernardo, A. B. I., … Leander, N. P. (2021). Politicization of COVID-19 health-protective behaviors in the United States: Longitudinal and cross-national evidence. PLOS ONE, 16(10), e0256740. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256740
Swami, V., & Barron, D. (2021). Rational thinking style, rejection of coronavirus (COVID-19) conspiracy theories/theorists, and compliance with mandated requirements: Direct and indirect relationships in a nationally representative sample of adults from the United Kingdom. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 15, 18344909211037384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/18344909211037385
Tarkar, P. (2020). Impact Of Covid-19 Pandemic On Education System. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(9), 3812-3814. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Preeti-Tarkar/publication/352647439_Impact_Of_Covid-19_Pandemic_On_Education_System/links/60d1e909299bf19b8d99d279/Impact-Of-Covid-19Pandemic-On-Education-System.pdf
Vallerand, R., Blais, M., Brière, N., & Pelletier, L. (1989). Construction et validation de l'Échelle de Motivation en Éducation (EME). Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science-revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement - CAN J BEHAV SCI, 21, 323-349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079855
Varol, T., Crutzen, R., Schneider, F., Mesters, I., Ruiter, R. A. C., Kok, G., & ten Hoor, G. A. (2021). Selection of determinants of students' adherence to COVID-19 guidelines and translation into a brief intervention. Acta Psychologica, 219, 103400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103400
Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Berman, N. C., Fabricant, L. E., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Psychological Predictors of Anxiety in Response to the H1N1 (Swine Flu) Pandemic. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(3), 210-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9353-3
Wieczorek, T., Kołodziejczyk, A., Ciułkowicz, M., Maciaszek, J., Misiak, B., Rymaszewska, J., & Szcześniak, D. (2021). Class of 2020 in Poland: Students' Mental Health during the COVID-19 Outbreak in an Academic Setting. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2884. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062884
Wismans, A., Letina, S., Thurik, R., Wennberg, K., Franken, I., Baptista, R., Barrientos Marín, J., Block, J., Burke, A., Dejardin, M., Janssen, F., Mukerjee, J., Santarelli, E., Millán, J. M., & Torrès, O. (2020). Hygiene and social distancing as distinct public health related behaviours among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Psychological Bulletin, 15(4), e4383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32872/spb.4383
Wolff, K., Larsen, S., & Øgaard, T. (2019). How to define and measure risk perceptions. Annals of Tourism Research, 79, 102759. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102759
Wollast, R., Sadeghi-Bahmani, D., Schmitz, M., Bigot, A., Gross,J. J., & Luminet, O. (2022). Are there three Sub-Dimensions of Social Distancing ? An Investigation of Emotional Distancing, Social Contacts Limitation, and Physical Distancing. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Wollast, R., Schmitz, M., Bigot, A., & Luminet, O. (2021). The Theory of Planned Behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison of health behaviors between Belgian and French residents. PLOS ONE, 16(11), e0258320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258320
Wollast, R., Schmitz, M., Bigot, A., Speybroeck, N., Lacourse,E., de la Sablonnière, R., & Luminet, O. (2022). The dynamics of health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal analysis of handwashing, maskwearing, social contacts limitation, and physical distancing, and their mental health consequences. Manuscript submitted for publication.
World Health Organization. (2020). Nouveau coronavirus (2019-nCoV): Conseils au grand public. https://www.who.int/fr/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
Wrzus, C., Hänel, M., Wagner, J., & Neyer, F. J. (2013). Social network changes and life events across the life span: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 53-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028601
Zahed, K., Arthur, K., Engler, S., Sasangohar, F., Smallman, R., & Fields, S. (2021). Predicting Student Intention to Wear a Mask to Avoid Contracting COVID-19. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 65(1), 179-183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181321651230
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
