Heat flow measurement; Water permeability; Water retention capacity; Recycled and artificial aggregates; Green roof
Abstract :
[en] Substituting natural aggregates in the green roof substrate and drainage layers with lightweight artificial and recycled coarse materials is an eco-friendly alternative for applying lower load to the rooftops and preserving natural resources. However, a lack of precise understanding of the thermal resistance, water passing ability, and water holding capacity of green roof materials, including recycled and artificial materials, has raised a demand for measuring their Rc-value, water permeability, and water retention capacity as three main indicators for green roof systems. This study comparatively evaluated the thermal resistance, water permeability, and water retention capacity of green roofs with substrate and drainage layers, including coarse recycled and artificial materials. Different kinds of coarse granular aggregates were separately used for the drainage layer, including Natural Coarse Aggregate (NCA), Recycled Coarse Aggregate (RCA), Incinerated Municipal Solid Waste Aggregate (IMSWA), and Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA). The substrate layers were made with coarse recycled materials (SC) and without coarse recycled materials (SP) in wet and dry states. The outcomes revealed the highest thermal resistance and the lowest weight were obtained for 20-cm green roofs with a 15-cm substrate layer and 5-cm drainage layer of LECA. The water permeability of NCA was obtained 1.5 times more than that of LECA, whereas there was no significant difference between the result of the former, RCA, and IMSWA. The water retention capacity of the LECA was two times higher than that of the NCA. SC and SP satisfied the water passing and
retention criteria given for green roofs.
Disciplines :
Civil engineering
Author, co-author :
Kazemi, Mostafa ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Urban and Environmental Engineering
Courard, Luc ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département ArGEnCo > Matériaux de construction non métalliques du génie civil
Attia, Shady ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département ArGEnCo > Techniques de construction des bâtiments
Language :
English
Title :
Water permeability, water retention capacity, and thermal resistance of green roof layers made with recycled and artificial aggregates
This research was funded through the University of Liège (ULg) and ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions, financed by the French Community of Belgium, Wallonia-Brussels Federation (CityRoof project: Analogous green roofs for urban ecosystem services (2020-2023)).
scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.
Bibliography
Rahif, R., Norouziasas, A., Elnagar, E., Doutreloup, S., Pourkiaei, S.M., Amaripadath, D., Romain, A.-C., Fettweis, X., Attia, S., Impact of climate change on nearly zero-energy dwelling in temperate climate: time-integrated discomfort. HVAC energy performance, and GHG emissions, Building and Environment, 223, 2022, 109397, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109397.
Karczmarczyk, A., Baryła, A., Kożuchowski, P., Design and development of low P-emission substrate for the protection of urban water bodies collecting green roof runoff. Sustainability, 9, 2017, 1795, 10.3390/su9101795.
White, I., Alarcon, A., Planning policy, sustainable drainage and surface water management: a case study of greater manchester. Built. Environ. 35 (2009), 516–530, 10.2148/benv.35.4.516.
Kazemi, M., Courard, L., Modelling thermal and humidity transfers within green roof systems: effect of rubber crumbs and volcanic gravel. Adv. Build. Energy Res. 16 (2022), 296–321, 10.1080/17512549.2020.1858961.
Kazemi, M., Courard, L., Simulation of humidity and temperature distribution in green roof with pozzolana as drainage layer: influence of outdoor seasonal weather conditions and internal ceiling temperature. Science and Technology for the Built Environment 27 (2021), 509–523, 10.1080/23744731.2021.1873658.
Wei, T., Jim, C.Y., Chen, A., Li, X., A random effects model to optimize soil thickness for green-roof thermal benefits in winter. Energy Build., 237, 2021, 110827, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110827.
La Roche, P., Yeom, D.J., Ponce, A., Passive cooling with a hybrid green roof for extreme climates. Energy Build., 224, 2020, 110243, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110243.
Ávila-Hernández, A., Simá, E., Xamán, J., Hernández-Pérez, I., Téllez-Velázquez, E., Chagolla-Aranda, M.A., Test box experiment and simulations of a green-roof: thermal and energy performance of a residential building standard for Mexico. Energy Build., 209, 2020, 109709, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109709.
Rahif, R., Hamdy, M., Homaei, S., Zhang, C., Holzer, P., Attia, S., Simulation-based framework to evaluate resistivity of cooling strategies in buildings against overheating impact of climate change. Build. Environ., 208, 2022, 108599, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108599.
Norouziasas, A., Pilehchi Ha, P., Ahmadi, M., Rijal, H.B., Evaluation of urban form influence on pedestrians' wind comfort. Build. Environ., 224, 2022, 109522, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109522.
Ouldboukhitine, S.-E., Belarbi, R., Djedjig, R., Characterization of green roof components: measurements of thermal and hydrological properties. Build. Environ. 56 (2012), 78–85, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.02.024.
Kazemi, M., Courard, L., Hubert, J., Heat transfer measurement within green roof with incinerated municipal solid waste aggregates. Sustainability, 13, 2021, 7115, 10.3390/su13137115.
Zheng, X., Yang, Z., Yang, J., Tang, M., Feng, C., An experimental study on the thermal and energy performance of self-sustaining green roofs under severe drought conditions in summer. Energy Build., 261, 2022, 111953, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.111953.
Schade, J., Lidelöw, S., Lönnqvist, J., The thermal performance of a green roof on a highly insulated building in a sub-arctic climate. Energy Build., 241, 2021, 110961, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110961.
Vilar, M.L., Tello, L., Hidalgo, A., Bedoya, C., An energy balance model of heterogeneous extensive green roofs. Energy Build., 250, 2021, 111265, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111265.
Fachinello Krebs, L., Johansson, E., Influence of microclimate on the effect of green roofs in Southern Brazil - a study coupling outdoor and indoor thermal simulations. Energy Build., 241, 2021, 110963, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110963.
Ma'bdeh, S.N., Ali, H.H., Rabab'ah, I.O., Sustainable assessment of using green roofs in hot-arid areas - residential buildings in Jordan. J. Build. Eng., 45, 2022, 103559, 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103559.
Hao, X., Xing, Q., Long, P., Lin, Y., Hu, J., Tan, H., Influence of vertical greenery systems and green roofs on the indoor operative temperature of air-conditioned rooms. J. Build. Eng., 31, 2020, 101373, 10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101373.
Vijayaraghavan, K., Green roofs: a critical review on the role of components, benefits, limitations and trends. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 57 (2016), 740–752.
Stovin, V., Poë, S., Berretta, C., A modelling study of long term green roof retention performance. J. Environ. Manag. 131 (2013), 206–215, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.026.
Szota, C., Fletcher, T.D., Desbois, C., Rayner, J.P., Williams, N.S.G., Farrell, C., Laboratory tests of substrate physical properties may not represent the retention capacity of green roof substrates in situ. Water, 9, 2017, 920, 10.3390/w9120920.
Kazemi, M., Courard, L., Modelling hygrothermal conditions of unsaturated substrate and drainage layers for the thermal resistance assessment of green roof: effect of coarse recycled materials. Energy Build., 250, 2021, 111315, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111315.
FLL. Guidelines for the Planning, Construction and Maintenance of Green Roofing: Green Roofing Guideline. 2008, Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwickung Landschaftsbau.
Ampim, P.A.Y., Sloan, J.J., Cabrera, R.I., Harp, D.A., Jaber, F.H., Green roof growing substrates: types, ingredients, composition and properties. J. Environ. Hortic. 28 (2010), 244–252, 10.24266/0738-2898-28.4.244.
Kazemi, F., Mohorko, R., Review on the roles and effects of growing media on plant performance in green roofs in world climates. Urban For. Urban Green. 23 (2017), 13–26, 10.1016/j.ufug.2017.02.006.
Dvorak, B., Comparative analysis of green roof guidelines and standards in Europe and north America. Journal of Green Building 6 (2011), 170–191, 10.3992/jgb.6.2.170.
Wong, G.K.L., Jim, C.Y., Quantitative hydrologic performance of extensive green roof under humid-tropical rainfall regime. Ecol. Eng. 70 (2014), 366–378, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.06.025.
Ouldboukhitine, S.-E., Belarbi, R., Experimental characterization of green roof components. Energy Proc. 78 (2015), 1183–1188, 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.099.
Miller, C., Moisture management in green roofs. Proc. Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, 2003, 1–6 29–30 May, Chicago.
Stovin, V., Poë, S., De-Ville, S., Berretta, C., The influence of substrate and vegetation configuration on green roof hydrological performance. Ecol. Eng. 85 (2015), 159–172, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.09.076.
Graceson, A., Hare, M., Monaghan, J., Hall, N., The water retention capabilities of growing media for green roofs. Ecol. Eng. 61 (2013), 328–334, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.09.030.
Farrell, C., Ang, X.Qi, Rayner, J.P., Water-retention additives increase plant available water in green roof substrates. Ecol. Eng. 52 (2013), 112–118, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.12.098.
Ngan, G., Green Roof Policies. 2004, Landsc. Architecture Canada Foundation.
Coma, J., Pérez, G., Castell, A., Solé, C., Cabeza, L.F., Green roofs as passive system for energy savings in buildings during the cooling period: use of rubber crumbs as drainage layer. Energy Efficiency 7 (2014), 841–849.
Coma, J., Pérez, G., Solé, C., Castell, A., Cabeza, L.F., Thermal assessment of extensive green roofs as passive tool for energy savings in buildings. Renew. Energy 85 (2016), 1106–1115.
Eksi, M., Rowe, D.B., Green roof substrates: effect of recycled crushed porcelain and foamed glass on plant growth and water retention. Urban For. Urban Green. 20 (2016), 81–88, 10.1016/j.ufug.2016.08.008.
Yang, M., Dong, W., Cheng, R., Wang, H., Zhao, Z., Wang, F., Wang, Y., Effect of highly efficient substrate modifier, super-absorbent polymer, on the performance of the green roof. Sci. Total Environ., 806, 2022, 150638, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150638.
Bellazzi, A., Barozzi, B., Pollastro, M.C., Meroni, I., Thermal resistance of growing media for green roofs: to what extent does the absence of specific reference values potentially affect the global thermal resistance of the green roof? An experimental example. J. Build. Eng., 28, 2020, 101076.
Sleiman, M., Ban-Weiss, G., Gilbert, H.E., François, D., Berdahl, P., Kirchstetter, T.W., Destaillats, H., Levinson, R., Soiling of building envelope surfaces and its effect on solar reflectance-Part I: analysis of roofing product databases. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cell. 95 (2011), 3385–3399, 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.08.002.
Parizotto, S., Lamberts, R., Investigation of green roof thermal performance in temperate climate: a case study of an experimental building in Florianópolis city, Southern Brazil. Energy Build. 43 (2011), 1712–1722.
Almeida, R., Simões, N., Tadeu, A., Palha, P., Almeida, J., Thermal behaviour of a green roof containing insulation cork board. An experimental characterization using a bioclimatic chamber. Build. Environ., 160, 2019, 106179, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106179.
He, Y., Yu, H., Dong, N., Ye, H., Thermal and energy performance assessment of extensive green roof in summer: a case study of a lightweight building in Shanghai. Energy Build. 127 (2016), 762–773, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.06.016.
Fabiani, C., Coma, J., Pisello, A.L., Perez, G., Cotana, F., Cabeza, L.F., Thermo-acoustic performance of green roof substrates in dynamic hygrothermal conditions. Energy Build. 178 (2018), 140–153, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.08.024.
Mehrabi, P., Shariati, M., Kabirifar, K., Jarrah, M., Rasekh, H., Trung, N.T., Shariati, A., Jahandari, S., Effect of pumice powder and nano-clay on the strength and permeability of fiber-reinforced pervious concrete incorporating recycled concrete aggregate. Construct. Build. Mater., 287, 2021, 122652, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122652.
Kilmartin-Lynch, S., Saberian, M., Li, J., Roychand, R., Zhang, G., Preliminary evaluation of the feasibility of using polypropylene fibres from COVID-19 single-use face masks to improve the mechanical properties of concrete. J. Clean. Prod., 296, 2021, 126460, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126460.
Jahandari, S., Mohammadi, M., Rahmani, A., Abolhasani, M., Miraki, H., Mohammadifar, L., Kazemi, M., Saberian, M., Rashidi, M., Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concretes containing silica fume and steel fibres. Materials, 14, 2021, 7065, 10.3390/ma14227065.
Shahmansouri, A.A., Akbarzadeh Bengar, H., AzariJafari, H., Life cycle assessment of eco-friendly concrete mixtures incorporating natural zeolite in sulfate-aggressive environment. Construct. Build. Mater., 268, 2021, 121136, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121136.
Nematzadeh, M., Nazari, A., Tayebi, M., Post-fire impact behavior and durability of steel fiber-reinforced concrete containing blended cement-zeolite and recycled nylon granules as partial aggregate replacement. Archiv.Civ.Mech.Eng., 22, 2021, 5, 10.1007/s43452-021-00324-1.
Shahmansouri, A.A., Yazdani, M., Hosseini, M., Akbarzadeh Bengar, H., Farrokh Ghatte, H., The prediction analysis of compressive strength and electrical resistivity of environmentally friendly concrete incorporating natural zeolite using artificial neural network. Construct. Build. Mater., 317, 2022, 125876, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125876.
Kazemi, M., Madandoust, R., de Brito, J., Compressive strength assessment of recycled aggregate concrete using Schmidt rebound hammer and core testing. Construct. Build. Mater. 224 (2019), 630–638, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.110.
Kilmartin-Lynch, S., Roychand, R., Saberian, M., Li, J., Zhang, G., Application of COVID-19 single-use shredded nitrile gloves in structural concrete: case study from Australia. Sci. Total Environ., 812, 2022, 151423, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151423.
Mohammadifar, L., Miraki, H., Rahmani, A., Jahandari, S., Mehdizadeh, B., Rasekh, H., Samadi, P., Samali, B., Properties of lime-cement concrete containing various amounts of waste tire powder under different ground moisture conditions. Polymers, 14, 2022, 482, 10.3390/polym14030482.
Nematzadeh, M., Baradaran-Nasiri, A., Hosseini, M., Effect of pozzolans on mechanical behavior of recycled refractory brick concrete in fire, Structural Engineering and Mechanics. An Int'l Journal 72 (2019), 339–354.
Abergel, T., Dean, B., Dulac, J., Towards a Zero-Emission, Efficient, and Resilient Buildings and Construction Sector, Global Status Report., 2017.
Directive, Directive 2010/31/eu of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the Energy Performance of Buildings. 2010 Available from: http://www.epbd-ca.eu. (Accessed 5 March 2013)
AzariJafari, H., Guest, G., Kirchain, R., Gregory, J., Amor, B., Towards comparable environmental product declarations of construction materials: insights from a probabilistic comparative LCA approach. Build. Environ., 190, 2021, 107542, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107542.
Nematzadeh, M., Baradaran-Nasiri, A., Mechanical performance of fiber-reinforced recycled refractory brick concrete exposed to elevated temperatures. Computers and Concrete, An International Journal 24 (2019), 19–35.
Cascone, S., Catania, F., Gagliano, A., Sciuto, G., A comprehensive study on green roof performance for retrofitting existing buildings. Build. Environ. 136 (2018), 227–239.
Cascone, S., Green roof design: state of the art on technology and materials. Sustainability, 11, 2019, 3020, 10.3390/su11113020.
Kazemi, M., Courard, L., Hubert, J., Coarse recycled materials for the drainage and substrate layers of green roof system in dry condition: parametric study and thermal heat transfer. J. Build. Eng., 45, 2022, 103487, 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103487.
ISO 9869-1. Thermal Insulation, Building Elements, In-Situ Measurement of Thermal Resistance and Thermal Transmittance-Part 1: Heat Flow Meter Method. 2014, BSI, London.
UEPG. European Aggregates Association Annual Review 2020-2021. 2021.
Madandoust, R., Kazemi, M., Talebi, P.K., de Brito, J., Effect of the curing type on the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete with polypropylene and steel fibres. Construct. Build. Mater. 223 (2019), 1038–1052.
Strzałkowski, J., Sikora, P., Chung, S.-Y., Abd Elrahman, M., Thermal performance of building envelopes with structural layers of the same density: lightweight aggregate concrete versus foamed concrete. Build. Environ., 196, 2021, 107799, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107799.
ASTM D4611 - 16. Standard Test Method for Specific Heat of Rock and Soil. 2018, ASTM International, 10.1520/D4611-16.
EN 1015-19, Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry. Determination of Water Vapour Permeability of Hardened Rendering and Plastering Mortars, 1999.
EN 1925. Natural Stone Test Methods. Determination of Water Absorption Coefficient by Capillarity. 1999 https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail?pid=000000000019973432. (Accessed 10 December 2020)
Künzel, H.M., Simultaneous Heat and Moisture Transport in Building Components, One-And Two-Dimensional Calculation Using Simple Parameters. 1995, IRB-Verlag Stuttgart, 65.
Krus, M., Moisture Transport and Storage Coefficients of Porous Mineral Building Materials: Theoretical Principles and New Test Methods. 1996, Fraunhofer IRB Verlag Stuttgart.
ISO 17892-11. Geotechnical Investigation and Testing — Laboratory Testing of Soil — Part 11: Permeability Tests. 2019, ISO https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/07/20/72016.html. (Accessed 18 February 2022)
ISO 3301. Statistical Interpretation of Data — Comparison of Two Means in the Case of Paired Observations. 1975 https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/00/85/8540.html. (Accessed 8 March 2022)
Daya, S., The t-test for comparing means of two groups of equal size. Evid. base Obstet. Gynecol 5 (2003), 4–5, 10.1016/S1361-259X(03)00054-0.
Gönen, M., Johnson, W.O., Lu, Y., Westfall, P.H., The bayesian two-sample t test. Am. Statistician 59 (2005), 252–257, 10.1198/000313005X55233.
Hao, X., Ball, B.C., Culley, J.L.B., Carter, M.R., Parkin, G.W., Soil density and porosity. Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis 2 (2008), 179–196.
Miraki, H., Shariatmadari, N., Ghadir, P., Jahandari, S., Tao, Z., Siddique, R., Clayey soil stabilization using alkali-activated volcanic ash and slag. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 14 (2022), 576–591, 10.1016/j.jrmge.2021.08.012.
Bahmani, M., Fatehi, H., Noorzad, A., Hamedi, J., Biological soil improvement using new environmental bacteria isolated from northern Iran. Environmental Geotechnics 40 (2019), 1–13.
Fatehi, H., Abtahi, S.M., Hashemolhosseini, H., Hejazi, S.M., A novel study on using protein based biopolymers in soil strengthening. Construct. Build. Mater. 167 (2018), 813–821, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.028.
Tabares-Velasco, P.C., Zhao, M., Peterson, N., Srebric, J., Berghage, R., Validation of predictive heat and mass transfer green roof model with extensive green roof field data. Ecol. Eng. 47 (2012), 165–173, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.06.012.
Sun, T., Bou-Zeid, E., Ni, G.-H., To irrigate or not to irrigate: analysis of green roof performance via a vertically-resolved hygrothermal model. Build. Environ. 73 (2014), 127–137, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.12.004.
Olszewski, M.W., Young, C.A., Physical and chemical properties of green roof media and their effect on plant establishment. J. Environ. Hortic. 29 (2011), 81–86, 10.24266/0738-2898-29.2.81.
Teemusk, A., Mander, Ü., Greenroof potential to reduce temperature fluctuations of a roof membrane: a case study from Estonia. Build. Environ. 44 (2009), 643–650.
Similar publications
Sorry the service is unavailable at the moment. Please try again later.
This website uses cookies to improve user experience. Read more
Save & Close
Accept all
Decline all
Show detailsHide details
Cookie declaration
About cookies
Strictly necessary
Performance
Strictly necessary cookies allow core website functionality such as user login and account management. The website cannot be used properly without strictly necessary cookies.
This cookie is used by Cookie-Script.com service to remember visitor cookie consent preferences. It is necessary for Cookie-Script.com cookie banner to work properly.
Performance cookies are used to see how visitors use the website, eg. analytics cookies. Those cookies cannot be used to directly identify a certain visitor.
Used to store the attribution information, the referrer initially used to visit the website
Cookies are small text files that are placed on your computer by websites that you visit. Websites use cookies to help users navigate efficiently and perform certain functions. Cookies that are required for the website to operate properly are allowed to be set without your permission. All other cookies need to be approved before they can be set in the browser.
You can change your consent to cookie usage at any time on our Privacy Policy page.
