Evaluation and management of cancer patients presenting with acute cardiovascular disease: a Clinical Consensus Statement of the Acute CardioVascular Care Association (ACVC) and the ESC council of Cardio-Oncology-part 2: acute heart failure, acute myocardial diseases, acute venous thromboembolic diseases, and acute arrhythmias.
Gevaert, Sofie A; Halvorsen, Sigrun; Sinnaeve, Peter Ret al.
2022 • In European Heart Journal. Acute Cardiovascular Care
Acute heart failure; Acute toxicity; Arrhythmia; Cancer; Cardiac implanted electronic devices (CIED); Cardiotoxicity; Myocarditis; Pulmonary embolism; Takotsubo syndrome; Venous thromboembolic disease; Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine; Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine; General Medicine
Abstract :
[en] Advances in treatment, common cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and the ageing of the population have led to an increasing number of cancer patients presenting with acute CV diseases. These events may be related to cancer itself or cancer treatment. Acute cardiac care specialists must be aware of these acute CV complications and be able to manage them. This may require an individualized and multidisciplinary approach. The management of acute coronary syndromes and acute pericardial diseases in cancer patients was covered in part 1 of a clinical consensus document. This second part focusses on acute heart failure, acute myocardial diseases, venous thromboembolic diseases and acute arrhythmias.
Disciplines :
Cardiovascular & respiratory systems
Author, co-author :
Gevaert, Sofie A ; Department of Cardiology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
Halvorsen, Sigrun; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ulleval, and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Sinnaeve, Peter R; Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Sambola, Antonia; Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonòma, CIBER-CV, Barcelona, Spain
Gulati, Geeta ; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ulleval, and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Lancellotti, Patrizio ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège - CHU > > Service de cardiologie
Van Der Meer, Peter; Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Lyon, Alexander R; Cardio-Oncology Clinic at Royal Brompton Hospital and Imperial College London, London, UK
Farmakis, Dimitrios ; University of Cyprus Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
Lee, Geraldine; Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King's College, London, UK
Boriani, Giuseppe ; Cardiology Division, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico Di Modena, Modena, Italy
Wechalekar, Ashutosh ; Department of Haematology, University College London/University College London Hospitals, London, UK
Okines, Alicia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Asteggiano, Riccardo ; Insubria University, Varese, Italy ; LARC (Laboratorio Analisi e Ricerca Clinica), Turin, Italy
Combes, Alain; Medical-Surgical ICU, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France ; Sorbonne University, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
Pfister, Roman; Department III of Internal Medicine, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Bergler-Klein, Jutta; Department of Cardiology, University Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Lettino, Maddalena; Department of Cardiology, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST-Monza, Monza, Italy
Evaluation and management of cancer patients presenting with acute cardiovascular disease: a Clinical Consensus Statement of the Acute CardioVascular Care Association (ACVC) and the ESC council of Cardio-Oncology-part 2: acute heart failure, acute myocardial diseases, acute venous thromboembolic diseases, and acute arrhythmias.
Gevaert SA, Halvorsen S, Sinnaeve PR, Sambola A, Gulati G, Lancellotti P, Van Der Meer P, Lyon AR, Farmakis D, Lee G, Boriani G, Wechalekar A, Okines A, Asteggiano R. Evaluation and management of cancer patients presenting with acute cardiovascular disease: a consensus document of the acute cardiovascular care (ACVC) association and the ESC council of cardio-oncology-part 1: acute coronary syndromes and acute pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2021;10:947-959.
Lyon A R, López-Fernández T, Couch L S, Asteggiano R, Aznar MC, Bergler-Klein J, Boriani G, Cardinale D, Cordoba R, Cosyns B, Cutter DJ, de Azambuja E, de Boer RA, Dent SF, Farmakis D, Gevaert SA, Gorog DA, Herrmann J, Lenihan D, Moslehi J, Moura B, Salinger SS, Stephens R, Suter TM, Szmit S, Tamargo J, Thavendiranathan P, Tocchetti CG, van der Meer P, van der Pal HJH, Group ESCSD 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS). Eur Heart J. 2022 Aug 26 Online ahead of print.
Camilli M, Del Buono MG, Crea F, Minotti G. Acute heart failure 29 years after treatment for childhood cancer. JACC CardioOncol 2020;2:316-319.
Keramida K, Parissis JT, Chioncel O, Farmakis D. Cardiogenic shock in cancer. Heart Fail Rev 2019;24:997-1004.
Mahmood SS, Fradley MG, Cohen JV, Nohria A, Reynolds KL, Heinzerling LM, Sullivan RJ, Damrongwatanasuk R, Chen CL, Gupta D, Kirchberger MC, Awadalla M, Hassan MZO, Moslehi JJ, Shah SP, Ganatra S, Thavendiranathan P, Lawrence DP, Groarke JD, Neilan TG. Myocarditis in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:1755-1764.
McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Bohm M, Burri H, Butler J, Celutkiene J, Chioncel O, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, Crespo-Leiro MG, Farmakis D, Gilard M, Heymans S, Hoes AW, Jaarsma T, Jankowska EA, Lainscak M, Lam CSP, Lyon AR, McMurray JJV, Mebaaza A, Mindham R, Muneretto C, Francesco Pieopoli M, Price S, Rosano GMC, Ruschitzka F, Skibelund AK. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2021;42:3599-3726.
Lenders JW, Duh QY, Eisenhofer G, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Grebe SK, Murad MH, Naruse M, Pacak K, Young WF Jr. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:1915-1942.
Giantris A, Abdurrahman L, Hinkle A, Asselin B, Lipshultz SE. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in children and young adults. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1998;27:53-68.
Lyon AR, Dent S, Stanway S, Earl H, Brezden-Masley C, Cohen-Solal A, Tocchetti CG, Moslehi J, Groarke JD, Bergler-Klein J, Khoo V, Tan LL, Anker MS, von Haehling S, Maack C, Pudil R, Barac A, Thavendirnathan P, Ky B, Neilan TG, Belenkov Y, Rosen SD, Iakobishvili Z, Sverdlov AL, Hajjar LA, Macedo AVS, Manisty C, Ciardiello F, Farmakis D, De Boer RA, Skouri H, Suter TM, Cardinale D, Witteles RM, Fradley MG, Herrmann J, Cornell RF, Wechelaker A, Mauro MJ, Milojkovic D, de Lavallade H, Ruschitzka F, Coats AJS, Seferovic PM, Chioncel O, Thum T, Bauersachs J, Andres MS, Wright DJ, Lopez-Fernandez T, Plummer C, Lenihan D. Baseline cardiovascular risk assessment in cancer patients scheduled to receive cardiotoxic cancer therapies: a Position Statement and new risk assessment tools from the cardio-oncology study group of the heart failure association of the European society of cardiology in collaboration with the international cardio-oncology society. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22(11): 1945-1960.
Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, Basso C, Gimeno-Blanes J, Felix SB, Fu M, Helio T, Heymans S, Jahns R, Klingel K, Linhart A, Maisch B, McKenna W, Mogensen J, Pinto YM, Ristic A, Schultheiss HP, Seggewiss H, Tavazzi L, Thiene G, Yilmaz A, Charron P, Elliott PM. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European society of cardiology working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J 2013;34:2636-2648.2648a-2648d.
Herrmann J, Lenihan D, Armenian S, Barac A, Blaes A, Cardinale D, Carver J, Dent S, Ky B, Lyon AR, Lopez-Fernandez T, Fradley MG, Ganatra S, Curigliano G, Mitchell JD, Minotti G, Lang NN, Liu JE, Neilan TG, Nohria A, O'Quinn R, Pusic I, Porter C, Reynolds KL, Ruddy KJ, Thavendiranathan P, Valent P. Defining cardiovascular toxicities of cancer therapies: an International cardio-oncology society (IC-OS) consensus statement. Eur Heart J 2021;43(4):280-299.
Sun JY, Qu Q, Lou YX, Hua Y, Sun GZ, Sun W, Kong XQ. Cardiotoxicity in cancer immune-checkpoint therapy: mechanisms, clinical evidence, and management strategies. Int J Cardiol 2021;344:170-178.
Dolladille C, Akroun J, Morice PM, Dompmartin A, Ezine E, Sassier M, Da-Silva A, Plane AF, Legallois D, L'Orphelin JM, Alexandre J Cardiovascular immunotoxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a safety meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2021;42: 4964-4977.
Ball S, Ghosh RK, Wongsaengsak S, Bandyopadhyay D, Ghosh GC, Aronow WS, Fonarow GC, Lenihan DJ, Bhatt DL. Cardiovascular toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74:1714-1727.
D'Souza M, Nielsen D, Svane IM, Iversen K, Rasmussen PV, Madelaire C, Fosbol E, Kober L, Gustafsson F, Andersson C, Gislason G, Torp-Pedersen C, Schou M. The risk of cardiac events in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: a nationwide Danish study. Eur Heart J 2021;42:1621-1631.
Matzen E, Bartels LE, Logstrup B, Horskaer S, Stilling C, Donskov F. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myocarditis in cancer patients: a case report and review of reported cases. Cardiooncology 2021;7:27.
Escudier M, Cautela J, Malissen N, Ancedy Y, Orabona M, Pinto J, Monestier S, Grob JJ, Scemama U, Jacquier A, Lalevee N, Barraud J, Peyrol M, Laine M, Bonello L, Paganelli F, Cohen A, Barlesi F, Ederhy S, Thuny F. Clinical features, management, and outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related cardiotoxicity. Circulation 2017;136:2085-2087.
Moslehi JJ, Salem JE, Sosman JA, Lebrun-Vignes B, Johnson DB. Increased reporting of fatal immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis. Lancet 2018;391:933.
Salem JE, Manouchehri A, Moey M, Lebrun-Vignes B, Bastarache L, Pariente A, Gobert A, Spano JP, Balko JM, Bonaca MP, Roden DM, Johnson DB, Moslehi JJ. Cardiovascular toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: an observational, retrospective, pharmacovigilance study. Lancet Oncol 2018;19:1579-1589.
Zhang L, Awadalla M, Mahmood SS, Nohria A, Hassan MZO, Thuny F, Zlotoff DA, Murphy SP, Stone JR, Golden DLA, Alvi RM, Rokicki A, Jones-O'Connor M, Cohen JV, Heinzerling LM, Mulligan C, Armanious M, Barac A, Forrestal BJ, Sullivan RJ, Kwong RY, Yang EH, Damrongwatanasuk R, Chen CL, Gupta D, Kirchberger MC, Moslehi JJ, Coelho-Filho OR, Ganatra S, Rizvi MA, Sahni G, Tocchetti CG, Mercurio V, Mahmoudi M, Lawrence DP, Reynolds KL, Weinsaft JW, Baksi AJ, Ederhy S, Groarke JD, Lyon AR, Fradley MG, Thavendiranathan P, Neilan TG. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis. Eur Heart J 2020;41:1733-1743.
Zhang L, Zlotoff DA, Awadalla M, Mahmood SS, Nohria A, Hassan MZO, Thuny F, Zubiri L, Chen CL, Sullivan RJ, Alvi RM, Rokicki A, Murphy SP, Jones-O'Connor M, Heinzerling LM, Barac A, Forrestal BJ, Yang EH, Gupta D, Kirchberger MC, Shah SP, Rizvi MA, Sahni G, Mandawat A, Mahmoudi M, Ganatra S, Ederhy S, Zatarain-Nicolas E, Groarke JD, Tocchetti CG, Lyon AR, Thavendiranathan P, Cohen JV, Reynolds KL, Fradley MG, Neilan TG. Major adverse cardiovascular events and the timing and dose of corticosteroids in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis. Circulation 2020;141:2031-2034.
Thuny F, Alexandre J, Salem JE, et al. Management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myocarditis: the French working group's plea for a pragmatic approach. JACC CardioOncol 2021;3:157-161.
Curigliano G, Lenihan D, Fradley M, Ganatra S., Barac A, Blaes A, Herrmann J, Porter C, Lyon AR, Lancellotti P., Patel A, DeCara J., Mitchell J, Harrison E., Moslehi J, Witteles R., Calabro M.G, Orecchia R., de Azambuja E, Zamorano J.L, Krone R., Iakobishvili Z, Carver J., Armenian S, Ky B., Cardinale D, Cipolla C.M, Dent S., Jordan K. Management of cardiac disease in cancer patients throughout oncological treatment: ESMO consensus recommendations. Annals of Oncology 2020;31(2):171-190.
Tornvall P, Collste O, Pettersson H. Prevalence and cumulative incidence of cancer, and mortality in patients with Takotsubo syndrome with focus on the index event. QJM 2019;112:861-867.
Cammann VL, Sarcon A, Ding KJ, Seifert B, Kato K, Vece DD, Szawan KA, Gili S, Jurisic S, Bacchi B, Micek J, Frangieh AH, Napp LC, Jaguszewski M, Bossone E, Citro R, D'Ascenzo F, Franke J, Noutsias M, Knorr M, Heiner S, Burgdorf C, Koenig W, Thiele H, Tschöpe C, Rajan L, Michels G, Pfister R, Cuneo A, Jacobshagen C, Karakas M, Banning A, Cuculi F, Kobza R, Fischer TA, Vasankari T, Airaksinen KEJ, Dworakowski R, Kaiser C, Osswald S, Galiuto L, Dichtl W, Delmas C, Lairez O, Horowitz JD, Kozel M, Widimský P, Tousek P, Winchester DE, Gilyarova E, Shilova A, Gilyarov M, El-Battrawy I, Akin I, Ukena C, Bauersachs J, Pieske BM, Hasenfuß G, Rottbauer W, Braun-Dullaeus RC, Opolski G, MacCarthy P, Felix SB, Borggrefe M, Mario CD, Crea F, Katus HA, Schunkert H, Münzel T, Böhm M, Bax JJ, Prasad A, Shinbane J, Lüscher TF, Ruschitzka F, Ghadri JR, Templin C. Clinical features and outcomes of patients with malignancy and Takotsubo syndrome: observations from the international takotsubo registry. J Am Heart Assoc 2019;8:e010881.
Javaid AI, Monlezun DJ, Iliescu G, Tran P, Filipescu A, Palaskas N, Lopez-Mattei J, Hassan S, Kim P, Madjid M, Cilingiroglu M, Charitakis K, Marmagkiolis K, Iliescu C, Koutroumpakis E. Stress cardiomyopathy in hospitalized patients with cancer: machine learning analysis by primary malignancy type. ESC Heart Fail 2021;8:4626-4634.
Falhammar H. Pheochromocytoma- and paraganglioma-triggered Takotsubo syndrome. Endocrine 2019;65:483-493.
Angelini P, Uribe C. Is transient Takotsubo syndrome associated with cancer? Why, and with what implications for oncocardiology? J Am Heart Assoc 2019;8:e013201.
Desai A, Noor A, Joshi S, Kim AS. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in cancer patients. Cardiooncology 2019;5:7.
Ederhy S, Dolladille C, Thuny F, Alexandre J, Cohen A. Takotsubo syndrome in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a new adverse cardiac complication. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:945-947.
Giza DE, Lopez-Mattei J, Vejpongsa P, Munoz E, Iliescu G, Kitkungvan D, Hassan SA, Kim P, Ewer MS, Iliescu C. Stress-induced cardiomyopathy in cancer patients. Am J Cardiol 2017;120:2284-2288.
Ghadri JR, Wittstein IS, Prasad A, Sharkey S, Dote K, Akashi YJ, Cammann VL, Crea F, Galiuto L, Desmet W, Yoshida T, Manfredini R, Eitel I, Kosuge M, Nef HM, Deshmukh A, Lerman A, Bossone E, Citro R, Ueyama T, Corrado D, Kurisu S, Ruschitzka F, Winchester D, Lyon AR, Omerovic E, Bax JJ, Meimoun P, Tarantini G, Rihal C, S YH, Migliore F, Horowitz JD, Shimokawa H, Luscher TF, Templin C. International expert consensus document on takotsubo syndrome (part I): clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology. Eur Heart J 2018;39:2032-2046.
Bennett J, Ferdinande B, Kayaert P, Wiyono S, Goetschalkx K, Dubois C, Sinnaeve P, Adriaenssens T, Coosemans M, Desmet W. Time course of electrocardiographic changes in transient left ventricular ballooning syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2013;196(4): 276-280.
Serzan M, Rapisuwon S, Krishnan J, Chang IC, Barac A. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with checkpoint inhibitor therapy: endomyocardial biopsy provides pathological insights to dual diseases. JACC CardioOncol 2021;3:330-304.
Ghadri JR, Wittstein IS, Prasad A, Sharkey S, Dote K, Akashi YJ, Cammann VL, Crea F, Galiuto L, Desmet W, Yoshida T, Manfredini R, Eitel I, Kosuge M, Nef HM, Deshmukh A, Lerman A, Bossone E, Citro R, Ueyama T, Corrado D, Kurisu S, Ruschitzka F, Winchester D, Lyon AR, Omerovic E, Bax JJ, Meimoun P, Tarantini G, Rihal C, S YH, Migliore F, Horowitz JD, Shimokawa H, Luscher TF, Templin C. International expert consensus document on takotsubo syndrome (part II): diagnostic workup, outcome, and management. Eur Heart J 2018;39:2047-2062.
Nguyen TH, Stansborough J, Ong GJ, Surikow S, Price TJ, Horowitz JD. Antecedent cancer in Takotsubo syndrome predicts both cardiovascular and long-term mortality. Cardiooncology 2019;5:20.
Falanga A, Marchetti M, Russo L. The mechanisms of cancer-associated thrombosis. Thromb Res 2015;135:S8-S11.
Razak NBA, Jones G, Bhandari M, Berndt MC, Metharom P. Cancer-associated thrombosis: an overview of mechanisms, risk factors, and treatment. Cancers 2018;10:1-21.
Young A, Chapman O, Connor C, Poole C, Rose P, Kakkar AK. Thrombosis and cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2012;9:437-449.
Konstantinides SV, Meyer G. 2019 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 2019;40(42):3453-3455.
Eichinger S. Cancer associated thrombosis: risk factors and outcomes. Thromb Res 2016; 140:S12-S17.
Jorens PG, Van Marck E, Snoeckx A, Parizel PM. Nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J 2009;34:452-474.
Posch F, Konigsbrugge O, Zielinski C, Pabinger I, Ay C. Treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a network meta-analysis comparing efficacy and safety of anticoagulants. Thromb Res 2015;136:582-589.
Agnelli G, Becattini C, Meyer G, Munoz A, Huisman MV, Connors JM, Cohen A, Bauersachs R, Brenner B, Torbicki A, Sueiro MR, Lambert C, Gussoni G, Campanini M, Fontanella A, Vescovo G, Verso M, Caravaggio I. Apixaban for the treatment of venous thromboembolism associated with cancer. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1599-1607.
McBane RD II, Wysokinski WE, Le-Rademacher JG, Zemla T, Ashrani A, Tafur A, Perepu U, Anderson D, Gundabolu K, Kuzma C, Perez Botero J, Leon Ferre RA, Henkin S, Lenz CJ, Houghton DE, Vishnu P, Loprinzi CL. Apixaban and dalteparin in active malignancy-associated venous thromboembolism: the ADAM VTE trial. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18:411-421.
Raskob GE, van Es N, Verhamme P, Carrier M, Di Nisio M, Garcia D, Grosso MA, Kakkar AK, Kovacs MJ, Mercuri MF, Meyer G, Segers A, Shi M, Wang TF, Yeo E, Zhang G, Zwicker JI, Weitz JI, Buller HR, Hokusai VTECI. Edoxaban for the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2018;378:615-624.
Young AM, Marshall A, Thirlwall J, Chapman O, Lokare A, Hill C, Hale D, Dunn JA, Lyman GH, Hutchinson C, MacCallum P, Kakkar A, Hobbs FDR, Petrou S, Dale J, Poole CJ, Maraveyas A, Levine M. Comparison of an oral factor Xa inhibitor with low molecular weight heparin in patients with cancer with venous thromboembolism: results of a randomized trial (SELECT-D). J Clin Oncol 2018;36:2017-2023.
Mulder FI, Bosch FTM, Young AM, Marshall A, McBane RD, Zemla TJ, Carrier M, Kamphuisen PW, Bossuyt PMM, Buller HR, Weitz JI, Middeldorp S, van Es N. Direct oral anticoagulants for cancer-associated venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood 2020;136:1433-1441.
Sabatino J, De Rosa S, Polimeni A, Sorrentino S, Indolfi C. Direct oral anticoagulants in patients with active cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC CardioOncol 2020;2:428-440.
Lee AYY. Anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism in cancer. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1650-1652.
Streiff MB, Abutalib SA, Farge D, Murphy M, Connors JM, Piazza G. Update on guidelines for the management of cancer-associated thrombosis. Oncologist 2021;26:e24-e40.
Buza V, Rajagopalan B, Curtis AB. Cancer treatment-induced arrhythmias: focus on chemotherapy and targeted therapies. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2017;10:1-12.
Alexandre J, Moslehi JJ, Bersell KR, Funck-Brentano C, Roden DM, Salem JE. Anticancer drug-induced cardiac rhythm disorders: current knowledge and basic underlying mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 2018;189:89-103.
Yun JP, Choi EK, Han KD, Park SH, Jung JH, Park SH, Ahn HJ, Lim JH, Lee SR, Oh S. Risk of atrial fibrillation according to cancer type: a nationwide population-based study. JACC CardioOncol 2021;3:221-232.
Herrmann J. Adverse cardiac effects of cancer therapies: cardiotoxicity and arrhythmia. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020;17:474-502.
Higuchi S, Kabeya Y, Matsushita K, Arai N, Tachibana K, Tanaka R, Kawachi R, Takei H, Suzuki Y, Kogure M, Imanishi Y, Moriyama K, Yorozu T, Saito K, Abe N, Sugiyama M, Kondo H, Yoshino H. Incidence and complications of perioperative atrial fibrillation after non-cardiac surgery for malignancy. PLoS One 2019;14:e0216239.
Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, Arbelo E, Bax JJ, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Boriani G, Castella M, Dan GA, Dilaveris PE, Fauchier L, Filippatos G, Kalman JM, La Meir M, Lane DA, Lebeau JP, Lettino M, Lip GYH, Pinto FJ, Thomas GN, Valgimigli M, Van Gelder IC, Van Putte BP, Watkins CL. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European association of cardiothoracic surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J 2020;42(5):373-498.
Boriani G, Lee G, Parrini I, Lopez-Fernandez T, Lyon AR, Suter T, Van der Meer P, Cardinale D, Lancellotti P, Zamorano JL, Bax JJ, Asteggiano R. Anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation and active cancer: an international survey on patient management. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021;28:611-621.
Mariani MV, Magnocavallo M, Straito M, Piro A, Severino P, Iannucci G, Chimenti C, Mancone M, Rocca DGD, Forleo GB, Fedele F, Lavalle C Direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonists in patients with atrial fibrillation and cancer a meta-analysis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021;51:419-429.
Farmakis D, Filippatos G. Arrhythmias in cancer: rhythm is gonna get you! Eur J Heart Fail 2021;23:154-156.
Priori SG, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C. European society of cardiology guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death summarized by co-chairs. Eur Heart J 2015;36:2757-2759.
Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB, Michowitz Y, Auricchio A, Barbash IM, Barrabes JA, Boriani G, Braunschweig F, Brignole M, Burri H, Coats AJS, Deharo JC, Delgado V, Diller GP, Israel CW, Keren A, Knops RE, Kotecha D, Leclercq C, Merkely B, Starck C, Thylen I, Tolosana JM. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J 2021;42:3427-3520.
Stühlinger M, Burri H, Vernooy K, Garcia R, Lenarczyk R, Sultan A, Brunner M, Sabbag A, Özcan EE, Ramos JT, Di Stolfo G, Suleiman M, Tinhofer F, Aristizabal JM, Cakulev I, Eidelman G, Yeo WT, Lau DH, Mulpuru SK, Nielsen JC, Group: ESD, Heinzel F, Prabhu M, Rinaldi CA, Sacher F, Guillen R, de Pooter J, Gandjbakhch E, Sheldon S, Prenner G, Mason PK, Fichtner S, Nitta T. EHRA consensus on prevention and management of interference due to medical procedures in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Europace 2022;00:1-26.
Fradley MG, Lefebvre B, Carver J, Cheung JW, Feigenberg SJ, Lampert R, Liu J, Rajagopalan B, Lenihan DJ. How to manage patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices undergoing radiation therapy. JACC CardioOncol 2021;3:447-451.
Zaremba T, Jakobsen AR, Sogaard M, Thogersen AM, Riahi S. Radiotherapy in patients with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators: a literature review. Europace 2016;18:479-491.