General Immunology and Microbiology; General Medicine; covid-19; immunity; health policy
Résumé :
[en] Current COVID-19 response policies have aimed to break Corona waves through non-pharmaceutical interventions and mass vaccination. However, for long-term strategies to be effective and efficient, and to avoid massive disruption and social harms, it is crucial to introduce the role of natural immunity in our thinking about COVID-19 control and prevention. We argue that any Corona control policy must appropriately balance five key elements simultaneously: balancing the various fundamental interests of the nation, as well as the various interventions within the health sector; tailoring the prevention measures and treatments to individual needs; limiting social interaction restrictions; and balancing the role of vaccinations against the role of naturally induced immunity. Given the high infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and its differential impact on population segments, we examine this last element in more detail and argue that an important aspect of ‘living with the virus’ will be to better understand the role of naturally induced immunity in our overall COVID-19 policy response. In our eyes, a policy approach that factors natural immunity should be considered for persons without major comorbidities and those having ‘encountered’ the antigen in the past.
Disciplines :
Santé publique, services médicaux & soins de santé
Auteur, co-auteur :
Kalk, Andreas
Sturmberg, Joachim
Van Damme, Wim
Brown, Garrett W.
Ridde, Valéry
Zizi, Martin
Paul, Elisabeth ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences sociales > Sociologie du développement
Langue du document :
Anglais
Titre :
Surfing Corona waves – instead of breaking them: Rethinking the role of natural immunity in COVID-19 policy
Van Damme W et al.: The COVID-19 pandemic: diverse contexts; different epidemics—how and why?. BMJ Glob. Health. 2020;5:e003098. 32718950 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003098
Maslo C et al.: Characteristics and Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients in South Africa During the COVID-19 Omicron Wave Compared With Previous Waves. JAMA. 2021;327:583–584. 34967859 10.1001/jama.2021.24868
Sturmberg J et al.: The danger of the single storyline. Obfuscating the complexities of managing SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. J. Eval. Clin. Pract. 2021. 34825442 10.1111/jep.13640
Paul E Brown GW Kalk A et al.: Playing vaccine roulette: Why the current strategy of staking everything on Covid-19 vaccines is a high-stakes wager. Vaccine. 2021;39:4921–4924. 34315610 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.045
Chokshi DA: Commonality and Continuity in Responses to Pandemic and Endemic COVID-19. JAMA Health Forum. 2021;2:e212474–e212474. 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.2474
Ye Z-W et al.: Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2020;16:1686–1697. 32226286 10.7150/ijbs.45472
Shi J et al.: Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS–coronavirus 2. Science. 2020;368:1016–1020. 32269068 10.1126/science.abb7015
Sharun K et al.: SARS-CoV-2 in animals: potential for unknown reservoir hosts and public health implications. Vet. Q. 2021;41:181–201. 33892621 10.1080/01652176.2021.1921311
Fischhoff IR Castellanos AA Rodrigues JPGLM et al.: Predicting the zoonotic capacity of mammals to transmit SARS-CoV-2. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2021;288:20211651. 34784766 10.1098/rspb.2021.1651
Christakis DA Van Cleve W Zimmerman FJ: Estimation of US Children’s Educational Attainment and Years of Life Lost Associated With Primary School Closures During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. JAMA Netw. Open. 2020;3:e2028786–e2028786. 33180132 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.28786
Vlachos J Hertegård E Svaleryd B et al.: The effects of school closures on SARS-CoV-2 among parents and teachers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2021;118:e2020834118. 33574041 10.1073/pnas.2020834118
Ladhani SN null null:: Children and COVID-19 in schools. Science. 2021;374:680–682. 10.1126/science.abj2042
Donohue JM Miller E: COVID-19 and School Closures. JAMA. 2020;324:845–847. 10.1001/jama.2020.13092
Castagnoli R et al.: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174:882–889. 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1467
Commission on Social Determinants of Health: Closing the gap in a generation Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. 2008.
Ryan J Chaudieu I Ancelin M-L et al.: Biological underpinnings of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: focusing on genetics and epigenetics. Epigenomics. 2016;8:1553–1569. 27686106 10.2217/epi-2016-0083
Kass NE: An Ethics Framework for Public Health. Am. J. Public Health. 2001;91:1776–1782. 11684600 10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1776 PMC1446875
Turcotte-Tremblay A-M Ridde V: A friendly critical analysis of Kass’s ethics framework for public health. Can. J. Public Health. 2016;107:e209–e211. 27526221 10.17269/cjph.107.5160
Jung A-S et al.: From dichotomisation towards intersectionality in addressing covid-19. BMJ. 2021;375:e067500. 10.1136/bmj-2021-067500
Joffe AR: COVID-19: Rethinking the Lockdown Groupthink. Front. Public Health. 2021;9:98. 10.3389/fpubh.2021.625778
Sturmberg JP Tsasis P Hoemeke L: COVID-19 – An Opportunity to Redesign Health Policy Thinking. Int. J. Health Policy Manag. 2020. 32702802 10.34172/ijhpm.2020.132
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME): COVID-19 Results Briefing - The African Region. https://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/Projects/COVID/2021/44563_briefing_African_Region_40.pdf Reference Source 2021.
Bell D Paul E: Vaccine equity or health equity? J. Glob. Health Econ. Policy. 2022;2. 10.52872/001c.33666
Fraiman J et al.: Serious adverse events of special interest following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in randomized trials in adults. Vaccine. 2022;40:5798–5805. 36055877 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.036
The RECOVERY Collaborative Group: Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 — Preliminary Report. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020;383:2030–2040. 33031652 10.1056/NEJMoa2021436
Mycroft-West CJ et al.: Heparin Inhibits Cellular Invasion by SARS-CoV-2: Structural Dependence of the Interaction of the Spike S1 Receptor-Binding Domain with Heparin. Thromb. Haemost. 2020;120:1700–1715. 33368089 10.1055/s-0040-1721319
Sholzberg M et al.: Effectiveness of therapeutic heparin versus prophylactic heparin on death, mechanical ventilation, or intensive care unit admission in moderately ill patients with covid-19 admitted to hospital: RAPID randomised clinical trial. BMJ. 2021;375:n2400. 10.1136/bmj.n2400
Go CC Pandav K Sanchez-Gonzalez MA et al.: Potential Role of Xylitol Plus Grapefruit Seed Extract Nasal Spray Solution in COVID-19: Case Series. Cureus. 2020;12:e11315. 10.7759/cureus.11315
Jayk Bernal A et al.: Molnupiravir for Oral Treatment of Covid-19 in Nonhospitalized Patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021;386:509–520. 34914868 10.1056/NEJMoa2116044
Gottlieb RL et al.: Effect of Bamlanivimab as Monotherapy or in Combination With Etesevimab on Viral Load in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;325:632–644. 33475701 10.1001/jama.2021.0202
Enria D et al.: Strengthening the evidence base for decisions on public health and social measures. Bull. World Health Organ. 2021;99:610–610A. 34475594 10.2471/BLT.21.287054
Collateral Global: A regular publication analysing the global impact of COVID-19 restrictions. https://collateralglobal.org/ Reference Source
Galanis P Vraka I Fragkou D et al.: Impact of personal protective equipment use on health care workers’ physical health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Infect. Control. 2021;49:1305–1315. 33965463 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.04.084
Bambra C Riordan R Ford J et al.: The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities. J. Epidemiol. Community Health. 2020;74:jech-2020-214401. 10.1136/jech-2020-214401
Chakrabarti S Hamlet LC Kaminsky J et al.: Association of Human Mobility Restrictions and Race/Ethnicity–Based, Sex-Based, and Income-Based Factors With Inequities in Well-being During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. JAMA Netw. Open. 2021;4:e217373–e217373. 33825836 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.7373
Laborde Debucquet D Martin W Vos R: Poverty and food insecurity could grow dramatically as COVID-19 spreads. COVID-19 and global food security. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI);2020;16–19.
Headey D et al.: Impacts of COVID-19 on childhood malnutrition and nutrition-related mortality. Lancet. 2020;396:519–521. 32730743 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31647-0
Dowell D Lindsley WG Brooks JT: Reducing SARS-CoV-2 in Shared Indoor Air. JAMA. 2022;328:141–142. 35671318 10.1001/jama.2022.9970
Schultze JL Aschenbrenner AC: COVID-19 and the human innate immune system. Cell. 2021;184:1671–1692. 33743212 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.029
Netea MG et al.: Natural resistance against infections: focus on COVID-19. Trends Immunol. 2022;43:106–116. 34924297 10.1016/j.it.2021.12.001
Russell MW Moldoveanu Z Ogra PL et al.: Mucosal Immunity in COVID-19: A Neglected but Critical Aspect of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front. Immunol. 2020;11:3221.
Loske J et al.: Pre-activated antiviral innate immunity in the upper airways controls early SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. Nat. Biotechnol. 2021. 34408314 10.1038/s41587-021-01037-9
Majdoubi A et al.: A majority of uninfected adults show preexisting antibody reactivity against SARS-CoV-2. JCI Insight. 2021;6. 33720905 10.1172/jci.insight.146316
Brazil R: Do childhood colds help the body respond to COVID?. Nature. 2021;599:540–541. 34795432 10.1038/d41586-021-03087-0
Gouma S et al.: Sero-monitoring of health care workers reveals complex relationships between common coronavirus antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 severity. medRxiv 2021.04.12.21255324. 2021. 10.1101/2021.04.12.21255324
Hall VJ et al.: SARS-CoV-2 infection rates of antibody-positive compared with antibody-negative health-care workers in England: a large, multicentre, prospective cohort study (SIREN). Lancet. 2021;397:1459–1469. 33844963 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00675-9
Turner JS et al.: SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans. Nature. 2021;595:421–425. 34030176 10.1038/s41586-021-03647-4
Nielsen SS et al.: SARS-CoV-2 elicits robust adaptive immune responses regardless of disease severity. EBioMedicine. 2021;68:103410. 34098342 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103410
Cohen KW et al.: Longitudinal analysis shows durable and broad immune memory after SARS-CoV-2 infection with persisting antibody responses and memory B and T cells. Cell Rep. Med. 2021;2:100354. 34250512 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100354
Egbert ER et al.: Durability of Spike Immunoglobin G Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Among Health Care Workers With Prior Infection. JAMA Netw. Open. 2021;4:e2123256–e2123256. 34459910 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.23256
Marcotte H et al.: Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 up to 15 months after infection. bioRxiv 2021.10.08.463699. 2021. 10.1101/2021.10.08.463699
Abu-Raddad LJ Chemaitelly H Bertollini R: Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections as Compared with Primary Infections. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021;385:2487–2489. 34818474 10.1056/NEJMc2108120
Braun J et al.: SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19. Nature. 2020;587:270–274. 32726801 10.1038/s41586-020-2598-9
Wang Z et al.: Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 generates T-cell memory in the absence of a detectable viral infection. Nat. Commun. 2021;12:1724. 33741972 10.1038/s41467-021-22036-z
Fröberg J Diavatopoulos DA: Mucosal immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2021;34:181–186. 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000724
Kustin T et al.: Evidence for increased breakthrough rates of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in BNT162b2-mRNA-vaccinated individuals. Nat. Med. 2021;27:1379–1384. 34127854 10.1038/s41591-021-01413-7
Hacisuleyman E et al.: Vaccine Breakthrough Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Variants. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021;384:2212–2218. 33882219 10.1056/NEJMoa2105000
Andeweg SP et al.: Increased risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Gamma, and Delta variant compared to Alpha variant in vaccinated individuals. medRxiv 2021.11.24.21266735. 2021. 10.1101/2021.11.24.21266735
Sekine T et al.: Robust T Cell Immunity in Convalescent Individuals with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19. Cell. 2020;183:158–168.e14. 32979941 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.017
Chemaitelly H et al.: Waning of BNT162b2 Vaccine Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Qatar. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021;385:e83. 34614327 10.1056/NEJMoa2114114
Goldberg Y et al.: Waning Immunity after the BNT162b2 Vaccine in Israel. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021;385:e85. 34706170 10.1056/NEJMoa2114228
Nordström P Ballin M & Nordström A: Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccination Against Risk of Symptomatic Infection, Hospitalization, and Death Up to 9 Months: A Swedish Total-Population Cohort Study. 2021.
Israel A et al.: Elapsed time since BNT162b2 vaccine and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection: test negative design study. BMJ. 2021;375:e067873. 10.1136/bmj-2021-067873
Goldberg Y et al.: Protection and Waning of Natural and Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2. N. Engl. J. Med. 2022;386:2201–2212. 35613036 10.1056/NEJMoa2118946
Reynolds CJ et al.: Immune boosting by B.1.1.529 (Omicron) depends on previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Science. 377:eabq1841. 35699621 10.1126/science.abq1841
Callaway E: What Omicron’s BA.4 and BA.5 variants mean for the pandemic. Nature. 2022;606:848–849. 10.1038/d41586-022-01730-y
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html Reference Source
Gotuzzo E Yactayo S Córdova E: Efficacy and Duration of Immunity after Yellow Fever Vaccination: Systematic Review on the Need for a Booster Every 10 Years. Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2013;89:434–444. 24006295 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0264
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME): COVID-19 Results Briefing - Global. 2022. https://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/Projects/COVID/2022/1_briefing_Global_1.pdf Reference Source
Pasquale S et al.: COVID-19 in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs): A Narrative Review from Prevention to Vaccination Strategy. Vaccines. 2021;9.
McIntyre PB et al.: COVID-19 vaccine strategies must focus on severe disease and global equity. Lancet. 2021;399:406–410. 34922639 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02835-X
Antia R Halloran ME: Transition to endemicity: Understanding COVID-19. Immunity. 2021;54:2172–2176. 34626549 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.09.019
Barouch DH: Covid-19 Vaccines — Immunity, Variants, Boosters. N. Engl. J. Med. 2022;387:1011–1020. 10.1056/NEJMra2206573
