Abuhmida, FH and CH Wellman. (2017). Palynology of the Middle Ordovician Hawaz Formation in the Murzuq Basin, south-west Libya. Palynology, 41 (sup1), 31–56. doi: 10.1080/01916122.2017.1356393
Al-Husseini, MI. 2010. Middle East geologic time scale: early Cambrian Asfar sequence. GeoArabia. 15 (1): 137–160. doi: 10.2113/geoarabia1501137.
Albani, R. 1989. Ordovician (Arenigian) acritarchs from the Solanas sandstone formation, central Sardinia, Italy. Bollettino Della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 28 (1): 3–37.
Albani, R, G Bagnoli, E Bernárdez, JC Gutíerrez-Marco, C Ribecai. 2006. Late Cambrian acritarchs from the “Túnel Ordovícico del Fabar. Cantabrian Zone N Spain Rev Palaeobotany Palynol. 139 (139): 41–52. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2005.07.005.
Boucot, AJ, X Chen, CR Scotese, RJ Morley. 2013. Phanerozoic paleoclimate: an atlas of lithologic indicators of climate. Soc Sedimentary Geol SEPM Concep Sedimentol Paleontol. 11: 1–484.
Boyden, JA, RD Müller, M Gurnis, TH Torsvik, JA Clark, M Turner, H Ivey-Law, RJ Watson, JS Cannon. 2011. Next-generation plate-tectonic reconstructions using Gplates. In G R Keller, C Baru, editors. Geoinformatics: cyberinfrastructure for the solid earth. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; p. 95–114.
Breuer, P, M Vanguestaine. 2004. The latest Tremadocian messaoudensis–trifidum acritarch assemblage from the upper part of the Lierneux Member (Salm Group, Stavelot Inlier, Belgium). Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 130 (1–4): 41–58. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.01.003.
Briggs, DEG. 2015. The Cambrian explosion. Current Biol. 25 (19): 864–868. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.047.
Burgess, ND, JB Richardson. 1991. Silurian cryptospores and miospores from the Wenlock, Shropshire, England. Palaeontology. 34: 601–628.
Combaz, A. 1967. Un microbios du Trémadocien dans un sondage d’Hassi-Messaoud. Actes de la Société linnéenne de Bordeaux 104. Série B. 29: 1–26.
Cramer, FH, M Díez, M Del Carmen R. Diez. 1977. Late Arenigian (Ordovician) Acritarchs from Cis-Saharan Morocco. Micropaleontology. 23 (3): 339–360. doi: 10.2307/1485220.
Dufka, P. 1995. Upper Wenlock miospores and cryptospores derived from a Silurian volcanic island in the Prague Basin (Barrandian area, Bohemia). J Micropalaeontol. 14 (1): 67–79. doi: 10.1144/jm.14.1.67.
Edwards, D, P Kenrick, L Dolan. 2017. History and contemporary significance of the Rhynie cherts-our earliest preserved terrestrial ecosystem. Philosophical Trans Royal Soc Series B. 373 (1739): 20160489. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0489.
Edwards, D, JL Morris, L Axe, JG Duckett, S Pressel, P Kenrick. 2021. Piecing together the eophytes-a new group of ancient plants containing cryptospores. New Phytologist. 233 (3): 1440–1455. doi: 10.1111/nph.17703.
Evitt, WR 1963. A discussion and proposals concerning fossil dinoflagellates, hystrichospheres, and acritarchs. Proc US Nat Acad Sci 49: 158–164.
Fang, XS. 1986. Ordovician micropalaeoflora in Kunming-Luquan region, Yunnan Province and its stratigraphical significance. Prof Papers Stratig Palaeontol. 16: 125–172. Chinese.
Fatka, O, R Brocke. 1999. Morphologic variability in two populations of Arbusculidium filamenfosum (Vavrdová 1965) Vavrdová, 1972. Palynology. 23 (1): 153–180. doi: 10.1080/01916122.1999.9989526.
Fensome, RA, GL Williams, MS Barss, JM Freeman, JM Hill. 1990. Acritarchs and fossil prasinophytes: an index to genera, species and infraspecific taxa. Am Assoc Stratigra Palynol Contrib Series. 154: 1–771.
Fombella, MA. 1978. Acritarcos de la Formacion Oville, Edad Cambrico Medio–tremacoc, Provincia de Leon, España [Acritarchs of the Oville Formation, Middle Cambrian–tremadocian Age, Province of Leon, Spain]. Palinología. 1: 245–261. Spanish.
Fombella, MA. 1983. Determinacion palinologica del Tremadoc en la localidad de Verdiageo, provincia de Leon, No de España. Revista Española de Micropalaeontologia. XVIII: 165–179.
Fombella Blanco, MA, RM Valencia Barrera, D Fernández González, LJ Cachán Santos. 1993. Diferencias de composición en las asociaciones de acritarcos de seis localidades de la Formación Oville (No de España). Edad Cámbrico Medio-Tremadoc Inferior Revista Española de Paleontología. 8 (2): 221–235.
Foster, CB, JD Reed, R Wicander. 1989. Gloeocapsornorpha prisca Zalessky, 1917: a new study part l: taxonomy, geochemistry, and paleoecology. Geobios. 22 (6): 753–759. doi: 10.1016/S0016-6995(89)80070-1.
Gao, LD. 1991. Acritarchs from the lower Ordovician Hongshiyan formation of Wuding, Yunnan. Geol Rev. 37 (5): 445–455. Chinese.
Gerrienne, P, T Servais, M Vecoli. 2016. Plant evolution and terrestrialization during Palaeozoic times - the phylogenetic context. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 227: 4–18. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2016.01.004.
Ghavidel-Syooki, M. 2019. Middle-Late Cambrian acritarchs from the Zardkuh area in the High Zagros Mountains, southern Iran: stratigraphic and paleogeographic implications. J Sci Islamic Republic Iran. 30 (4): 331–353.
Herbosch, A, M Vanguestaine, JM Degardin, L Dejonghe, N Fagel, T Servais. 1991. Etude lithostratigraphique, biostratigraphique et sédimentologique du sondage e Lessines (bord méridional du Massif du Brabant, Belgique). Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique. 114: 195–212. French.
Jachowicz, M. 1995. Ordovician acritarch assemblages from central and northwestern Saudi Arabia. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 89 (1–2): 19–25. doi: 10.1016/0034-6667(94)00039-M.
Kalvacheva, R, FP Sassi, A Zanferrari. 1986. Acritarch evidence for the Cambrian age of phyllites in the Agordo area (South-Alpine basement of Eastern Alps, Italy). Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 4 (4): 311–326. doi: 10.1016/0034-6667(86)90070-9.
Kenrick, P, PR Crane. 1997. The origin and early diversification of land plants: a cladistics study. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Istitution Press.
Le Hérissé, A. 1989. Acritarches et kystes d’algues Prasinophycées du Silurien de Gotland, Suède. Palaeontographia Italica. 76: 57–302.
Le Hérissé, A, SG Molyneux, MA Miller. 2015. Late Ordovician to early Silurian acritarchs from the Qusaiba–1 shallow core hole, central Saudi Arabia. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 212: 22–59. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.08.016.
Le Hérissé, A, M Vecoli, C Guidat, F Not, P Breuer, C Wellman, P Steemans. 2017. Middle Ordovician acritarchs and problematic organic-walled microfossils from the Saq-Hanadir transitional beds in the QSIM-801 well, Saudi Arabia. Revue de micropaléontologie. 60 (3): 289–318. doi: 10.1016/j.revmic.2017.08.001.
Li, J. 1989. Early Ordovician Mediterranean province acritarchs from Upper Yangtze Region, China. In S Sun, editor. Developments in Geoscience: contribution to the 28th Geological Congress; 1989 Jul9–19; Washington (DC): Science Press. p. 231–234.
Li, J, T Servais. 2002. Ordovician acritarchs of China and their utility for global palaeobiogeography. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 173 (5): 399–406. doi: 10.2113/173.5.399.
Libertín, M, J Kvaček, J Bek, V Žárský, P Štorch. 2018. Sporophytes of polysporangiate land plants from the early Silurian period may have been photosynthetically autonomous. Nat Plants. 4 (5): 269–271. doi: 10.1038/s41477-018-0140-y.
Loeblich, AR,s Jr., R Wicander. 1976. Organic-walled microplankton from the Lower Devonian (Late Gedinnian) Haragan and Bois d’Arc Formations of Oklahoma, USA, Part 1. Palaeontographica B. 159: 1–39.
Magallon, S, KW Hilu, D Quandt. 2013. Land plant evolutionary timeline: gene effects are secondary to fossil constraints in relaxed clock estimation of age and substitution rates. Am J Bot. 100 (3): 556–573. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1200416.
Mishler, BD, SP Churchill. 1984. A cladistic approach to the phylogeny of the “bryophytes”. Brittonia. 36 (4): 406–424. doi: 10.2307/2806602.
Molyneux, SG, A Delabroye, R Wicander, T Servais. 2013. Biogeography of early to mid Palaeozoic (Cambrian–Devonian) marine phytoplankton. In D A T Harper, T Servais, editors. Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography. London (UK): Geological Society, London, Memoirs; p. 365–397.
Morris, JL, MN Puttick, JW Clarke, D Edwards, P Kenrick, S Pressel, CH Wellman, Z Yang, H Schneider, PCJ Donoghue 2018. The timescale for early land plant evolution. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 115: 2274–2283.
Navidi-Izad, N, H Hashemi, B Cascales-Miñana, S Régnier, CH Wellman, T Servais. 2020. Colonial palynomorphs from the Upper Ordovician of north-eastern Iran: ‘thalli’, coenobial Chlorophyceae (Hydrodictyaceae) or cyanobacteria? Palynology. 44 (4): 575–585. doi: 10.1080/01916122.2019.1657197.
Nie, Y, CSP Foster, T Zhu, R Yao, DA Duchene, SYW Ho, B Zhong. 2020. Accounting for uncertainty in the evolutionary timescale of green plants through clock-partitioning and fossil calibration strategies. Syst Biol. 69 (1): 1–16. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syz032.
Paris, F, A Le Hérissé, O Monod, H Kozlu, JF Ghienne, WT Dean, M Vecoli, Y Günay. 2007. Ordovician chitinozoans and acritarchs from southern and southeastern Turkey. Revue de Micropaléontologie. 50 (1): 81–107. doi: 10.1016/j.revmic.2006.11.004.
Pedder, BE 2012. The palynology and stratigraphy of the Cambrian Nolichucky Shale and associated formations at Thorn Hill, Tennessee, USA [dissertation]. Sheffield (UK): University of Sheffield.
Penaud, A, W Hardy, C Lambert, F Marret, E Masure, T Servais, R Siano, M Wary, KN Mertens. 2018. Dinoflagellate fossils: geological and biological implications. Revue de Micropaléontologie. 61: 235–254.
Piçarra, J, Z Pereira, JC Gutiérrez-Marco. 2011. Ordovician graptolites and acritarchs from the Barrancos region (Ossa-Morena Zone, south Portugal). In J C Gutiérrez-Marco, I Rábano, D García-Bellido, editors. Ordovician of the World. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, 14. Madrid: Instituto Geológico y Minero de España; p. 429–438.
Pittau, P. 1985. Tremadocian (Early Ordovician) acritarchs of the Arburese Unit, Southwest Sardinia (Italy). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 23 (2): 161–204.
Playford, G, C Ribecai, M Tongiorgi. 1995. Ordovician acritarch genera Peteinosphaeridium, Liliosphaeridium, and Cycloposphaeridium: morphology, taxonomy, biostratigraphy, and palaeogeographic significance. Bollettino Della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 34: 3–54.
Puttick, MN, JL Morris, TA Williams, CJ Cox, D Edwards, P Kenrick, S Pressel, CH Wellman, H Schneider, D Pisani, et al. 2018. The interrelationships of land plants and the nature of the ancestral embryophyte. Current Biol. 28 (5): 733–745. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.063
Rasul, SM, C Downie. 1974. The stratigraphic distribution of Tremadoc acritarchs in the Shineton Shales succession, Shropshire, England. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 18 (1–2): 1–9. doi: 10.1016/0034-6667(74)90003-7.
Richardson, JB. 1996a. Lower and middle Palaeozoic records of terrestrial palynomorphs. In J Jansonius, D C McGregor, editors. Palynology: principles and Applications. Dallas: American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation; p. 555–574.
Richardson, JB. 1996b. Taxonomy and classification of some new Early Devonian cryptospores from England. Special Papers Palaeontol. 55: 7–40.
Richardson, JB, JH Ford, F Parker. 1984. Miospores, correlation and age of some Scottish Lower Old Red Sandstone sediments from the Strathmore region (Fife and Angus). J Micropalaeontol. 3 (2): 109–124. doi: 10.1144/jm.3.2.109.
Rickards, BR, GA Booth, F Paris, AP Heward. 2010. Marine flooding events of the Early and Middle Ordovician of Oman and the United Arab Emirates and their graptolite, acritarch and chitinozoan associations. GeoArabia. 15 (4): 81–120. doi: 10.2113/geoarabia150481.
Rubinstein, CV, P Gerrienne, GS de la Puente, RA Astini, P Steemans. 2010. Early Middle Ordovician evidence for land plants in Argentina (eastern Gondwana). New Phytologist. 188 (2): 365–369. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03433.x.
Rubinstein, CV, MC Vargas, F de la Parra, GMG Hughes, CC Solano. 2019. Lower Ordovician (late Tremadocian?- Floian) palynomorphs from the Llanos Basin, Colombia: biostratigraphic and paleogeographic significance. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 268: 43–54. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2019.06.008.
Salamon, MA, P Gerrienne, P Steemans, P Gorzelak, P Filipiak, A Le Hérissé, F Paris, B Cascales-Miñana, T Brachaniec, M Misz-Kennan, et al. 2018. Putative Late Ordovician land plants. New Phytologist. 218 (4): 1305–1309. doi: 10.1111/nph.15091
Scotese, CR 2016. PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for GPlates and the PaleoData Plotter Program, PALEOMAP Project [accessed 2019 Jan25]. http://www.earthbyte.org/paleomap-paleoatlas-for-gplates/
Servais, T. 1996. Some considerations on acritarch classification. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 93 (1–4): 9–22. doi: 10.1016/0034-6667(95)00117-4.
Servais, T, B Cascales-Miñana, CJ Cleal, P Gerrienne, DAT Harper, M Neumann. 2019. Revisiting the Great Ordovician Diversification of land plants: recent data and perspectives. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 534: 109280. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109280.
Servais, T, T Danelian, DAT Harper, A Munnecke. 2014. Possible ocean circulation patterns, surface water currents and upwelling zones in the Early Palaeozoic. GFF. 136 (1): 223–229. doi: 10.1080/11035897.2013.876659.
Servais, T, SG Molyneux. 1997. The messaoudensis–trifidum acritarch assemblage (Ordovician: late Tremadoc–early Arenig.) from subsurface of Rügen (Baltic Sea, northeast Germany). Palaeontographia Italica. 84: 113–161.
Servais, T, L Stricanne, M Montenari, J Pross. 2004. Population dynamics of galeate acritarchs at the Cambrian–Ordovician transition in the Algerian Sahara. Palaeontology. 47 (2): 395–414. doi: 10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00367.x.
Spaak, G, DS Edwards, CB Foster, A Pages, RE Summons, N Sherwood, K Grice. 2017. Environmental conditions and microbial community structure during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event; a multi-disciplinary study from the Canning Basin, Western Australia. Global Planetary Change. 159: 93–112.
Steemans, P. 2000. Miospore evolution from the Ordovician to the Silurian. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 113 (1–3): 189–196. doi: 10.1016/S0034-6667(00)00059-2.
Steemans, P, A Le Hérissé, J Melvin, MA Miller, F Paris, J Verniers, CH Wellman. 2009. Origin and radiation of the earliest vascular land plants. Science. 324 (5925): 353. doi: 10.1126/science.1169659.
Strother, PK. 1991. A classification schema for the cryptospores. Palynology. 15 (1): 219–236. doi: 10.1080/01916122.1991.9989397.
Strother, PK, JH Beck. 2000. Spore-like microfossils from Middle Cambrian strata: expanding the meaning of the term cryptospore. In M M Harley, C M Morton, S Blackmore, editors. Pollen and spores: morphology and biology. London: The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; p. 413–424.
Strother, PK, C Foster. 2021. A fossil record of land plant origins from charophyte algae. Science. 373 (6556): 792–796. doi: 10.1126/science.abj2927.
Strother, PK, WA Taylor, JH Beck, M Vecoli. 2017. Ordovician spore ‘thalli’ and the evolution of the plant sporophyte. Palynology. 41 (S1): 57–68. doi: 10.1080/01916122.2017.1361213.
Strother, PK, A Traverse, M Vecoli. 2015. Cryptospores from the Hanadir Shale Member of the Qasim Formation, Ordovician (Darriwilian) of Saudi Arabia: taxonomy and systematics. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 212: 97–110. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.08.018.
Taylor, WA. 2003. Ultrastructure of selected Silurian trilete spores and the putative Ordovician trilete spore Virgatasporites. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 126 (3–4): 211–223. doi: 10.1016/S0034-6667(03)00087-3.
Tongiorgi, M, A Di Milia. 1999. Differentiation and spread of the Baltic acritarch province (Arenig–Llanvirn). Bolletino Della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 38: 297–312.
Tongiorgi, M, LM Yin, A Di Milia. 1995. Arenigian acritarchs from the daping section (Yangtze Gorges area, Hubei Province, Southern China) and their palaeogeographical significance. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 86 (1–2): 13–48. doi: 10.1016/0034-6667(94)00097-4.
Vavrdová, M. 1990. Early Ordovician acritarchs from the locality Mŷto near Rokycany (late Arenig, Czechoslovakia). Cásopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii. 35: 239–250.
Vavrdová, M. 1993. Acritarch assemblages in the Arenig. Series of the Prague Basin, Czech Republic. In S G Molyneux, K G Dorning, editors. Contribution to Acritarch and Chitinozoa research. Special papers in palaeontology. Vol. 48; p. 125–139.
Vecoli, M. 1999. Cambro-Ordovician palynostratigraphy (acritarchs and prasinophytes) of the Hassi-R’Mel area and northern Rhadames Basin, North Africa. Palaeontographia Italica. 86: 1–112.
Vecoli, M, C Cesari 2019. Palynological Correlation of the Late Cambrian to Middle Ordovician Saq Formation in Saudi Arabia and Equivalent Strata in Oman. Paper presented at: SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference; March 18–21; Manama, Bahrain.
Vecoli, M, I Dieni, F Sassi, T Servais. 2008. Cambrian Acritarchs from the Col di Foglia (Agordo) southalpine metamorphic basement, Italian Eastern Alps: the oldest biostratigraphic record in the Alps. Rendiconti Lincei. 19 (1): 45–55. doi: 10.1007/s12210-008-0003-y.
Volkheimer, W, DL Melendi, FG Aceñolaza. 1980. Una microflora ordovícica de la Formación Mojotoro, Provincia de Salta. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina. 35: 401–416.
Wang, W, M Vecoli, TRA Vandenbroucke, H Feng, L Li, J Verniers. 2013. Late Tremadocian–early Floian acritarchs from graptolitic shales of the Yinzhubu and Ningkuo formations of Yiyang, South China. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 193: 1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2013.01.005.
Wang, K, HH Xu, LM Yin. 2022. A palynological assemblage from the Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 4) of Shandong Province, China, and its implications to the transition from algae to land plants. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 301: 104645. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104645.
Wellman, CH, PL Osterloff, U Mohiuddin. 2003. Fragments of the earliest land plants. Nature. 425 (6955): 282–285. doi: 10.1038/nature01884.
Wellman, CH, P Steemans, M Vecoli. 2013. Palaeophytogeography of Ordovician– silurian land plants. In D Harper, T Servais, editors. Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography (Vol. 38). London (UK): Geological Society, Memoirs; p. 461–476.
White, CE, T Palacios, S Jensen, SM Barr. 2012. Cambrian–Ordovician acritarchs in the Meguma terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada: resolution of early Paleozoic stratigraphy and implications for paleogeography. GSA Bulletin. 124 (11/12): 1773–1792. doi: 10.1130/B30638.1.
Wicander, R, GD Wood. 1997. The use of microphytoplankton and chitinozoans for interpreting transgressive/regressive cycles in the Rapid Member of the Cedar Valley Formation (Middle Devonian) Iowa. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 98 (1–2): 125–152. doi: 10.1016/S0034-6667(97)00017-1.
Yan, K, J Li, SG Molyneux, EG Raevskaya, T Servais. 2017. A review of the Ordovician acritarch genus Barakella Cramer & Díez 1977. Palynology. 41 (S1): 80–94. doi: 10.1080/01916122.2017.1366747.