lava lake; Nyiragongo; open-vent; photogrammetry; SAR shadows; seismicity; Geophysics; Geochemistry and Petrology; Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous); Space and Planetary Science
Abstract :
[en] Nyiragongo is one of the rare volcanoes on Earth hosting a lava lake. However, the understanding of its plumbing and lava lake systems remains limited, with, until recently, only sporadic or time-limited historical observations and measurements. Combining dense accurate lava lake and crater floor level measurements based on 1,703 satellite radar images and topographic reconstructions using photogrammetry, we obtain the first reliable picture and time evolution of intra-crater erupted lava volumes between the two last flank eruptions in January 2002 and May 2021. The filling of the crater by lava, initiated in 2002 and continued up to May 2021, is seen as an evidence of a long-term pressure build up of the magmatic system. This filling occurs through irregular pulsatory episodes of rising lava lake level, some of which overflow and solidify on the surrounding crater floor. Pauses of stable molten lava lake level and sudden numerous level drops also marked the summit's eruptive activity. The joint analysis with seismic records available since 2015 revealed that the largest lava lake drops are synchronous with seismic swarms associated with deep magma intrusions, generally preceded by an increase of extrusion rate within the crater. The appearance of a spatter cone in the summit crater in 2016, most likely superficially branched to the lava lake, was a clear marker of the change in eruption dynamics. This first long-term time series of Nyiragongo's crater topography between two hazardous flank eruptions might further help to better decipher Nyiragongo's past and future behavior using multi-parameter observations.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Barrière, Julien ; European Center for Geodynamics and Seismology, Walferdange, Luxembourg
Nicolas, D.; European Center for Geodynamics and Seismology, Walferdange, Luxembourg ; Department of Geophysics/Astrophysics, National Museum of Natural History, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
Smets, Benoît ; Natural Hazards Service, Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium ; Cartography and GIS Research Group, Department of Geography, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Ixelles, Belgium
Oth, Adrien ; European Center for Geodynamics and Seismology, Walferdange, Luxembourg
Delhaye, Louise; Natural Hazards Service, Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium ; Cartography and GIS Research Group, Department of Geography, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Ixelles, Belgium
Subira Muhindo, Josué ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Sphères ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Faculté des Sciences > Doct. sc. (géog. - paysage) ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Faculté des Sciences > Form. doct. sc. (géog. - paysage) ; Goma Volcano Observatory > Deapartement of Seismology
Derauw, Dominique ; Centre Spatial de Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Laboratorio de Estudio y Seguimiento de Volcanes Activos, Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología, Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro, General Roca, Argentina
Smittarello, Delphine ; European Center for Geodynamics and Seismology, Walferdange, Luxembourg
This article results from the sum of several contributions obtained in the framework of past and ongoing research projects funded by the STEREO‐III Programme of the Belgian Science Policy Office (Belspo), and the Fonds National de la Recherche (FNR) of Luxembourg. These projects include RESIST (Contract SR/00/305), MUZUBI (Contract SR/00/324), and VeRSUS (Contract SR/00/382). The authors are grateful to ESA, Belspo, the Virunga Supersite Initiative, and Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) for providing satellites images (see Data Availability Statement). The authors thank the entire team of the Goma Volcano Observatory and the sentinels of the monitoring stations, without whom the operation of KivuSNet would be impossible. The authors also thank Halldór Geirsson (University of Iceland), Sergey Samsonov (NRCan), and Katcho Karume (GVO) for former collaboration on this work, as well as the Congolese Institute for Nature Preservation (ICCN) and the MONUSCO (UN stabilization mission in Congo) for their continuous support, including hosting seismic stations in their compounds. The SAsha method benefits from the Mex/C‐code written by Tom Goldstein (Univ. Maryland) implementing the Split‐Bregman algorithm ( https://www.ece.rice.edu/|tag7/Tom_Goldstein/Split_Bregman.html , last accessed 24 February 2022). The authors would like to thank the reviewers J. Suckale and M. Patrick and the editor M. Poland for their constructive comments and suggestions that have helped us improve the original manuscript.B. Smets bought the couple of IKONOS images (DigitalGlobe). The authors are grateful to ESA for providing the Sentinel‐1 and ENVISAT products for free, to Belspo and the Virunga Supersite Initiative for funding COSMO‐SkyMed images (Italian Space Agency) and to Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) for sharing RADARSAT‐2 images (Canadian Space Agency). Seismic data archiving and accessibility are ensured through the GEOFON program of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences ( http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.14470/XI058335 ) and KivuSNet is registered within the FDSN with network code KV ( http://www.fdsn.org/networks/detail/KV/ ). All time series and seismic catalogs presented here are available as Supporting Information.This article results from the sum of several contributions obtained in the framework of past and ongoing research projects funded by the STEREO-III Programme of the Belgian Science Policy Office (Belspo), and the Fonds National de la Recherche (FNR) of Luxembourg. These projects include RESIST (Contract SR/00/305), MUZUBI (Contract SR/00/324), and VeRSUS (Contract SR/00/382). The authors are grateful to ESA, Belspo, the Virunga Supersite Initiative, and Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) for providing satellites images (see Data Availability Statement). The authors thank the entire team of the Goma Volcano Observatory and the sentinels of the monitoring stations, without whom the operation of KivuSNet would be impossible. The authors also thank Halld?r Geirsson (University of Iceland), Sergey Samsonov (NRCan), and Katcho Karume (GVO) for former collaboration on this work, as well as the Congolese Institute for Nature Preservation (ICCN) and the MONUSCO (UN stabilization mission in Congo) for their continuous support, including hosting seismic stations in their compounds. The SAsha method benefits from the Mex/C-code written by Tom Goldstein (Univ. Maryland) implementing the Split-Bregman algorithm (https://www.ece.rice.edu/|tag7/Tom_Goldstein/Split_Bregman.html, last accessed 24 February 2022). The authors would like to thank the reviewers J. Suckale and M. Patrick and the editor M. Poland for their constructive comments and suggestions that have helped us improve the original manuscript.
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