2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with  cardiovascular disease.

Cardiology; Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control; Exercise; Humans; Sports; Guidelines; adult congenital heart disease; aortopathies; arrhythmias; cancer; cardiomyopathy; cardiovascular risk factors; chronic coronary syndromes; exercise; heart failure; peripheral vascular disease; pregnancy; recommendations; risk stratification; sport – special environments; valvular heart disease

Disciplines :

Cardiovascular & respiratory systems

Author, co-author :

Pelliccia, Antonio

Sharma, Sanjay

Gati, Sabiha

Bäck, Maria

Börjesson, Mats

Caselli, Stefano

Collet, Jean-Philippe

Corrado, Domenico

Drezner, Jonathan A

Halle, Martin

More authors (15 more)

Other collaborator :

Tahmi, Mohamed

Zelveian, Parounak H

Berger, Thomas

Gabulova, Rahima

Sudzhaeva, Svetlana

LANCELLOTTI, Patrizio ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège - CHU > > Service de cardiologie

Sokolović, Šekib

Gruev, Ivan

Velagic, Vedran

Nicolaides, Evagoras

More authors (100 more)

Language :

English

Title :

2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease.

Publication date :

01 January 2021

Journal title :

European Heart Journal

ISSN :

0195-668X

eISSN :

1522-9645

Publisher :

Oxford University Press, Gb

Volume :

Issue :

Pages :

17-96

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Funding number :

IK6 RX002477/RX/RRD VA/United States

Available on ORBi :

since 24 May 2022

Statistics

Number of views

3093 (0 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

2606 (1 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

1052

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

890

OpenCitations

425

OpenAlex citations

1183

Bibliography

Pelliccia A, Fagard R, Bjornstad HH, Anastassakis A, Arbustini E, Assanelli D, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Carre F, Corrado D, Delise P, Dorwarth U, Hirth A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Mellwig KP, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Pisani A, Solberg EE, van-Buuren F, Vanhees L, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Deligiannis A, Dugmore D, Glikson M, Hoff PI, Hoffmann A, Hoffmann E, Horstkotte D, Nordrehaug JE, Oudhof J, McKenna WJ, Penco M, Priori S, Reybrouck T, Senden J, Spataro A, Thiene G. Recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease: a consensus document from the Study Group of Sports Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005;26:1422-1445.
Borjesson M, Dellborg M. Exercise testing post-MI: still worthwhile in the interventional era. Eur Heart J 2005;26:105-106.
Pelliccia A, Solberg EE, Papadakis M, Adami PE, Biffi A, Caselli S, La Gerche A, Niebauer J, Pressler A, Schmied CM, Serratosa L, Halle M, Van Buuren F, Borjesson M, Carre F, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop NM, Heidbuchel H, Olivotto I, Corrado D, Sinagra G, Sharma S. Recommendations for participation in competitive and leisure time sport in athletes with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and pericarditis: position statement of the Sport Cardiology Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J 2019;40:19-33.
Marijon E, Uy-Evanado A, Reinier K, Teodorescu C, Narayanan K, Jouven X, Gunson K, Jui J, Chugh SS. Sudden cardiac arrest during sports activity in middle age. Circulation 2015;131:1384-1391.
Chugh SS, Weiss JB. Sudden cardiac death in the older athlete. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65:493-502.
Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, Brotons C, Catapano AL, Cooney MT, Corra U, Cosyns B, Deaton C, Graham I, Hall MS, Hobbs FDR, Lochen M-L, Lollgen H, Marques-Vidal P, Perk J, Prescott E, Redon J, Richter DJ, Sattar N, Smulders Y, Tiberi M, van der Worp HB, van Dis I, Verschuren WMM, Binno S. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: the Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. Eur Heart J 2016;37:2315-2381.
Mandsager K, Harb S, Cremer P, Phelan D, Nissen SE, Jaber W. Association of cardiorespiratory fitness with long-term mortality among adults undergoing exercise treadmill testing. JAMA Netw Open 2018;1:e183605.
Shiroma EJ, Lee I-M. Physical activity and cardiovascular health: lessons learned from epidemiological studies across age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Circulation 2010;122:743-752.
Radford NB, DeFina LF, Leonard D, Barlow CE, Willis BL, Gibbons LW, Gilchrist SC, Khera A, Levine BD. Cardiorespiratory fitness, coronary artery calcium, and cardiovascular disease events in a cohort of generally healthy middle-age men: results from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study. Circulation 2018;137:1888-1895.
Shah RV, Murthy VL, Colangelo LA, Reis J, Venkatesh BA, Sharma R, Abbasi SA, Goff DCJ, Carr JJ, Rana JS, Terry JG, Bouchard C, Sarzynski MA, Eisman A, Neilan T, Das S, Jerosch-Herold M, Lewis CE, Carnethon M, Lewis GD, Lima JAC. Association of fitness in young adulthood with survival and cardiovascular risk: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. JAMA Intern Med 2016;176:87-95.
Hussain N, Gersh BJ, Gonzalez Carta K, Sydo N, Lopez-Jimenez F, Kopecky SL, Thomas RJ, Asirvatham SJ, Allison TG. Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on frequency of atrial fibrillation, stroke, and all-cause mortality. Am J Cardiol 2018;121:41-49.
Juraschek SP, Blaha MJ, Whelton SP, Blumenthal R, Jones SR, Keteyian SJ, Schairer J, Brawner CA, Al-Mallah MH. Physical fitness and hypertension in a population at risk for cardiovascular disease: the Henry Ford ExercIse Testing (FIT) Project. J Am Heart Assoc 2014;3:e001268.
Juraschek SP, Blaha MJ, Blumenthal RS, Brawner C, Qureshi W, Keteyian SJ, Schairer J, Ehrman JK, Al-Mallah MH. Cardiorespiratory fitness and incident diabetes: the FIT (Henry Ford ExercIse Testing) Project. Diabetes Care 2015;38:1075-1081.
Vainshelboim B, Muller J, Lima RM, Nead KT, Chester C, Chan K, Kokkinos P, Myers J. Cardiorespiratory fitness and cancer incidence in men. Ann Epidemiol 2017;27:442-447.
Powell KE, King AC, Buchner DM, Campbell WW, DiPietro L, Erickson KI, Hillman CH, Jakicic JM, Janz KF, Katzmarzyk PT, Kraus WE, Macko RF, Marquez DX, McTiernan A, Pate RR, Pescatello LS, Whitt-Glover MC. The Scientific Foundation for the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd Edition. J Phys Act Health 2018;1-11.
Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, Veerman JL, Delwiche K, Iannarone ML, Moyer ML, Cercy K, Vos T, Murray CJL, Forouzanfar MH. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. BMJ 2016;354:i3857.
Harmon KG, Asif IM, Maleszewski JJ, Owens DS, Prutkin JM, Salerno JC, Zigman ML, Ellenbogen R, Rao AL, Ackerman MJ, Drezner JA. Incidence, cause, and comparative frequency of sudden cardiac death in national collegiate athletic association athletes: a decade in review. Circulation 2015;132:10-19.
Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, Tierney DM, Mueller FO. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980-2006. Circulation 2009;119:1085-1092.
Corrado D, Basso C, Rizzoli G, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1959-1963.
Maron BJ, Friedman RA, Kligfield P, Levine BD, Viskin S, Chaitman BR, Okin PM, Saul JP, Salberg L, Van Hare GF, Soliman EZ, Chen J, Matherne GP, Bolling SF, Mitten MJ, Caplan A, Balady GJ, Thompson PD. Assessment of the 12-lead electrocardiogram as a screening test for detection of cardiovascular disease in healthy general populations of young people (12-25 years of age): a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:1479-1514.
Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjornstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G. Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005;26:516-524.
Drezner JA, O'Connor FG, Harmon KG, Fields KB, Asplund CA, Asif IM, Price DE, Dimeff RJ, Bernhardt DT, Roberts WO. AMSSM position statement on cardiovascular preparticipation screening in athletes: current evidence, knowledge gaps, recommendations and future directions. Br J Sports Med 2017;51:153-167.
Ljungqvist A, Jenoure P, Engebretsen L, Alonso JM, Bahr R, Clough A, De Bondt G, Dvorak J, Maloley R, Matheson G, Meeuwisse W, Meijboom E, Mountjoy M, Pelliccia A, Schwellnus M, Sprumont D, Schamasch P, Gauthier J-B, Dubi C, Stupp H, Thill C. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) Consensus Statement on periodic health evaluation of elite athletes, March 2009. Br J Sports Med 2009;43:631-643.
Hainline B, Drezner JA, Baggish A, Harmon KG, Emery MS, Myerburg RJ, Sanchez E, Molossi S, Parsons JT, Thompson PD. Interassociation consensus statement on cardiovascular care of college student-athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67:2981-2995.
Preparticipation Physical Evaluation, 4th Edition [online]. American Academy of Family Physicians et alet al; 2010. Available from: https://ebooks. aappublications. org/content/9781581104882/9781581104882.
Maron BJ, Levine BD, Washington RL, Baggish AL, Kovacs RJ, Maron MS. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: Task Force 2: Preparticipation screening for cardiovascular disease in competitive athletes: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015;132:e267-72.
Peterson DF, Siebert DM, Kucera KL, Thomas LC, Maleszewski JJ, Lopez-Anderson M, Suchsland MZ, Harmon KG, Drezner JA. Etiology of sudden cardiac arrest and death in US competitive athletes: a 2-year prospective surveillance study. Clin J Sport Med; doi:10. 1097/JSM. 0000000000000598. Published online ahead of print, 2018 Apr 9.
Finocchiaro G, Papadakis M, Robertus J-L, Dhutia H, Steriotis AK, Tome M, Mellor G, Merghani A, Malhotra A, Behr E, Sharma S, Sheppard MN. Etiology of sudden death in sports: insights from a United Kingdom regional registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67:2108-2115.
Eckart RE, Shry EA, Burke AP, McNear JA, Appel DA, Castillo-Rojas LM, Avedissian L, Pearse LA, Potter RN, Tremaine L, Gentlesk PJ, Huffer L, Reich SS, Stevenson WG. Sudden death in young adults: an autopsy-based series of a population undergoing active surveillance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:1254-1261.
Solberg EE, Borjesson M, Sharma S, Papadakis M, Wilhelm M, Drezner JA, Harmon KG, Alonso JM, Heidbuchel H, Dugmore D, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop NM, Mellwig K-P, Carre F, Rasmusen H, Niebauer J, Behr ER, Thiene G, Sheppard MN, Basso C, Corrado D. Sudden cardiac arrest in sports _ need for uniform registration: a position paper from the Sport Cardiology Section of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2016;23:657-667.
Maron BJ, Thompson PD, Ackerman MJ, Balady G, Berger S, Cohen D, Dimeff R, Douglas PS, Glover DW, Hutter AMJ, Krauss MD, Maron MS, Mitten MJ, Roberts WO, Puffer JC. Recommendations and considerations related to preparticipation screening for cardiovascular abnormalities in competitive athletes: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 2007;115:1455-1643.
Drezner JA, Peterson DF, Siebert DM, Thomas LC, Lopez-Anderson M, Suchsland MZ, Harmon KG, Kucera KL. Survival after exercise-related sudden cardiac arrest in young athletes: can we do better? Sports Health 2019;11:91-98.
McKinney J, Velghe J, Fee J, Isserow S, Drezner JA. Defining athletes and exercisers. Am J Cardiol 2019;123:532-535.
Giri S, Thompson PD, Kiernan FJ, Clive J, Fram DB, Mitchel JF, Hirst JA, McKay RG, Waters DD. Clinical and angiographic characteristics of exertion-related acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 1999;282:1731-1736.
Thompson PD. Exercise prescription and proscription for patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2005;112:2354-2363.
Marijon E, Uy-Evanado A, Dumas F, Karam N, Reinier K, Teodorescu C, Narayanan K, Gunson K, Jui J, Jouven X, Chugh SS. Warning symptoms are associated with survival from sudden cardiac arrest. Ann Intern Med 2016;164:23-29.
Nehme Z, Bernard S, Andrew E, Cameron P, Bray JE, Smith K. Warning symptoms preceding out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: do patient delays matter? Resuscitation 2018;123:65-70.
Kim JH, Malhotra R, Chiampas G, d'Hemecourt P, Troyanos C, Cianca J, Smith RN, Wang TJ, Roberts WO, Thompson PD, Baggish AL. Cardiac arrest during long-distance running races. N Engl J Med 2012;366:130-140.
Drezner JA, Rao AL, Heistand J, Bloomingdale MK, Harmon KG. Effectiveness of emergency response planning for sudden cardiac arrest in United States high schools with automated external defibrillators. Circulation 2009;120:518-525.
Roberts WO, Stovitz SD. Incidence of sudden cardiac death in Minnesota high school athletes 1993-2012 screened with a standardized pre-participation evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:1298-1301.
Harmon KG, Asif IM, Klossner D, Drezner JA. Incidence of sudden cardiac death in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes. Circulation 2011;123:1594-1600.
Holst AG, Winkel BG, Theilade J, Kristensen IB, Thomsen JL, Ottesen GL, Svendsen JH, Haunso S, Prescott E, Tfelt-Hansen J. Incidence and etiology of sports-related sudden cardiac death in Denmark _ implications for preparticipation screening. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:1365-1371.
Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, Glinge C, Ingemann-Hansen O, Thomsen JL, Ottesen GL, Haunso S, Holst AG, Tfelt-Hansen J. Sports-related sudden cardiac death in a competitive and a noncompetitive athlete population aged 12 to 49 years: data from an unselected nationwide study in Denmark. Heart Rhythm 2014;11:1673-1681.
Risgaard B, Tfelt-Hansen J, Winkel BG. Sports-related sudden cardiac death: how to prove an effect of preparticipation screening? Heart Rhythm 2016;13:1560-1562.
Drezner JA, Harmon KG, Marek JC. Incidence of sudden cardiac arrest in Minnesota high school student athletes: the limitations of catastrophic insurance claims. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:1455-1456.
Maron BJ, Haas TS, Murphy CJ, Ahluwalia A, Rutten-Ramos S. Incidence and causes of sudden death in U. S. college athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:1636-1643.
Maron BJ, Gohman TE, Aeppli D. Prevalence of sudden cardiac death during competitive sports activities in Minnesota high school athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1881-1884.
Van Camp SP, Bloor CM, Mueller FO, Cantu RC, Olson HG. Nontraumatic sports death in high school and college athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995;27:641-647.
Maron BJ, Haas TS, Ahluwalia A, Rutten-Ramos SC. Incidence of cardiovascular sudden deaths in Minnesota high school athletes. Heart Rhythm 2013;10:374-377.
Harmon K, Asif I, Ellenbogen R, Drezner J. The incidence of sudden cardiac arrest and death in United States high school athletes. Br J Sports Med [Internet] 2014;48:605.
Toresdahl BG, Rao AL, Harmon KG, Drezner JA. Incidence of sudden cardiac arrest in high school student athletes on school campus. Heart Rhythm 2014;11:1190-1194.
Maron BJ. Sudden death in young athletes. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1064-1075.
de Noronha SV, Sharma S, Papadakis M, Desai S, Whyte G, Sheppard MN. Aetiology of sudden cardiac death in athletes in the United Kingdom: a pathological study. Heart 2009;95:1409-1414.
Suarez-Mier MP, Aguilera B, Mosquera RM, Sanchez-de-Leon MS. Pathology of sudden death during recreational sports in Spain. Forensic Sci Int 2013;226:188-196.
Ullal AJ, Abdelfattah RS, Ashley EA, Froelicher VF. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as a cause of sudden cardiac death in the young: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2016;129:486-496. e2.
Thiene G, Rizzo S, Schiavon M, Maron MS, Zorzi A, Corrado D, Maron BJ, Basso C. Structurally normal hearts are uncommonly associated with sudden deaths in athletes and young people. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;73:3031-3032.
Corrado D, Basso C, Pavei A, Michieli P, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program. JAMA 2006;296:1593-1601.
Malhotra A, Dhutia H, Finocchiaro G, Gati S, Beasley I, Clift P, Cowie C, Kenny A, Mayet J, Oxborough D, Patel K, Pieles G, Rakhit D, Ramsdale D, Shapiro L, Somauroo J, Stuart G, Varnava A, Walsh J, Yousef Z, Tome M, Papadakis M, Sharma S. Outcomes of cardiac screening in adolescent soccer players. N Engl J Med 2018;379:524-534.
Fuller CM, McNulty CM, Spring DA, Arger KM, Bruce SS, Chryssos BE, Drummer EM, Kelley FP, Newmark MJ, Whipple GH. Prospective screening of 5,615 high school athletes for risk of sudden cardiac death. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:1131-1138.
Wilson MG, Basavarajaiah S, Whyte GP, Cox S, Loosemore M, Sharma S. Efficacy of personal symptom and family history questionnaires when screening for inherited cardiac pathologies: the role of electrocardiography. Br J Sports Med 2008;42:207-211.
Bessem B, Groot FP, Nieuwland W. The Lausanne recommendations: a Dutch experience. Br J Sports Med 2009;43:708-715.
Hevia AC, Fernandez MM, Palacio JMA, Martin EH, Castro MG, Reguero JJR. ECG as a part of the preparticipation screening programme: an old and still present international dilemma. Br J Sports Med 2011;45:776-779.
Baggish AL, Hutter AMJ, Wang F, Yared K, Weiner RB, Kupperman E, Picard MH, Wood MJ. Cardiovascular screening in college athletes with and without electrocardiography: a cross-sectional study. Ann Intern Med 2010;152:269-275.
Fudge J, Harmon KG, Owens DS, Prutkin JM, Salerno JC, Asif IM, Haruta A, Pelto H, Rao AL, Toresdahl BG, Drezner JA. Cardiovascular screening in adolescents and young adults: a prospective study comparing the Pre-participation Physical Evaluation Monograph 4th Edition and ECG. Br J Sports Med 2014;48:1172-1178.
Drezner JA, Prutkin JM, Harmon KG, O'Kane JW, Pelto HF, Rao AL, Hassebrock JD, Petek BJ, Teteak C, Timonen M, Zigman M, Owens DS. Cardiovascular screening in college athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65:2353-2355.
Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Tofler GH, Sherwood JB, Goldberg RJ, Muller JE. Triggering of acute myocardial infarction by heavy physical exertion. Protection against triggering by regular exertion. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1677-1683.
Siscovick DS, Weiss NS, Fletcher RH, Lasky T. The incidence of primary cardiac arrest during vigorous exercise. N Engl J Med 1984;311:874-877.
Waller BF, Roberts WC. Sudden death while running in conditioned runners aged 40 years or over. Am J Cardiol 1980;45:1292-1300.
Noakes TD, Opie LH, Rose AG, Kleynhans PH, Schepers NJ, Dowdeswell R. Autopsy-proved coronary atherosclerosis in marathon runners. N Engl J Med 1979;301:86-89.
Marijon E, Tafflet M, Celermajer DS, Dumas F, Perier M-C, Mustafic H, Toussaint J-F, Desnos M, Rieu M, Benameur N, Le Heuzey J-Y, Empana J-P, Jouven X. Sports-related sudden death in the general population. Circulation 2011;124:672-681.
Maron BJ, Zipes DP, Kovacs RJ. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: preamble, principles, and general considerations: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66:2343-2349.
Zeltser I, Cannon B, Silvana L, Fenrich A, George J, Schleifer J, Garcia M, Barnes A, Rivenes S, Patt H, Rodgers G, Scott W. Lessons learned from preparticipation cardiovascular screening in a state funded program. Am J Cardiol 2012;110:902-908.
Dunn TP, Pickham D, Aggarwal S, Saini D, Kumar N, Wheeler MT, Perez M, Ashley E, Froelicher VF. Limitations of current AHA guidelines and proposal of new guidelines for the preparticipation examination of athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2015;25:472-477.
Drezner JA, Owens DS, Prutkin JM, Salerno JC, Harmon KG, Prosise S, Clark A, Asif IM. Electrocardiographic screening in national collegiate athletic association athletes. Am J Cardiol 2016;118:754-759.
Williams EA, Pelto HF, Toresdahl BG, Prutkin JM, Owens DS, Salerno JC, Harmon KG, Drezner JA. Performance of the American Heart Association (AHA) 14-point evaluation versus electrocardiography for the cardiovascular screening of high school athletes: a prospective study. J Am Heart Assoc 2019;8:e012235.
Price DE, McWilliams A, Asif IM, Martin A, Elliott SD, Dulin M, Drezner JA. Electrocardiography-inclusive screening strategies for detection of cardiovascular abnormalities in high school athletes. Heart Rhythm 2014;11:442-449.
Rizzo M, Spataro A, Cecchetelli C, Quaranta F, Livrieri S, Sperandii F, Cifra B, Borrione P, Pigozzi F. Structural cardiac disease diagnosed by echocardiography in asymptomatic young male soccer players: implications for pre-participation screening. Br J Sports Med 2012;46:371-373.
Fletcher GF, Ades PA, Kligfield P, Arena R, Balady GJ, Bittner VA, Coke LA, Fleg JL, Forman DE, Gerber TC, Gulati M, Madan K, Rhodes J, Thompson PD, Williams MA. Exercise standards for testing and training: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2013;128:873-934.
Gianrossi R, Detrano R, Mulvihill D, Lehmann K, Dubach P, Colombo A, McArthur D, Froelicher V. Exercise-induced ST depression in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. A meta-analysis. Circulation 1989;80:87-98.
Corrado D, Schmied C, Basso C, Borjesson M, Schiavon M, Pelliccia A, Vanhees L, Thiene G. Risk of sports: do we need a pre-participation screening for competitive and leisure athletes? Eur Heart J 2011;32:934-944.
Mont L, Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Brugada Terradellas J, Carre F, Guasch E, Heidbuchel H, La Gerche A, Lampert R, McKenna W, Papadakis M, Priori SG, Scanavacca M, Thompson P, Sticherling C, Viskin S, Wilson M, Corrado D, Lip GY, Gorenek B, Blomstrom Lundqvist C, Merkely B, Hindricks G, Hernandez-Madrid A, Lane D, Boriani G, Narasimhan C, Marquez MF, Haines D, Mackall J, Manuel Marques-Vidal P, Corra U, Halle M, Tiberi M, Niebauer J, Piepoli M. Pre-participation cardiovascular evaluation for athletic participants to prevent sudden death: position paper from the EHRA and the EACPR, branches of the ESC. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017;24:41-69.
Guazzi M, Adams V, Conraads V, Halle M, Mezzani A, Vanhees L, Arena R, Fletcher GF, Forman DE, Kitzman DW, Lavie CJ, Myers J. EACPR/AHA scientific statement. Clinical recommendations for cardiopulmonary exercise testing data assessment in specific patient populations. Circulation 2012;126:2261-2274.
Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep 1985;100:126-131.
Vanhees L, De Sutter J, GeladaS N, Doyle F, Prescott E, Cornelissen V, Kouidi E, Dugmore D, Vanuzzo D, Borjesson M, Doherty P. Importance of characteristics and modalities of physical activity and exercise in defining the benefits to cardiovascular health within the general population: recommendations from the EACPR. Part I. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012;19:670-686.
Vanhees L, Geladas N, Hansen D, Kouidi E, Niebauer J, Reiner Z, Cornelissen V, Adamopoulos S, Prescott E, Borjesson M, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Bjornstad HH, Cohen-Solal A, Conraads V, Corrado D, De Sutter J, Doherty P, Doyle F, Dugmore D, Ellingsen O, Fagard R, Giada F, Gielen S, Hager A, Halle M, Heidbuchel H, Jegier A, Mazic S, McGee H, Mellwig KP, Mendes M, Mezzani A, Pattyn N, Pelliccia A, Piepoli M, Rauch B, Schmidt-Trucksass A, Takken T, van Buuren F, Vanuzzo D. Importance of characteristics and modalities of physical activity and exercise in the management of cardiovascular health in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors: recommendations from the EACPR. Part II. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012;19:1005-1033.
Tjonna AE, Stolen TO, Bye A, Volden M, Slordahl SA, Odegard R, Skogvoll E, Wisloff U. Aerobic interval training reduces cardiovascular risk factors more than a multitreatment approach in overweight adolescents. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009;116:317-326.
Schjerve IE, Tyldum GA, Tjonna AE, Stolen T, Loennechen JP, Hansen HEM, Haram PM, Heinrich G, Bye A, Najjar SM, Smith GL, Slordahl SA, Kemi OJ, Wisloff U. Both aerobic endurance and strength training programmes improve cardiovascular health in obese adults. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008;115:283-293.
Shephard RJ, Balady, GJ. Exercise as cardiovascular therapy. Circulation 1999;99:963-972.
Lavie CJ, Thomas RJ, Squires RW, Allison TG, Milani RV. Exercise training and cardiac rehabilitation in primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2009;84:373-383.
Franckowiak SC, Dobrosielski DA, Reilley SM, Walston JD, Andersen RE. Maximal heart rate prediction in adults that are overweight or obese. J Strength Cond Res 2011;25:1407-1412.
Vanhees L, Stevens A. Exercise intensity: a matter of measuring or of talking? J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2006;26:78-79.
Myers J, Hadley D, Oswald U, Bruner K, Kottman W, Hsu L, Dubach P. Effects of exercise training on heart rate recovery in patients with chronic heart failure. Am Heart J 2007;153:1056-1063.
Tabet J-Y, Meurin P, Ben Driss A, Thabut G, Weber H, Renaud N, Odjinkem N, Solal AC. Determination of exercise training heart rate in patients on beta-blockers after myocardial infarction. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006;13:538-543.
O'Donovan G, Blazevich AJ, Boreham C, Cooper AR, Crank H, Ekelund U, Fox KR, Gately P, Giles-Corti B, Gill JMR, Hamer M, McDermott I, Murphy M, Mutrie N, Reilly JJ, Saxton JM, Stamatakis E. The ABC of physical activity for health: a consensus statement from the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. J Sports Sci 2010;28:573-591.
Warburton DER, Nicol CW, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ 2006;174:801-809.
Thomaes T, Thomis M, Onkelinx S, Goetschalckx K, Fagard R, Lambrechts D, Vanhees L. Genetic predisposition scores associate with muscular strength, size, and trainability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013;45:1451-1459.
Gibson OR, Taylor L, Watt PW, Maxwell NS. Cross-adaptation: heat and cold adaptation to improve physiological and cellular responses to hypoxia. Sports Med 2017;47:1751-1768.
Tjonna AE, Lee SJ, Rognmo O, Stolen TO, Bye A, Haram PM, Loennechen JP, Al-Share QY, Skogvoll E, Slordahl SA, Kemi OJ, Najjar SM, Wisloff U. Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome: a pilot study. Circulation 2008;118:346-354.
Arena R, Myers J, Forman DE, Lavie CJ, Guazzi M. Should high-intensity-aerobic interval training become the clinical standard in heart failure Heart Fail Rev 2013;18:95-105.
MacDonald MJ, Currie KD. Interval exercise is a path to good health, but how much, how often and for whom? Clin Sci (Lond) 2009;116:315-316.
Helgerud J, Hoydal K, Wang E, Karlsen T, Berg P, Bjerkaas M, Simonsen T, Helgesen C, Hjorth N, Bach R, Hoff J. Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve VO2max more than moderate training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:665-671.
Ratamess NA, Falvo MJ, Mangine GT, Hoffman JR, Faigenbaum AD, Kang J. The effect of rest interval length on metabolic responses to the bench press exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007;100:1-17.
Gordon NF, Kohl HW 3rd, Pollock ML, Vaandrager H, Gibbons LW, Blair SN. Cardiovascular safety of maximal strength testing in healthy adults. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:851-853.
Reynolds JM, Gordon TJ, Robergs RA. Prediction of one repetition maximum strength from multiple repetition maximum testing and anthropometry. J Strength Cond Res 2006;20:584-592.
Rhea MR, Alvar BA, Burkett LN. Single versus multiple sets for strength: a meta-analysis to address the controversy. Res Q Exerc Sport 2002;73:485-488.
Peterson MD, Rhea MR, Alvar BA. Applications of the dose-response for muscular strength development: a review of meta-analytic efficacy and reliability for designing training prescription. J Strength Cond Res 2005;19:950-958.
Wahid A, Manek N, Nichols M, Kelly P, Foster C, Roberts N, Scarborough P. Quantifying the association between physical activity and cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:e002495.
Lear SA, Hu W, Rangarajan S, Gasevic D, Leong D, Iqbal R, Casanova A, Swaminathan S, Anjana RM, Kumar R, Rosengren A, Wei L, Yang W, Chuangshi W, Huaxing L, Nair S, Diaz R, Swidon H, Gupta R, Mohammadifard N, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Oguz A, Zatonska K, Seron P, Avezum A, Poirier P, Teo K, Yusuf S. The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130 000 people from 17 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: the PURE study. Lancet 2017;390:2643-2654.
Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, Chapman MJ, De Backer GG, Delgado V, Ference BA, Graham IM, Halliday A, Landmesser U, Mihaylova B, Pedersen TR, Riccardi G, Richter DJ, Sabatine MS, Taskinen M-R, Tokgozoglu L, Wiklund O. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk: The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 2020;41:111-188. doi: 10. 1093/eurheartj/ehz455.
Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, Prescott E, Storey RF, Deaton C, Cuisset T, Agewall S, Dickstein K, Edvardsen T, Escaned J, Gersh BJ, Svitil P, Gilard M, Hasdai D, Hatala R, Mahfoud F, Masip J, Muneretto C, Valgimigli M, Achenbach S, Bax JJ. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes: The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2020;41:407-477.
Braber TL, Halle NHJPM, Velthuis SSBK. Cardiac imaging to detect coronary artery disease in athletes aged 35 years and older. A scoping review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018;1036-1047.
DeFina LF, Radford NB, Barlow CE, Willis BL, Leonard D, Haskell WL, Farrell SW, Pavlovic A, Abel K, Berry JD, Khera A, Levine BD. Association of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality with high levels of physical activity and concurrent coronary artery calcification. JAMA Cardiol 2019;4:174.
Arem H, Moore SC, Patel A, Hartge P, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Visvanathan K, Campbell PT, Freedman M, Weiderpass E, Adami HO, Linet MS, Lee I-M, Matthews CE. Leisure time physical activity and mortality: a detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:959-967.
Lee D-C, Pate RR, Lavie CJ, Sui X, Church TS, Blair SN. Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:472-481.
Lollgen H, Bockenhoff A, Knapp G. Physical activity and all-cause mortality: an updated meta-analysis with different intensity categories. Int J Sports Med 2009;30:213-224.
Sattelmair J, Pertman J, Ding EL, Kohl HW 3rd, Haskell W, Lee I-M. Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: a metaanalysis. Circulation 2011;124:789-795.
Moore SC, Patel AV, Matthews CE, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Park Y, Katki HA, Linet MS, Weiderpass E, Visvanathan K, Helzlsouer KJ, Thun M, Gapstur SM, Hartge P, Lee I-M. Leisure time physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity and mortality: a large pooled cohort analysis. PLoS Med 2012;9:e1001335.
Samitz G, Egger M, Zwahlen M. Domains of physical activity and all-cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol 2011;40:1382-1400.
Elley CR, Kerse N, Arroll B, Robinson E. Effectiveness of counselling patients on physical activity in general practice: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2003;326:793.
Ryden L, Grant PJ, Anker SD, Berne C, Cosentino F, Danchin N, Deaton C, Escaned J, Hammes H-P, Huikuri H, Marre M, Marx N, Mellbin L, Ostergren J, Patrono C, Seferovic P, Uva MS, Taskinen M-R, Tendera M, Tuomilehto J, Valensi P, Zamorano JL, Zamorano JL, Achenbach S, Baumgartner H, Bax JJ, Bueno H, Dean V, Deaton C, Erol C, Fagard R, Ferrari R, Hasdai D, Hoes AW, Kirchhof P, Knuuti J, Kolh P, Lancellotti P, Linhart A, Nihoyannopoulos P, Piepoli MF, Ponikowski P, Sirnes PA, Tamargo JL, Tendera M, Torbicki A, Wijns W, Windecker S, De Backer G, Sirnes PA, Ezquerra EA, Avogaro A, Badimon L, Baranova E, Baumgartner H, Betteridge J, Ceriello A, Fagard R, Funck-Brentano C, Gulba DC, Hasdai D, Hoes AW, Kjekshus JK, Knuuti J, Kolh P, Lev E, Mueller C, Neyses L, Nilsson PM, Perk J, Ponikowski P, Reiner Z, Sattar N, Schachinger V, Scheen A, Schirmer H, Stromberg A, Sudzhaeva S, Tamargo JL, Viigimaa M, Vlachopoulos C, Xuereb RG. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, prediabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the Task Force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboratio. Eur Heart J 2013;34:3035-3087.
Yumuk V, Tsigos C, Fried M, Schindler K, Busetto L, Micic D, Toplak H. European Guidelines for obesity management in adults. Obes Facts 2015;8:402-424.
You T, Arsenis NC, Disanzo BL, Lamonte MJ. Effects of exercise training on chronic inflammation in obesity: current evidence and potential mechanisms. Sports Med 2013;43:243-256.
Keating SE, Johnson NA, Mielke GI, Coombes JS. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on body adiposity. Obes Rev 2017;18:943-964.
Swift DL, Johannsen NM, Lavie CJ, Earnest CP, Church TS. The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and maintenance. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2014;56:441-447.
Almeida SA, Williams KM, Shaffer RA, Brodine SK. Epidemiological patterns of musculoskeletal injuries and physical training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:1176-1182.
Gilchrist J, Jones BH, Sleet DA, Kimsey CD. Exercise-related injuries among women: strategies for prevention from civilian and military studies. MMWR Recomm Rep 2000;49:15-33.
Hootman JM, Macera CA, Ainsworth BE, Martin M, Addy CL, Blair SN. Association among physical activity level, cardiorespiratory fitness, and risk of musculoskeletal injury. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:251-258.
Lisman PJ, de la Motte SJ, Gribbin TC, Jaffin DP, Murphy K, Deuster PA. A systematic review of the association between physical fitness and musculoskeletal injury risk: Part 1-Cardiorespiratory endurance. J Strength Cond Res 2017;31:1744-1757.
Vincent HK, George SZ, Seay AN, Vincent KR, Hurley RW. Resistance exercise, disability, and pain catastrophizing in obese adults with back pain. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014;46:1693-1701.
Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zanchetti A, Bohm M, Christiaens T, Cifkova R, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Galderisi M, Grobbee DE, Jaarsma T, Kirchhof P, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Manolis AJ, Nilsson PM, Ruilope LM, Schmieder RE, Sirnes PA, Sleight P, Viigimaa M, Waeber B, Zannad F, Redon J, Dominiczak A, Narkiewicz K, Nilsson PM, Burnier M, Viigimaa M, Ambrosioni E, Caufield M, Coca A, Olsen MH, Schmieder RE, Tsioufis C, van de Borne P, Zamorano JL, Achenbach S, Baumgartner H, Bax JJ, Bueno H, Dean V, Deaton C, Erol C, Fagard R, Ferrari R, Hasdai D, Hoes AW, Kirchhof P, Knuuti J, Kolh P, Lancellotti P, Linhart A, Nihoyannopoulos P, Piepoli MF, Ponikowski P, Sirnes PA, Tamargo JL, Tendera M, Torbicki A, Wijns W, Windecker S, Clement DL, Coca A, Gillebert TC, Tendera M, Rosei EA, Ambrosioni E, Anker SD, Bauersachs J, Hitij JB, Caulfield M, De Buyzere M, De Geest S, Derumeaux GA, Erdine S, Farsang C, Funck-Brentano C, Gerc V, Germano G, Gielen S, Haller H, Hoes AW, Jordan J, Kahan T, Komajda M, Lovic D, Mahrholdt H, Olsen MH, Ostergren J, Parati G, Perk J, Polonia J, Popescu BA, Reiner Z, Ryden L et alet al 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2013;34:2159-2219.
Niebauer J, Borjesson M, Carre F, Caselli S, Palatini P, Quattrini F, Serratosa L, Adami PE, Biffi A, Pressler A, Schmied C, van Buuren F, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Solberg E, Halle M, La Gerche A, Papadakis M, Sharma S, Pelliccia A. Recommendations for participation in competitive sports of athletes with arterial hypertension: a position statement from the sports cardiology section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J 2018;39:3664-3671.
Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, Clement DL, Coca A, de Simone G, Dominiczak A, Kahan T, Mahfoud F, Redon J, Ruilope L, Zanchetti A, Kerins M, Kjeldsen SE, Kreutz R, Laurent S, Lip GYH, McManus R, Narkiewicz K, Ruschitzka F, Schmieder RE, Shlyakhto E, Tsioufis C, Aboyans V, Desormais I. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 2018;39:3021-3104.
Wen H, Wang L. Reducing effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure of essential hypertensive patients: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96:e6150.
MacDonald HV, Johnson BT, Huedo-Medina TB, Livingston J, Forsyth KC, Kraemer WJ, Farinatti PTV, Pescatello LS. Dynamic resistance training as standalone antihypertensive lifestyle therapy: a meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5.
The World Anti-Doping Code International Standard, 2019. https://www. wadaama. org/sites/default/files/wada_2019_english_prohibited_list. pdf
Ruschitzka F, Borer JS, Krum H, Flammer AJ, Yeomans ND, Libby P, Luscher TF, Solomon DH, Husni ME, Graham DY, Davey DA, Wisniewski LM, Menon V, Fayyad R, Beckerman B, Iorga D, Lincoff AM, Nissen SE. Differential blood pressure effects of ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib in patients with arthritis: the PRECISION-ABPM (Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Celecoxib Integrated Safety Versus Ibuprofen or Naproxen Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurement). Eur Heart J 2017;38:3282-3292.
de Sousa NMF, Magosso RF, Dipp T, Plentz RDM, Marson RA, Montagnolli AN, Martins RAS, Perez SEA, Baldissera V. Continuous blood pressure response at different intensities in leg press exercise. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014;21:1324-1331.
de Souza Nery S, Gomides RS, da Silva GV, de Moraes Forjaz CL, Mion DJ, Tinucci T. Intra-arterial blood pressure response in hypertensive subjects during low-and high-intensity resistance exercise. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2010;65:271-277.
Lamotte M, Niset G, van de Borne P. The effect of different intensity modalities of resistance training on beat-to-beat blood pressure in cardiac patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2005;12:12-17.
Sardeli AV, do Carmo Santos L, Ferreira MLV, Gaspari AF, Rodrigues B, Cavaglieri CR, Chacon-Mikahil MPT. Cardiovascular responses to different resistance exercise protocols in elderly. Int J Sports Med 2017;38:928-936.
Gjovaag T, Hjelmeland AK, Oygard JB, Vikne H, Mirtaheri P. Acute hemodynamic and cardiovascular responses following resistance exercise to voluntary exhaustion. Effects of different loadings and exercise durations. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2016;56:616-623.
Hansen D, Abreu A, Doherty P, Voller H. Dynamic strength training intensity in cardiovascular rehabilitation: is it time to reconsider clinical practice A systematic review. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019;26:1483-1492. doi: 10. 1177/ 2047487319847003. Epub 2 May 2019.
Caselli S, Serdoz A, Mango F, Lemme E, Vaquer Segui A, Milan A, Attenhofer Jost C, Schmied C, Spataro A, Pelliccia A. High blood pressure response to exercise predicts future development of hypertension in young athletes. Eur Heart J 2019;40:62-68.
Kjeldsen SE, Mundal R, Sandvik L, Erikssen G, Thaulow E, Erikssen J. Supine and exercise systolic blood pressure predict cardiovascular death in middle-aged men. J Hypertens 2001;19:1343-1348.
Fletcher B, Berra K, Ades P, Braun LT, Burke LE, Durstine JL, Fair JM, Fletcher GF, Goff D, Hayman LL, Hiatt WR, Miller NH, Krauss R, Kris-Etherton P, Stone N, Wilterdink J, Winston M. Managing abnormal blood lipids: a collaborative approach. Circulation 2005;112:3184-3209.
Kraus WE, Houmard JA, Duscha BD, Knetzger KJ, Wharton MB, McCartney JS, Bales CW, Henes S, Samsa GP, Otvos JD, Kulkarni KR, Slentz CA. Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1483-1492.
Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, Ballantyne CM, Birtcher KK, Daly DDJ, DePalma SM, Minissian MB, Orringer CE, Smith SCJ. 2017 Focused update of the 2016 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the role of non-statin therapies for ldl-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Expert Consensus Decision Pathways. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70:1785-1822.
Kokkinos PF, Faselis C, Myers J, Panagiotakos D, Doumas M. Interactive effects of fitness and statin treatment on mortality risk in veterans with dyslipidaemia: a cohort study. Lancet 2013;381:394-399.
Stroes ES, Thompson PD, Corsini A, Vladutiu GD, Raal FJ, Ray KK, Roden M, Stein E, Tokgozoglu L, Nordestgaard BG, Bruckert E, De Backer G, Krauss RM, Laufs U, Santos RD, Hegele RA, Hovingh GK, Leiter LA, Mach F, Marz W, Newman CB, Wiklund O, Jacobson TA, Catapano AL, Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN. Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy-European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management. Eur Heart J 2015;36:1012-1022.
Lee I-M, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet 2012;380:219-229.
Cloostermans L, Wendel-Vos W, Doornbos G, Howard B, Craig CL, Kivimaki M, Tabak AG, Jefferis BJ, Ronkainen K, Brown WJ, Picavet SHSJ, Ben-Shlomo Y, Laukkanen JA, Kauhanen J, Bemelmans WJE. Independent and combined effects of physical activity and body mass index on the development of Type 2 diabetes _ a meta-analysis of 9 prospective cohort studies. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2015;12:147.
Ekelund U, Palla L, Brage S, Franks PW, Peters T, Balkau B, Diaz MJT, Huerta JM, Agnoli C, Arriola L, Ardanaz E, Boeing H, Clavel-Chapelon F, Crowe F, Fagherazzi G, Groop L, Fons Johnsen N, Kaaks R, Khaw KT, Key TJ, de Lauzon-Guillain B, May A, Monninkhof E, Navarro C, Nilsson P, Nautrup Ostergaard J, Norat T, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, Redondo ML, Ricceri F, Rolandsson O, Romaguera D, Romieu I, Sanchez Perez MJ, Slimani N, Spijkerman A, Teucher B, Tjonneland A, Travier N, Tumino R, Vos W, Vigl M, Sharp S, Langeberg C, Forouhi N, Riboli E, Feskens E, Wareham NJ. Physical activity reduces the risk of incident type 2 diabetes in general and in abdominally lean and obese men and women: the EPIC-InterAct Study. Diabetologia 2012;55:1944-1952.
Hjerkind KV, Stenehjem JS, Nilsen TIL. Adiposity, physical activity and risk of diabetes mellitus: prospective data from the population-based HUNT study, Norway. BMJ Open 2017;7:e013142.
Rana JS, Li TY, Manson JE, Hu FB. Adiposity compared with physical inactivity and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2007;30:53-58.
Thomas DE, Elliott EJ, Naughton GA. Exercise for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;CD002968.
Zhang X, Devlin HM, Smith B, Imperatore G, Thomas W, Lobelo F, Ali MK, Norris K, Gruss S, Bardenheier B, Cho P, Garcia de Quevedo I, Mudaliar U, Jones CD, Durthaler JM, Saaddine J, Geiss LS, Gregg EW. Effect of lifestyle interventions on cardiovascular risk factors among adults without impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017;12:e0176436.
Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V, Federici M, Filippatos G, Grobbee DE, Hansen TB, Huikuri HV, Johansson I, Juni P, Lettino M, Marx N, Mellbin LG, Ostgren CJ, Rocca B, Roffi M, Sattar N, Seferovic PM, Sousa-Uva M, Valensi P, Wheeler DC. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, prediabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J 2020;41:255-323.
Sluik D, Buijsse B, Muckelbauer R, Kaaks R, Teucher B, Johnsen NF, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Ostergaard JN, Amiano P, Ardanaz E, Bendinelli B, Pala V, Tumino R, Ricceri F, Mattiello A, Spijkerman AMW, Monninkhof EM, May AM, Franks PW, Nilsson PM, Wennberg P, Rolandsson O, Fagherazzi G, Boutron-Ruault M-C, Clavel-Chapelon F, Castano JMH, Gallo V, Boeing H, Nothlings U. Physical activity and mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus: a prospective study and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2012;172:1285-1295.
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393-403.
Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Christophi CA, Hoffman HJ, Brenneman AT, Brown-Friday JO, Goldberg R, Venditti E, Nathan DM. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet 2009;374:1677-1686.
Lindstrom J, Ilanne-Parikka P, Peltonen M, Aunola S, Eriksson JG, Hemio K, Hamalainen H, Harkonen P, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Mannelin M, Paturi M, Sundvall J, Valle TT, Uusitupa M, Tuomilehto J. Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Lancet 2006;368:1673-1679.
Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Rastas M, Salminen V, Uusitupa M. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001;344: 1343-1350.
Hidalgo-Santamaria M, Fernandez-Montero A, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Moreno-Galarraga L, Sanchez-Villegas A, Barrio-Lopez MT, Bes-Rastrollo M. Exercise intensity and incidence of metabolic syndrome: the SUN Project. Am J Prev Med 2017;52:e95_e101.
Dube JJ, Allison KF, Rousson V, Goodpaster BH, Amati F. Exercise dose and insulin sensitivity: relevance for diabetes prevention. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012;44:793-799.
da Silva DE, Grande AJ, Roever L, Tse G, Liu T, Biondi-Zoccai G, de Farias JM. High-intensity interval training in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2019;21:8.
Magalhaes JP, Judice PB, Ribeiro R, Andrade R, Raposo J, Dores H, Bicho M, Sardinha LB. Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training combined with resistance training versus continuous moderate-intensity training combined with resistance training in patients with type 2 diabetes: a one-year randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019;21:550-559.
Mygind ND, Michelsen MM, Pena A, Frestad D, Dose N, Aziz A, Faber R, Host N, Gustafsson I, Hansen PR, Hansen HS, Merz Bairey, Kastrup, CN, Prescott, J E. Coronary microvascular function and cardiovascular risk factors in women with angina pectoris and no obstructive coronary artery disease: the iPOWER Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:e003064.
Murthy VL, Naya M, Foster CR, Gaber M, Hainer J, Klein J, Dorbala S, Blankstein R, Di Carli MF. Association between coronary vascular dysfunction and cardiac mortality in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2012;126:1858-1868.
Olsen RH, Pedersen LR, Jurs A, Snoer M, Haugaard SB, Prescott E. A randomised trial comparing the effect of exercise training and weight loss on microvascular function in coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 2015;185:229-235.
Yoshinaga K, Beanlands RSB, Dekemp RA, Lortie M, Morin J, Aung M, McKelvie R, Davies RF. Effect of exercise training on myocardial blood flow in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 2006;151:1324. e11-8.
Hambrecht R, Wolf A, Gielen S, Linke A, Hofer J, Erbs S, Schoene N, Schuler G. Effect of exercise on coronary endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2000;342:454-460.
Wing RR, Bolin P, Brancati FL, Bray GA, Clark JM, Coday M, Crow RS, Curtis JM, Egan CM, Espeland MA, Evans M, Foreyt JP, Ghazarian S, Gregg EW, Harrison B, Hazuda HP, Hill JO, Horton ES, Hubbard VS, Jakicic JM, Jeffery RW, Johnson KC, Kahn SE, Kitabchi AE, Knowler WC, Lewis CE, Maschak-Carey BJ, Montez MG, Murillo A, Nathan DM, Patricio J, Peters A, Pi-Sunyer X, Pownall H, Reboussin D, Regensteiner JG, Rickman AD, Ryan DH, Safford M, Wadden TA, Wagenknecht LE, West DS, Williamson DF, Yanovski SZ. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2013;369:145-154.
Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, Riddell MC, Dunstan DW, Dempsey PC, Horton ES, Castorino K, Tate DF. Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2016;39:2065-2079.
Pan B, Ge L, Xun Y-Q, Chen Y-J, Gao C-Y, Han X, Zuo L-Q, Shan H-Q, Yang K-H, Ding G-W, Tian J-H. Exercise training modalities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018;15:72.
Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Boule NG, Wells GA, Prud'homme D, Fortier M, Reid RD, Tulloch H, Coyle D, Phillips P, Jennings A, Jaffey J. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:357-369.
Church TS, Blair SN, Cocreham S, Johannsen N, Johnson W, Kramer K, Mikus CR, Myers V, Nauta M, Rodarte RQ, Sparks L, Thompson A, Earnest CP. Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010;304:2253-2262.
Kemps H, Krankel N, Dorr M, Moholdt T, Wilhelm M, Paneni F, Serratosa L, Ekker Solberg E, Hansen D, Halle M, Guazzi M. Exercise training for patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: what to pursue and how to do it. A position paper of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019;26:709-727.
Umpierre D, Ribeiro PAB, Kramer CK, Leitao CB, Zucatti ATN, Azevedo MJ, Gross JL, Ribeiro JP, Schaan BD. Physical activity advice only or structured exercise training and association with HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2011;305:1790-1799.
Feldman DI, Al-Mallah MH, Keteyian SJ, Brawner CA, Feldman T, Blumenthal RS, Blaha MJ. No evidence of an upper threshold for mortality benefit at high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65:629-630.
Hamer M, Lavoie KL, Bacon SL. Taking up physical activity in later life and healthy ageing: the English longitudinal study of ageing. Br J Sports Med 2014;48:239-243.
Manini TM, Everhart JE, Patel KV, Schoeller DA, Colbert LH, Visser M, Tylavsky F, Bauer DC, Goodpaster BH, Harris TB. Daily activity energy expenditure and mortality among older adults. JAMA 2006;296:171-179.
Stessman J, Hammerman-Rozenberg R, Cohen A, Ein-Mor E, Jacobs JM. Physical activity, function, and longevity among the very old. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:1476-1483.
Sabia S, Singh-Manoux A, Hagger-Johnson G, Cambois E, Brunner EJ, Kivimaki M. Influence of individual and combined healthy behaviours on successful aging. CMAJ 2012;184:1985-1992.
Sun Q, Townsend MK, Okereke OI, Franco OH, Hu FB, Grodstein F. Physical activity at midlife in relation to successful survival in women at age 70 years or older. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:194-201.
Dugan SA, Gabriel KP, Lange-Maia BS, Karvonen-Gutierrez C. Physical activity and physical function: moving and aging. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2018;45:723-736.
Berk DR, Hubert HB, Fries JF. Associations of changes in exercise level with subsequent disability among seniors: a 16-year longitudinal study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006;61:97-102.
Thiel C, Vogt L, Tesky VA, Meroth L, Sahlender, Jakob M, Pantel, S Banzer, J W. Cognitive intervention response is related to habitual physical activity in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2012;24:47-55.
Lautenschlager NT, Cox KL, Flicker L, Foster JK, van Bockxmeer FM, Xiao J, Greenop KR, Almeida OP. Effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults at risk for Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial. JAMA 2008;300:1027-1037.
Sink KM, Espeland MA, Castro CM, Church T, Cohen R, Dodson JA, Guralnik J, Hendrie HC, Jennings J, Katula J, Lopez OL, McDermott MM, Pahor M, Reid KF, Rushing J, Verghese J, Rapp S, Williamson JD. Effect of a 24-month physical activity intervention vs health education on cognitive outcomes in sedentary older adults: the LIFE randomized trial. JAMA 2015;314:781-790.
Loprinzi PD, Frith E, Edwards MK, Sng E, Ashpole N. The effects of exercise on memory function among young to middle-aged adults: systematic review and recommendations for future research. Am J Health Promot 2018;32:691-704.
Roberts CK, Hevener AL, Barnard RJ. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: underlying causes and modification by exercise training. Compr Physiol 2013;3:1-58.
Vigorito C, Giallauria F. Effects of exercise on cardiovascular performance in the elderly. Front Physiol 2014;5:51.
Power GA, Dalton BH, Behm DG, Vandervoort AA, Doherty TJ, Rice CL. Motor unit number estimates in masters runners: use it or lose it? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010;42:1644-1650.
Power GA, Dalton BH, Behm DG, Doherty TJ, Vandervoort AA, Rice CL. Motor unit survival in lifelong runners is muscle dependent. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012;44:1235-1242.
Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR, Trueblood PR, Loy S, Harker JO, Pietruszka FM, Robbins AS. Effects of a group exercise program on strength, mobility, and falls among fall-prone elderly men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000;55:M317-21.
Franco MR, Pereira LS, Ferreira PH. Exercise interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Br J Sports Med 2014;48:867-868.
Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Fiatarone Singh MA, Minson CT, Nigg CR, Salem GJ, Skinner JS. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41:1510-1530.
Crocker T, Forster A, Young J, Brown L, Ozer S, Smith J, Green J, Hardy J, Burns E, Glidewell E, Greenwood DC. Physical rehabilitation for older people in long-term care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;CD004294.
Bray NW, Smart RR, Jakobi JM, Jones GR. Exercise prescription to reverse frailty. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016;41:1112-1116.
Forbes D, Thiessen EJ, Blake CM, Forbes SC, Forbes S. Exercise programs for people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;CD006489.
Liu C-J, Latham NK. Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;CD002759.
Fragala MS, Cadore EL, Dorgo S, Izquierdo M, Kraemer WJ, Peterson MD, Ryan ED. Resistance training for older adults: position statement from the National Strength and Conditioning Association. J Strength Cond Res 2019;33:2019-2052.
Pahor M, Guralnik JM, Ambrosius WT, Blair S, Bonds DE, Church TS, Espeland MA, Fielding RA, Gill TM, Groessl EJ, King AC, Kritchevsky SB, Manini TM, McDermott MM, Miller ME, Newman AB, Rejeski WJ, Sink KM, Williamson JD. Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults: the LIFE study randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014;311:2387-2396.
Gill TM, Pahor M, Guralnik JM, McDermott MM, King AC, Buford TW, Strotmeyer ES, Nelson ME, Sink KM, Demons JL, Kashaf SS, Walkup MP, Miller ME. Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of serious fall injuries in adults aged 70-89: randomized clinical trial (LIFE study). BMJ 2016;352:i245.
Church TS, Earnest CP, Skinner JS, Blair SN. Effects of different doses of physical activity on cardiorespiratory fitness among sedentary, overweight or obese postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;297:2081-2091.
Powell KE, Paluch AE, Blair SN. Physical activity for health: What kind? How much? How intense On top of what? Annu Rev Public Health 2011;32:349-365.
Borjesson M, Urhausen A, Kouidi E, Dugmore D, Sharma S, Halle M, Heidbüchel H, Bjö rnstad HH, Gielen S, Mezzani A, Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Vanhees L. Cardiovascular evaluation of middle-aged/senior individuals engaged in leisure-time sport activities: position stand from the Sections of Exercise Physiology and Sports Cardiology of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2011;18:446-458.
Orkaby AR, Forman DE. Physical activity and CVD in older adults: an expert's perspective. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2018;16:1-10.
Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, Sherrington C, Gates S, Clemson LM, Lamb SE. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;CD007146.
Hamed A, Bohm S, Mersmann F, Arampatzis A. Follow-up efficacy of physical exercise interventions on fall incidence and fall risk in healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sport Med-Open 2018;4:56.
Ganse B, Degens H, Drey M, Korhonen MT, McPhee J, Muller K, Johannes BW, Rittweger J. Impact of age, performance and athletic event on injury rates in master athletics _ first results from an ongoing prospective study. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2014;14:148-154.
Rogers NT, Marshall A, Roberts CH, Demakakos P, Steptoe A, Scholes S. Physical activity and trajectories of frailty among older adults: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. PLoS One 2017;12:e0170878.
Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, Duncan PW, Judge JO, King AC, Macera CA, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:1435-1445.
Chou W-T, Tomata Y, Watanabe T, Sugawara Y, Kakizaki M, Tsuji I. Relationships between changes in time spent walking since middle age and incident functional disability. Prev Med (Baltim) 2014;59:68-72.
Tomata Y, Zhang S, Sugiyama K, Kaiho Y, Sugawara Y, Tsuji I. Changes in time spent walking and the risk of incident dementia in older Japanese people: the Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study. Age Ageing 2017;46:857-860.
Albert CM, Mittleman MA, Chae CU, Lee IM, Hennekens CH, Manson JE. Triggering of sudden death from cardiac causes by vigorous exertion. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1355-1361.
Guazzi M, Arena R, Halle M, Piepoli MF, Myers J, Lavie CJ. 2016 focused update: clinical recommendations for cardiopulmonary exercise testing data assessment in specific patient populations. Eur Heart J 2016;39:1144-1161.
Thompson PD, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, Blair SN, Corrado D, Estes NAM 3rd, Fulton JE, Gordon NF, Haskell WL, Link MS, Maron BJ, Mittleman MA, Pelliccia A, Wenger NK, Willich SN, Costa F. Exercise and acute cardiovascular events placing the risks into perspective: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation 2007;115:2358-2368.
Penalver JM, Mosca RS, Weitz D, Phoon CKL. Anomalous aortic origin of coronary arteries from the opposite sinus: a critical appraisal of risk. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2012;12:83.
Gowd BMP, Thompson PD. Isolated myocardial bridging and exercise-related cardiac events. Int J Sports Med 2014;35:1145-1150.
Kalaga RV, Malik A, Thompson PD. Exercise-related spontaneous coronary artery dissection: case report and literature review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:1218-1220.
Aengevaeren VL, Mosterd A, Braber TL, Prakken NHJ, Doevendans PA, Grobbee DE, Thompson PD, Eijsvogels TMH, Velthuis BK. Relationship between lifelong exercise volume and coronary atherosclerosis in athletes. Circulation 2017;136:138-148.
Shave R, Baggish A, George K, Wood M, Scharhag J, Whyte G, Gaze D, Thompson PD. Exercise-induced cardiac troponin elevation: evidence, mechanisms, and implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:169-176.
Aagaard P, Sahlen A, Braunschweig F. Performance trends and cardiac biomarkers in a 30-km cross-country race, 1993-2007. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012;44:894-899.
Collet J-P, Zeitouni M, Procopi N, Hulot J-S, Silvain J, Kerneis M, Thomas D, Lattuca B, Barthelemy O, Lavie-Badie Y, Esteve J-B, Payot L, Brugier D, Lopes I, Diallo A, Vicaut E, Montalescot G. Long-term evolution of premature coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74:1868-1878.
Maron BJ, Araujo CG, Thompson PD, Fletcher GF, de Luna AB, Fleg JL, Pelliccia A, Balady GJ, Furlanello F, Van Camp SP, Elosua R, Chaitman BR, Bazzarre TL. Recommendations for preparticipation screening and the assessment of cardiovascular disease in masters athletes: an advisory for healthcare professionals from the working groups of the World Heart Federation, the International Federation of Sports Medicine, and the American Heart Association Committee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention. Circulation 2001;103:327-334.
Erbel R, Mohlenkamp S, Moebus S, Schmermund A, Lehmann N, Stang A, Dragano N, Gronemeyer D, Seibel R, Kalsch H, Brocker-Preuss M, Mann K, Siegrist J, Jockel K-H. Coronary risk stratification, discrimination, and reclassification improvement based on quantification of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis: the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1397-1406.
Yeboah J, McClelland RL, Polonsky TS, Burke GL, Sibley CT, O'Leary D, Carr JJ, Goff DC, Greenland P, Herrington DM. Comparison of novel risk markers for improvement in cardiovascular risk assessment in intermediate-risk individuals. JAMA 2012;308:788-795.
Greenland P, LaBree L, Azen SP, Doherty TM, Detrano RC. Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals. JAMA 2004;291:210-215.
Saad M, Pothineni NV, Thomas J, Parikh R, Kovelamudi S, Elsayed D, Nairooz R, Feit F. Coronary artery calcium scoring in young adults: evidence and challenges. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018;20:10.
Borjesson M, Assanelli D, Carre F, Dugmore D, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop NM, Seiler C, Senden J, Solberg EE. ESC Study Group of Sports Cardiology: recommendations for participation in leisure-time physical activity and competitive sports for patients with ischaemic heart disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006;13:137-149.
Sirico F, Fernando F, Di Paolo F, Adami PE, Signorello MG, Sannino G, Bianco A, Cerrone A, Baioccato V, Filippi N, Ferrari U, Tuzi M, Nurzynska D, Di Meglio F, Castaldo C, D'Ascenzi F, Montagnani S, Biffi A. Exercise stress test in apparently healthy individuals _ where to place the finish line The Ferrari corporate wellness programme experience. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019;26:731-738.
Borjesson M, Dellborg M, Niebauer J, LaGerche A, Schmied C, Solberg EE, Halle M, Adami E, Biffi A, Carre F, Caselli S, Papadakis M, Pressler A, Rasmusen H, Serratosa L, Sharma S, van Buuren F, Pelliccia A. Recommendations for participation in leisure time or competitive sports in athletes-patients with coronary artery disease: a position statement from the Sports Cardiology Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J 2019;40:13-18.
Anderson L, Thompson DR, Oldridge N, Zwisler A-D, Rees K, Martin N, Taylor RS. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;CD001800.
Piepoli MF, Corra U, Adamopoulos S, Benzer W, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Cupples M, Dendale P, Doherty P, Gaita D, Hofer S, McGee H, Mendes M, Niebauer J, Pogosova N, Garcia-Porrero E, Rauch B, Schmid JP, Giannuzzi P. Secondary prevention in the clinical management of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Core components, standards and outcome measures for referral and delivery: a policy statement from the cardiac rehabilitation section of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014;21:664-681.
Hachamovitch R, Rozanski A, Shaw LJ, Stone GW, Thomson LEJ, Friedman JD, Hayes SW, Cohen I, Germano G, Berman DS. Impact of ischaemia and scar on the therapeutic benefit derived from myocardial revascularization vs. medical therapy among patients undergoing stress-rest myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Eur Heart J 2011;32:1012-1024.
Hoffmann U, Ferencik M, Udelson JE, Picard MH, Truong QA, Patel MR, Huang M, Pencina M, Mark DB, Heitner JF, Fordyce CB, Pellikka PA, Tardif J-C, Budoff M, Nahhas G, Chow B, Kosinski AS, Lee KL, Douglas PS. Prognostic value of noninvasive cardiovascular testing in patients with stable chest pain: insights from the PROMISE trial (Prospective Multicenter Imaging Study for Evaluation of Chest Pain). Circulation 2017;135:2320-2332.
Newby DE, Adamsson PD, Berry C, Boon NA, Dweck MR, TFlather M, Forbes J, Hunter A, Lewis S, MacLean S, Mills NL, Norrie J, Roditi G, Shah ASV, Timmis AD, vanBeek EJR WM. Coronary CT angiography and 5-year risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2018;379:924-933.
Sousa-Uva M, Neumann F-J, Ahlsson A, Alfonso F, Banning AP, Benedetto U, Byrne RA, Collet J-P, Falk V, Head SJ, Juni P, Kastrati A, Koller A, Kristensen SD, Niebauer J, Richter DJ, Seferovic PM, Sibbing D, Stefanini GG, Windecker S, Yadav R, Zembala MO. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2019;55:4-90.
Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Byrne RA, Collet J-P, Costa F, Jeppsson A, Juni P, Kastrati A, Kolh P, Mauri L, Montalescot G, Neumann F-J, Petricevic M, Roffi M, Steg PG, Windecker S, Zamorano JL. Special article 2017 ESC focused update on dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease developed in collaboration with EACTS. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2018;71:42.
Albaladejo P, Samama C-M, Sie P, Kauffmann S, Memier V, Suchon P, Viallon A, David JS, Gruel Y, Bellamy L, de Maistre E, Romegoux P, Thoret S, Pernod G, Bosson J-L. Management of severe bleeding in patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants: an observational registry analysis. Anesthesiology 2017;127:111-120.
Balady GJ, Williams MA, Ades PA, Bittner V, Comoss P, Foody JM, Franklin B, Sanderson B, Southard D. Core components of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee, the Council on Clinical Cardiology; the Councils on Cardiovascular Nursing, Epidemiology and Prevention, and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Circulation 2007;115:2675-2682.
Verschueren S, Eskes AM, Maaskant JM, Roest AM, Latour CHM, Op Reimer WS. The effect of exercise therapy on depressive and anxious symptoms in patients with ischemic heart disease: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res 2018;105:80-91.
Piepoli MF, Corra U, Benzer W, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Dendale P, Gaita D, McGee H, Mendes M, Niebauer J, Zwisler A-DO, Schmid J-P. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: from knowledge to implementation. A position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2010;17:1-17.
Haykowsky M, Scott J, Esch B, Schopflocher D, Myers J, Paterson I, Warburton D, Jones L, Clark AM. A meta-analysis of the effects of exercise training on left ventricular remodeling following myocardial infarction: start early and go longer for greatest exercise benefits on remodeling. Trials 2011;12:92.
Angelini P, Cheong BY, Lenge De Rosen VV, Lopez JA, Uribe C, Masso AH, Ali SW, Davis BR, Muthupillai R, Willerson JT. Magnetic resonance imaging-based screening study in a general population of adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:579-580.
Priori SG, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, Blom N, Borggrefe M, Camm J, Elliott PM, Fitzsimons D, Hatala R, Hindricks G, Kirchhof P, Kjeldsen K, Kuck KH, Hernandez-Madrid A, Nikolaou N, Norekval TM, Spaulding C, Van Veldhuisen DJ. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). EP Europace 2015;17:1601-1687.
Lin S, Tremmel JA, Yamada R, Rogers IS, Yong CM, Turcott R, McConnell MV, Dash R, Schnittger I. A novel stress echocardiography pattern for myocardial bridge with invasive structural and hemodynamic correlation. J Am Heart Assoc 2013;2:e000097.
Grani C, Benz DC, Steffen DA, Giannopoulos AA, Messerli M, Pazhenkottil AP, Gaemperli O, Gebhard C, Schmied C, Kaufmann PA, Buechel RR. Sports behavior in middle-aged individuals with anomalous coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva. Cardiology 2018;139:222-230.
Grani C, Benz DC, Steffen DA, Clerc OF, Schmied C, Possner M, Vontobel J, Mikulicic F, Gebhard C, Pazhenkottil AP, Gaemperli O, Hurwitz S, Kaufmann PA, Buechel RR. Outcome in middle-aged individuals with anomalous origin of the coronary artery from the opposite sinus: a matched cohort study. Eur Heart J 2017;38:2009-2016.
Van Hare GF, Ackerman MJ, Evangelista J-AK, Kovacs RJ, Myerburg RJ, Shafer KM, Warnes CA, Washington RL. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: Task Force 4: Congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. Circulation 2015;132:e281-91.
Basso C, Maron BJ, Corrado D, Thiene G. Clinical profile of congenital coronary artery anomalies with origin from the wrong aortic sinus leading to sudden death in young competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1493-1501.
Finocchiaro G, Behr ER, Tanzarella G, Papadakis M, Malhotra A, Dhutia H, Miles C, Diemberger I, Sharma S, Sheppard MN. Anomalous coronary artery origin and sudden cardiac death: clinical and pathological insights from a national pathology registry. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2019;5:516-522.
Yamada R, Tremmel JA, Tanaka S, Lin S, Kobayashi Y, Hollak MB, Yock PG, Fitzgerald PJ, Schnittger I, Honda Y. Functional versus anatomic assessment of myocardial bridging by intravascular ultrasound: impact of arterial compression on proximal atherosclerotic plaque. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:e001735.
Cerrato E, Barbero U, D'Ascenzo F, Taha S, Biondi-Zoccai G, Omede P, Bianco M, Echavarria-Pinto M, Escaned J, Gaita F, Varbella F. What is the optimal treatment for symptomatic patients with isolated coronary myocardial bridge A systematic review and pooled analysis. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2017;18:758-770.
Dimitriu-Leen AC, van Rosendael AR, Smit JM, van Elst T, van Geloven N, Maaniitty T, Jukema JW, Delgado V, Scholte AJHA, Saraste A, Knuuti J, Bax JJ. Long-term prognosis of patients with intramural course of coronary arteries assessed with CT angiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2017;10:1451-1458.
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, Falk V, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, Harjola V-P, Jankowska EA, Jessup M, Linde C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Parissis JT, Pieske B, Riley JP, Rosano GMC, Ruilope LM, Ruschitzka F, Rutten FH, van der Meer P. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2016;37:2129-2200.
Piepoli MF, Davos C, Francis DP, Coats AJS. Exercise training meta-analysis of trials in patients with chronic heart failure (ExTraMATCH). BMJ 2004;328:189.
Taylor RS, Walker S, Smart NA, Piepoli MF, Warren FC, Ciani O, O'Connor C, Whellan D, Keteyian SJ, Coats A, Davos CH, Dalal HM, Dracup K, Evangelista L, Jolly K, Myers J, McKelvie RS, Nilsson BB, Passino C, Witham MD, Yeh GY, Zwisler A-DO. Impact of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients with heart failure (ExTraMATCH II) on mortality and hospitalisation: an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised trials. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:1735-1743.
Long L, Mordi IR, Bridges C, Sagar VA, Davies EJ, Coats AJ, Dalal H, Rees K, Singh SJ, Taylor RS. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019;1:CD003331.
Rees K, Taylor RS, Singh S, Coats AJS, Ebrahim S. Exercise based rehabilitation for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;CD003331.
Taylor RS, Walker S, Smart NA, Piepoli MF, Warren FC, Ciani O, Whellan D, O'Connor C, Keteyian SJ, Coats A, Davos CH, Dalal HM, Dracup K, Evangelista LS, Jolly K, Myers J, Nilsson BB, Passino C, Witham MD, Yeh GY. Impact of exercise rehabilitation on exercise capacity and quality-of-life in heart failure: individual participant meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;73:1430-1443.
Pandey A, Parashar A, Kumbhani D, Agarwal S, Garg J, Kitzman D, Levine B, Drazner M, Berry J. Exercise training in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Circ Heart Fail 2015;8:33-40.
Sagar VA, Davies EJ, Briscoe S, Coats AJS, Dalal HM, Lough F, Rees K, Singh S, Taylor RS. Exercise-based rehabilitation for heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart 2015;2:e000163.
Corra U, Agostoni PG, Anker SD, Coats AJS, Crespo Leiro MG, de Boer RA, Harjola V-P, Hill L, Lainscak M, Lund LH, Metra M, Ponikowski P, Riley J, Seferovic PM, Piepoli MF. Role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in clinical stratification in heart failure. A position paper from the Committee on Exercise Physiology and Training of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:3-15.
Scherr J, Wolfarth B, Christle JW, Pressler A, Wagenpfeil S, Halle M. Associations between Borg's rating of perceived exertion and physiological measures of exercise intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013;113:147-155.
O'Connor CM, Whellan DJ, Lee KL, Keteyian SJ, Cooper LS, Ellis SJ, Leifer ES, Kraus WE, Kitzman DW, Blumenthal JA, Rendall DS, Miller NH, Fleg JL, Schulman KA, McKelvie RS, Zannad F, Pi~na IL, for the HF-ACTION Investigators. Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301:1439-1450.
Rognmo O, Moholdt T, Bakken H, Hole T, Molstad P, Myhr NE, Grimsmo J, Wisloff U. Cardiovascular risk of high-versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in coronary heart disease patients. Circulation 2012;126:1436-1440.
Ellingsen O, Halle M, Conraads V, Stoylen A, Dalen H, Delagardelle C, Larsen A-I, Hole T, Mezzani A, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Videm V, Beckers P, Christle JW, Winzer E, Mangner N, Woitek F, Hollriegel R, Pressler A, Monk-Hansen T, Snoer M, Feiereisen P, Valborgland T, Kjekshus J, Hambrecht R, Gielen S, Karlsen T, Prescott E, Linke A. High-intensity interval training in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Circulation 2017;135:839-849.
Piepoli MF, Conraads V, Corra U, Dickstein K, Francis DP, Jaarsma T, McMurray J, Pieske B, Piotrowicz E, Schmid J-P, Anker SD, Solal AC, Filippatos GS, Hoes AW, Gielen S, Giannuzzi P, Ponikowski PP. Exercise training in heart failure: from theory to practice. A consensus document of the Heart Failure Association and the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur J Heart Fail 2011;13:347-357.
Corra U, Piepoli MF, Carre F, Heuschmann P, Hoffmann U, Verschuren M, Halcox J, Giannuzzi P, Saner H, Wood D, Piepoli MF, Corra U, Benzer W, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Dendale P, Gaita D, McGee H, Mendes M, Niebauer J, Zwisler A-DO, Schmid J-P. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: physical activity counselling and exercise training: key components of the position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur Heart J 2010;31:1967-1974.
Gayda M, Ribeiro PAB, Juneau M, Nigam A. Comparison of different forms of exercise training in patients with cardiac disease: where does high-intensity interval training fit? Can J Cardiol 2016;32:485-494.
Gomes Neto M, Duraes AR, Conceicao LSR, Saquetto MB, Ellingsen O, Carvalho VO. High intensity interval training versus moderate intensity continuous training on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2018;261:134-141.
Cornelis J, Beckers P, Taeymans J, Vrints C, Vissers D. Comparing exercise training modalities in heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2016;221:867-876.
Conraads VM, Beckers PJ. Exercise training in heart failure: practical guidance. Heart 2010;96:2025-2031.
Williams MA, Haskell WL, Ades PA, Amsterdam EA, Bittner V, Franklin BA, Gulanick M, Laing ST, Stewart KJ. Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 2007;116:572-584.
Giuliano C, Karahalios A, Neil C, Allen J, Levinger I. The effects of resistance training on muscle strength, quality of life and aerobic capacity in patients with chronic heart failure _ a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2017;227:413-423.
Alvarez P, Hannawi B, Guha A. Exercise and heart failure: advancing knowledge and improving care. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2016;12:110-115.
Sadek Z, Salami A, Joumaa WH, Awada C, Ahmaidi S, Ramadan W. Best mode of inspiratory muscle training in heart failure patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2018;25:1691-1701.
Smart NA, Giallauria F, Dieberg G. Efficacy of inspiratory muscle training in chronic heart failure patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2013;167:1502-1507.
Neto MG, Martinez BP, Conceicao CS, Silva PE, Carvalho VO. Combined exercise and inspiratory muscle training in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2016;36:395-401.
Wu J, Kuang L, Fu L. Effects of inspiratory muscle training in chronic heart failure patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Congenit Heart Dis 2018;13:194-202.
Tei C, Horikiri Y, Park JC, Jeong JW, Chang KS, Toyama Y, Tanaka N. Acute hemodynamic improvement by thermal vasodilation in congestive heart failure. Circulation 1995;91:2582-2590.
Adsett JA, Mudge AM, Morris N, Kuys S, Paratz JD. Aquatic exercise training and stable heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2015;186:22-28.
Omar W, Pandey A, Haykowsky MJ, Berry JD, Lavie CJ. The evolving role of cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise in prevention and management of heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2018;15:75-80.
Edelmann F, Gelbrich G, Dungen H-D, Frohling S, Wachter R, Stahrenberg R, Binder L, Topper A, Lashki DJ, Schwarz S, Herrmann-Lingen C, Loffler M, Hasenfuss G, Halle M, Pieske B. Exercise training improves exercise capacity and diastolic function in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: results of the Ex-DHF (exercise training in diastolic heart failure) pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:1780-1791.
Kitzman DW, Brubaker P, Morgan T, Haykowsky M, Hundley G, Kraus WE, Eggebeen J, Nicklas BJ. Effect of caloric restriction or aerobic exercise training on peak oxygen consumption and quality of life in obese older patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016;315:36-46.
Kitzman DW, Brubaker PH, Morgan TM, Stewart KP, Little WC. Exercise training in older patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial. Circ Heart Fail 2010;3:659-667.
Alves AJ, Ribeiro F, Goldhammer E, Rivlin Y, Rosenschein U, Viana JL, Duarte JA, Sagiv M, Oliveira J. Exercise training improves diastolic function in heart failure patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012;44:776-785.
Gary RA, Sueta CA, Dougherty M, Rosenberg B, Cheek D, Preisser J, Neelon V, McMurray R. Home-based exercise improves functional performance and quality of life in women with diastolic heart failure. Heart Lung 2004;33:210-218.
Smart NA, Haluska B, Jeffriess L, Leung D. Exercise training in heart failure with preserved systolic function: a randomized controlled trial of the effects on cardiac function and functional capacity. Congest Heart Fail 2012;18:295-301.
Pandey A, Garg S, Khunger M, Darden D, Ayers C, Kumbhani DJ, Mayo HG, de Lemos JA, Berry JD. Dose-response relationship between physical activity and risk of heart failure: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2015;132:1786-1794.
Adams V, Reich B, Uhlemann M, Niebauer J. Molecular effects of exercise training in patients with cardiovascular disease: focus on skeletal muscle, endothelium, and myocardium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017;313:H72_H88.
Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Meredith M, Mehta AB, Mahajan R, Wong CX, Twomey D, Elliott AD, Kalman JM, Abhayaratna WP, Lau DH, Sanders P. Longterm effect of goal-directed weight management in an atrial fibrillation cohort: a long-term follow-up study (LEGACY). J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65:2159-2169.
Hollekim-Strand SM, Bjorgaas MR, Albrektsen G, Tjonna AE, Wisloff U, Ingul CB. High-intensity interval exercise effectively improves cardiac function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diastolic dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:1758-1760.
Angadi SS, Mookadam F, Lee CD, Tucker WJ, Haykowsky MJ, Gaesser GA. High-intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous exercise training in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a pilot study. J Appl Physiol 2015;119:753-758.
Pathak RK, Elliott A, Middeldorp ME, Meredith M, Mehta AB, Mahajan R, Hendriks JML, Twomey D, Kalman JM, Abhayaratna WP, Lau DH, Sanders P. Impact of CARDIOrespiratory FITness on arrhythmia recurrence in obese individuals with atrial fibrillation: the CARDIO-FIT Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66:985-996.
Howden EJ, Sarma S, Lawley JS, Opondo M, Cornwell W, Stoller D, Urey MA, Adams-Huet B, Levine BD. Reversing the cardiac effects of sedentary aging in middle age _ a randomized controlled trial: implications for heart failure prevention. Circulation 2018;137:1549-1560.
Edelmann F, Wachter R, Schmidt AG, Kraigher-Krainer E, Colantonio C, Kamke W, Duvinage A, Stahrenberg R, Durstewitz K, Loffler M, Dungen H-D, Tschope C, Herrmann-Lingen C, Halle M, Hasenfuss G, Gelbrich G, Pieske B. Effect of spironolactone on diastolic function and exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the Aldo-DHF randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2013;309:781-791.
Givertz MM, Hartley LH, Colucci WS. Long-term sequential changes in exercise capacity and chronotropic responsiveness after cardiac transplantation. Circulation 1997;96:232-237.
Habedank D, Ewert R, Hummel M, Wensel R, Hetzer R, Anker SD. Changes in exercise capacity, ventilation, and body weight following heart transplantation. Eur J Heart Fail 2007;9:310-316.
Mandak JS, Aaronson KD, Mancini DM. Serial assessment of exercise capacity after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1995;14:468-478.
Grupper A, Gewirtz H, Kushwaha S. Reinnervation post-heart transplantation. Eur Heart J 2018;39:1799-1806.
Tucker WJ, Beaudry RI, Samuel TJ, Nelson MD, Halle M, Baggish AL, Haykowsky MJ. Performance limitations in heart transplant recipients. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018;46:144-151.
Anderson L, Nguyen TT, Dall CH, Burgess L, Bridges C, Taylor RS. Exercisebased cardiac rehabilitation in heart transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;4:CD012264.
Esefeld K, Fricke H, Haykowsky M, Halle M. Ultra-endurance exercise in a heart transplant athlete: influence on myocardial function and biomarkers. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020;27:885-887. doi: 10. 1177/2047487318808636. Epub 2018 Nov 5.
Rosenbaum AN, Kremers WK, Schirger JA, Thomas RJ, Squires RW, Allison TG, Daly RC, Kushwaha SS, Edwards BS. Association between early cardiac rehabilitation and long-term survival in cardiac transplant recipients. Mayo Clin Proc 2016;91:149-156.
Bachmann JM, Shah AS, Duncan MS, Greevy RAJ, Graves AJ, Ni S, Ooi HH, Wang TJ, Thomas RJ, Whooley MA, Freiberg MS. Cardiac rehabilitation and readmissions after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018;37:467-476.
Haykowsky MJF, Riess KJ, Baggish AL. Heart transplant recipient finishes the 118th Boston Marathon 27 years post-surgery. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014;33:1197.
Haykowsky MJ, Halle M, Baggish A. Upper limits of aerobic power and performance in heart transplant recipients: legacy effect of prior endurance training. Circulation 2018;137:650-652.
Nytrøen K, Gullestad L. Exercise after heart transplantation: an overview. World J Transplant 2013;3:78-90.
Rustad LA, Nytrøen K, Amundsen BH, Gullestad L, Aakhus S. One year of highintensity interval training improves exercise capacity, but not left ventricular function in stable heart transplant recipients: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012;21:181-191.
Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, De Bonis M, Hamm C, Holm PJ, Iung B, Lancellotti P, Lansac E, Rodriguez Mu~noz D, Rosenhek R, Sjögren J, Tornos Mas P, Vahanian A, Walther T, Wendler O, Windecker S, Zamorano JL. 2017 ESC/ EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J 2017;38:2739-2791.
Rosenhek R, Rader F, Klaar U, Gabriel H, Krejc M, Kalbeck D, Schemper M, Maurer G, Baumgartner H. Outcome of watchful waiting in asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation. Circulation 2006;113:2238-2244.
Baumgartner HC, Hung JC-C, Bermejo J, Chambers JB, Edvardsen T, Goldstein S, Lancellotti P, LeFevre M, Miller FJ, Otto CM. Recommendations on the echocardiographic assessment of aortic valve stenosis: a focused update from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017;18:254-275.
Clavel M-A, Burwash IG, Pibarot P. Cardiac imaging for assessing low-gradient severe aortic stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2017;10:185-202.
Morise AP. Exercise testing in nonatherosclerotic heart disease: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, and arrhythmias. Circulation 2011;123:216-225.
Lee JKT, Franzone A, Lanz J, Siontis GCM, Stortecky S, Grani C, Roost E, Windecker S, Pilgrim T. Early detection of subclinical myocardial damage in chronic aortic regurgitation and strategies for timely treatment of asymptomatic patients. Circulation 2018;137:184-196.
Pelliccia A, Caselli S, Sharma S, Basso C, Bax JJ, Corrado D, D'Andrea A, D'Ascenzi F, Di Paolo FM, Edvardsen T, Gati S, Galderisi M, Heidbuchel H, Nchimi A, Nieman K, Papadakis M, Pisicchio C, Schmied C, Popescu BA, Habib G, Grobbee D, Lancellotti P. European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) and European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) joint position statement: recommendations for the indication and interpretation of cardiovascular imaging in the evaluation of the athlete's heart. Eur Heart J 2018;39:1949-1969.
Verma S, Siu SC. Aortic dilatation in patients with bicuspid aortic valve. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1920-1929.
Michelena HI, Khanna AD, Mahoney D, Margaryan E, Topilsky Y, Suri RM, Eidem B, Edwards WD, Sundt TM 3rd, Enriquez-Sarano M. Incidence of aortic complications in patients with bicuspid aortic valves. JAMA 2011;306:1104-1112.
Harris KM, Tung M, Haas TS, Maron BJ. Under-recognition of aortic and aortic valve disease and the risk for sudden death in competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65:860-862.
Spataro A, Pelliccia A, Rizzo M, Biffi A, Masazza G, Pigozzi F. The natural course of bicuspid aortic valve in athletes. Int J Sports Med 2008;29:81-85.
Tzemos N, Therrien J, Yip J, Thanassoulis G, Tremblay S, Jamorski MT, Webb GD, Siu SC. Outcomes in adults with bicuspid aortic valves. JAMA 2008;300:1317-1325.
Boraita A, Morales-Acuna F, Marina-Breysse M, Heras M-E, Canda A, Fuentes M-E, Chacon A, Diaz-Gonzalez L, Rabadan M, Parra Laca B, Perez de Isla L, Tunon J. Bicuspid aortic valve behaviour in elite athletes. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2019;20:772-780.
Bonow RO, Nishimura RA, Thompson PD, Udelson JE. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: Task Force 5: Valvular heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. Circulation 2015;132:e292_e297.
Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Culasso F, Spataro A, Caselli G. Athlete's heart in women. Echocardiographic characterization of highly trained elite female athletes. JAMA 1996;276:211-215.
Delling FN, Rong J, Larson MG, Lehman B, Osypiuk E, Stantchev P, Slaugenhaupt SA, Benjamin EJ, Levine RA, Vasan RS. Familial clustering of mitral valve prolapse in the community. Circulation 2015;131:263-268.
Freed LA, Levy D, Levine RA, Larson MG, Evans JC, Fuller DL, Lehman B, Benjamin EJ. Prevalence and clinical outcome of mitral-valve prolapse. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1-7.
Jeresaty RM. Mitral valve prolapse: definition and implications in athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;7:231-236.
Avierinos J-F, Gersh BJ, Melton LJ 3rd, Bailey KR, Shub C, Nishimura RA, Tajik AJ, Enriquez-Sarano M. Natural history of asymptomatic mitral valve prolapse in the community. Circulation 2002;106:1355-1361.
Basso C, Perazzolo Marra M, Rizzo S, De Lazzari M, Giorgi B, Cipriani A, Frigo AC, Rigato I, Migliore F, Pilichou K, Bertaglia E, Cacciavillani L, Bauce B, Corrado D, Thiene G, Iliceto S. Arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse and sudden cardiac death. Circulation 2015;132:556-566.
Dejgaard LA, Skjolsvik ET, Lie OH, Ribe M, Stokke MK, Hegbom F, Scheirlynck ES, Gjertsen E, Andresen K, Helle-Valle TM, Hopp E, Edvardsen T, Haugaa KH. The mitral annulus disjunction arrhythmic syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:1600-1609.
Perazzolo Marra M, Basso C, De Lazzari M, Rizzo S, Cipriani A, Giorgi B, Lacognata C, Rigato I, Migliore F, Pilichou K, Cacciavillani L, Bertaglia E, Frigo AC, Bauce B, Corrado D, Thiene G, Iliceto S. Morphofunctional abnormalities of mitral annulus and arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2016;9:e005030.
Cristina B, Sabino I, Gaetano T, Martina PM. Mitral valve prolapse, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden death. Circulation 2019;140:952-964.
Gati S, Malhotra A, Sharma S. Exercise recommendations in patients with valvular heart disease. Heart 2019;105:106-110.
Caselli S, Mango F, Clark J, Pandian NG, Corrado D, Autore C, Pelliccia A. Prevalence and clinical outcome of athletes with mitral valve prolapse. Circulation 2018;137:2080-2082.
Ermakov S, Gulhar R, Lim L, Bibby D, Fang Q, Nah G, Abraham TP, Schiller NB, Delling FN. Left ventricular mechanical dispersion predicts arrhythmic risk in mitral valve prolapse. Heart 2019;105:1063-1069.
Groves PH, Lewis NP, Ikram S, Maire R, Hall RJ. Reduced exercise capacity in patients with tricuspid regurgitation after successful mitral valve replacement for rheumatic mitral valve disease. Br Heart J 1991;66:295-301.
Andersen MJ, Nishimura RA, Borlaug BA. The hemodynamic basis of exercise intolerance in tricuspid regurgitation. Circ Heart Fail 2014;7:911-917.
Erbel R, Aboyans V, Boileau C, Bossone E, Bartolomeo R Di, Eggebrecht H, Evangelista A, Falk V, Frank H, Gaemperli O, Grabenwoger M, Haverich A, Iung B, Manolis AJ, Meijboom F, Nienaber CA, Roffi M, Rousseau H, Sechtem U, Sirnes PA, Allmen RS von, Vrints CJM. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases: document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adult. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2014;35:2873-2926.
Braverman AC, Harris KM, Kovacs RJ, Maron BJ. Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 7: Aortic diseases, including Marfan syndrome: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66:2398-2405.
Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, Bersin RM, Carr VF, Casey DEJ, Eagle KA, Hermann LK, Isselbacher EM, Kazerooni EA, Kouchoukos NT, Lytle BW, Milewicz DM, Reich DL, Sen S, Shinn JA, Svensson LG, Williams DM. 2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with thoracic aortic disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2010;121:e266-369.
Boraita A, Heras M-E, Morales F, Marina-Breysse M, Canda A, Rabadan M, Barriopedro M-I, Varela A, de la Rosa A, Tunon J. Reference values of aortic root in male and female white elite athletes according to sport. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2016;9:e005292.
Iskandar A, Thompson PD. A meta-analysis of aortic root size in elite athletes. Circulation 2013;127:791-798.
Pelliccia A, Di Paolo FM, De Blasiis E, Quattrini FM, Pisicchio C, Guerra E, Culasso F, Maron BJ. Prevalence and clinical significance of aortic root dilation in highly trained competitive athletes. Circulation 2010;122:698-706.
Gati S, Malhotra A, Sedgwick C, Papamichael N, Dhutia H, Sharma R, Child AH, Papadakis M, Sharma S. Prevalence and progression of aortic root dilatation in highly trained young athletes. Heart 2019;105:920-925.
Benninghoven D, Hamann D, von Kodolitsch Y, Rybczynski M, Lechinger J, Schroeder F, Vogler M, Hoberg E. Inpatient rehabilitation for adult patients with Marfan syndrome: an observational pilot study. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017;12:127.
Thijssen CGE, Bons LR, Gö kalp AL, Van Kimmenade RRJ, Mokhles MM, Pelliccia A, Takkenberg JJM, Roos-Hesselink JW. Exercise and sports participation in patients with thoracic aortic disease: a review. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2019;17:251-266.
Itagaki R, Kimura N, Itoh S, Yamaguchi A, Adachi H. Acute type a aortic dissection associated with a sporting activity. Surg Today 2017;47:1163-1171.
Stefani L, Galanti G, Toncelli L, Manetti P, Vono MC, Rizzo M, Maffulli N. Bicuspid aortic valve in competitive athletes. Br J Sports Med 2008;42:31-5; discussion 35.
Gibson C, Nielsen C, Alex R, Cooper K, Farney M, Gaufin D, Cui JZ, van Breemen C, Broderick TL, Vallejo-Elias J, Esfandiarei M. Mild aerobic exercise blocks elastin fiber fragmentation and aortic dilatation in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome associated aortic aneurysm. J Appl Physiol 2017;123:147-160.
Mas-Stachurska A, Siegert A-M, Batlle M, Blanco Gorbenko Del, Meirelles, D, Rubies, T, Bonorino, C, Serra-Peinado, F, Bijnens, C, Baudin, B, Sitges, J, Mont, M, Guasch, L Egea, E G. Cardiovascular benefits of moderate exercise training in Marfan syndrome: insights from an animal model. J Am Heart Assoc 2017;6:pii:e006438.
Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, Tierney DM, Mueller FO. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980-2006. Circulation 2009;119:1085-1092.
Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, Borger MA, Borggrefe M, Cecchi F, Charron P, Hagege AA, Lafont A, Limongelli G, Mahrholdt H, McKenna WJ, Mogensen J, Nihoyannopoulos P, Nistri S, Pieper PG, Pieske B, Rapezzi C, Rutten FH, Tillmanns C, Watkins H. 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2014;35:2733-2779.
Maron BJ, Chaitman BR, Ackerman MJ, Bayés de Luna A, Corrado D, Crosson JE, Deal BJ, Driscoll DJ, Estes NAM, Ara_ujo CGS, Liang DH, Mitten MJ, Myerburg RJ, Pelliccia A, Thompson PD, Towbin JA VCS. Working Groups of the American Heart Association Committee on Exercise Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention, Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Recommendations for physical activity and recreational sports participation. Circulation 2004;109:2807-2816.
Maron BJ, Ackerman MJ, Nishimura RA, Pyeritz RE, Towbin JA, Udelson JE. Task Force 4: HCM and other cardiomyopathies, mitral valve prolapse, myocarditis, and Marfan syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1340-1345.
Dejgaard LA, Haland TF, Lie OH, Ribe M, Bjune T, Leren IS, Berge KE, Edvardsen T, Haugaa KH. Vigorous exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2018;250:157-163.
Lampert R, Olshansky B, Heidbuchel H, Lawless C, Saarel E, Ackerman M, Calkins H, Estes NAM, Link MS, Maron BJ, Marcus F, Scheinman M, Wilkoff BL, Zipes DP, Berul CI, Cheng A, Jordaens L, Law I, Loomis M, Willems R, Barth C, Broos K, Brandt C, Dziura J, Li F, Simone L, Vandenberghe K, Cannom D. Safety of sports for athletes with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: longterm results of a prospective multinational registry. Circulation 2017;135:2310-2312.
Pelliccia A, Lemme E, Maestrini V, Di Paolo FM, Pisicchio C, Di Gioia G, Caselli S. Does sport participation worsen the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? Clinical outcome of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in athletes. Circulation 2018;137:531-533.
Finocchiaro G, Papadakis M, Tanzarella G, Dhutia H, Miles C, Tome M, Behr ER, Sharma S, Sheppard MN. Sudden death can be the first manifestation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: data from a United Kingdom Pathology Registry. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2019;5:252-254.
Klempfner R, Kamerman T, Schwammenthal E, Nahshon A, Hay I, Goldenberg I, Dov F, Arad M. Efficacy of exercise training in symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: results of a structured exercise training program in a cardiac rehabilitation center. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2015;22:13-19.
Saberi S, Wheeler M, Bragg-Gresham J, Hornsby W, Agarwal PP, Attili A, Concannon M, Dries AM, Shmargad Y, Salisbury H, Kumar S, Herrera JJ, Myers J, Helms AS, Ashley EA, Day SM. Effect of moderate-intensity exercise training on peak oxygen consumption in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2017;317:1349-1357.
Sheikh N, Papadakis M, Panoulas VF, Prakash K, Millar L, Adami P, Zaidi A, Gati S, Wilson M, Carr-White G, ToméMTE, Behr ER, Sharma S. Comparison of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Afro-Caribbean versus white patients in the UK. Heart 2016;102:1797-1804.
Sorajja P, Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ, Berger PB, Tajik AJ. Adverse prognosis of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who have epicardial coronary artery disease. Circulation 2003;108:2342-2348.
Adabag AS, Casey SA, Kuskowski MA, Zenovich AG, Maron BJ. Spectrum and prognostic significance of arrhythmias on ambulatory Holter electrocardiogram in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:697-704.
Mentias A, Raeisi-Giglou P, Smedira NG, Feng K, Sato K, Wazni O, Kanj M, Flamm SD, Thamilarasan M, Popovic ZB, Lever HM, Desai MY. Late gadolinium enhancement in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and preserved systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:857-870.
Weng Z, Yao J, Chan RH, He J, Yang X, Zhou Y, He Y. Prognostic value of LGE-CMR in HCM: a meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2016;9:1392-1402.
Chan RH, Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Pencina MJ, Assenza GE, Haas T, Lesser JR, Gruner C, Crean AM, Rakowski H, Udelson JE, Rowin E, Lombardi M, Cecchi F, Tomberli B, Spirito P, Formisano F, Biagini E, Rapezzi C, De Cecco CN, Autore C, Cook EF, Hong SN, Gibson CM, Manning WJ, Appelbaum E, Maron MS. Prognostic value of quantitative contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the evaluation of sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2014;130:484-495.
Ismail TF, Jabbour A, Gulati A, Mallorie A, Raza S, Cowling TE, Das B, Khwaja J, Alpendurada FD, Wage R, Roughton M, McKenna WJ, Moon JC, Varnava A, Shakespeare C, Cowie MR, Cook SA, Elliott P, O'Hanlon R, Pennell DJ, Prasad SK. Role of late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the risk stratification of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2014;100:1851-1858.
Olivotto I, Maron BJ, Montereggi A, Mazzuoli F, Dolara A, Cecchi F. Prognostic value of systemic blood pressure response during exercise in a communitybased patient population with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:2044-2051.
Sadoul N, Prasad K, Elliott PM, Bannerjee S, Frenneaux MP, McKenna WJ. Prospective prognostic assessment of blood pressure response during exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1997;96:2987-2991.
O'Mahony C, Jichi F, Pavlou M, Monserrat L, Anastasakis A, Rapezzi C, Biagini E, Gimeno JR, Limongelli G, McKenna WJ, Omar RZ, Elliott PM. A novel clinical risk prediction model for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM risk-SCD). Eur Heart J 2014;35:2010-2020.
Spirito P, Autore C, Formisano F, Assenza GE, Biagini E, Haas TS, Bongioanni S, Semsarian C, Devoto E, Musumeci B, Lai F, Yeates L, Conte MR, Rapezzi C, Boni L, Maron BJ. Risk of sudden death and outcome in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with benign presentation and without risk factors. Am J Cardiol 2014;113:1550-1555.
Marcus FI, McKenna WJ, Sherrill D, Basso C, Bauce B, Bluemke DA, Calkins H, Corrado D, Cox MGPJ, Daubert JP, Fontaine G, Gear K, Hauer R, Nava A, Picard MH, Protonotarios N, Saffitz JE, Sanborn DMY, Steinberg JS, Tandri H, Thiene G, Towbin JA, Tsatsopoulou A, Wichter T, Zareba W. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: proposed modification of the task force criteria. Circulation 2010;121:1533-1541.
Miles C, Finocchiaro G, Papadakis M, Gray B, Westaby J, Ensam B, Basu J, Parry-Williams G, Papatheodorou E, Paterson C, Malhotra A, Robertus JL, Ware JS, Cook SA, Asimaki A, Witney A, Chis Ster I, Tome M, Sharma S, Behr ER, Sheppard MN. Sudden death and left ventricular involvement in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2019;139:1786-1797.
Sen-Chowdhry S, Syrris P, Prasad SK, Hughes SE, Merrifield R, Ward D, Pennell DJ, McKenna WJ. Left-dominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: an underrecognized clinical entity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:2175-2187.
Corrado D, van Tintelen PJ, McKenna WJ, Hauer RNW, Anastastakis A, Asimaki A, Basso C, Bauce B, Brunckhorst C, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Duru F, Elliott P, Hamilton RM, Haugaa KH, James CA, Judge D, Link MS, Marchlinski FE, Mazzanti A, Mestroni L, Pantazis A, Pelliccia A, Marra MP, Pilichou K, Platonov PGA, Protonotarios A, Rampazzo A, Saffitz JE, Saguner AM, Schmied C, Sharma S, Tandri H, Te Riele ASJM, Thiene G, Tsatsopoulou A, Zareba W, Zorzi A, Wichter T, Marcus FI, Calkins H. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: evaluation of the current diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis. Eur Heart J 2020;41:1414-1429.
Calkins H, Corrado D, Marcus F. Risk stratification in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2017;136:2068-2082.
Cadrin-Tourigny J, Bosman LP, Nozza A, Wang W, Tadros R, Bhonsale A, Bourfiss M, Fortier A, Lie ØH, Saguner AM, Svensson A, Andorin A, Tichnell C, Murray B, Zeppenfeld K, van den Berg MP, Asselbergs FW, Wilde AAM, Krahn AD, Talajic M, Rivard L, Chelko S, Zimmerman SL, Kamel IR, Crosson JE, Judge DP, Yap S-C, van der Heijden JF, Tandri H, Jongbloed JDH, Guertin M-C, van Tintelen JP, Platonov PG, Duru F, Haugaa KH, Khairy P, Hauer RNW, Calkins H, te Riele ASJM, James CA. A new prediction model for ventricular arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2019;40:1850-1858.
Maupain C, Badenco N, Pousset F, Waintraub X, Duthoit G, Chastre T, Himbert C, Hebert J-L, Frank R, Hidden-Lucet F, Gandjbakhch E. Risk stratification in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia without an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2018;4:757-768.
Kirchhof P, Fabritz L, Zwiener M, Witt H, Schafers M, Zellerhoff S, Paul M, Athai T, Hiller K-H, Baba HA, Breithardt G, Ruiz P, Wichter T, Levkau B. Ageand training-dependent development of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in heterozygous plakoglobin-deficient mice. Circulation 2006;114:1799-1806.
Benito B, Gay-Jordi G, Serrano-Mollar A, Guasch E, Shi Y, Tardif J-C, Brugada J, Nattel S, Mont L. Cardiac arrhythmogenic remodeling in a rat model of longterm intensive exercise training. Circulation 2011;123:13-22.
James CA, Bhonsale A, Tichnell C, Murray B, Russell SD, Tandri H, Tedford RJ, Judge DP, Calkins H. Exercise increases age-related penetrance and arrhythmic risk in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy-associated desmosomal mutation carriers. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:1290-1297.
Ruwald A-C, Marcus F, Estes NAM 3rd, Link M, McNitt S, Polonsky B, Calkins H, Towbin JA, Moss AJ, Zareba W. Association of competitive and recreational sport participation with cardiac events in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: results from the North American multidisciplinary study of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopath. Eur Heart J 2015;36:1735-1743.
Saberniak J, Hasselberg NE, Borgquist R, Platonov PG, Sarvari SI, Smith H-J, Ribe M, Holst AG, Edvardsen T, Haugaa KH. Vigorous physical activity impairs myocardial function in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and in mutation positive family members. Eur J Heart Fail 2014;16:1337-1344.
Sawant AC, Bhonsale A, te Riele ASJM, Tichnell C, Murray B, Russell SD, Tandri H, Tedford RJ, Judge DP, Calkins H, James CA. Exercise has a disproportionate role in the pathogenesis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/ cardiomyopathy in patients without desmosomal mutations. J Am Heart Assoc 2014;3:e001471.
Lie OH, Dejgaard LA, Saberniak J, Rootwelt C, Stokke MK, Edvardsen T, Haugaa KH. Harmful effects of exercise intensity and exercise duration in patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2018;4:744-753.
Lampert R, Olshansky B, Heidbuchel H, Lawless C, Saarel E, Ackerman M, Calkins H, Estes NAM, Link MS, Maron BJ, Marcus F, Scheinman M, Wilkoff BL, Zipes DP, Berul CI, Cheng A, Law I, Loomis M, Barth C, Brandt C, Dziura J, Li F, Cannom D. Safety of sports for athletes with implantable cardioverterdefibrillators: results of a prospective, multinational registry. Circulation 2013;127:2021-2030.
Dalal D, Nasir K, Bomma C, Prakasa K, Tandri H, Piccini J, Roguin A, Tichnell C, James C, Russell SD, Judge DP, Abraham T, Spevak PJ, Bluemke DA, Calkins H. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: a United States experience. Circulation 2005;112:3823-3832.
Gupta R, Tichnell C, Murray B, Rizzo S, Te Riele A, Tandri H, Judge DP, Thiene G, Basso C, Calkins H, James CA. Comparison of features of fatal versus nonfatal cardiac arrest in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2017;120:111-117.
Corrado D, Calkins H, Link MS, Leoni L, Favale S, Bevilacqua M, Basso C, Ward D, Boriani G, Ricci R, Piccini JP, Dalal D, Santini M, Buja G, Iliceto S, Estes NAM 3rd, Wichter T, McKenna WJ, Thiene G, Marcus FI. Prophylactic implantable defibrillator in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/ dysplasia and no prior ventricular fibrillation or sustained ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 2010;122:1144-1152.
Orgeron GM, James CA, Te Riele A, Tichnell C, Murray B, Bhonsale A, Kamel IR, Zimmerman SL, Judge DP, Crosson J, Tandri H, Calkins H. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/ cardiomyopathy: predictors of appropriate therapy, outcomes, and complications. J Am Heart Assoc 2017;6.
Sadjadieh G, Jabbari R, Risgaard B, Olesen MS, Haunso S, Tfelt-Hansen J, Winkel BG. Nationwide (Denmark) study of symptoms preceding sudden death due to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2014;113:1250-1254.
Bhonsale A, James CA, Tichnell C, Murray B, Gagarin D, Philips B, Dalal D, Tedford R, Russell SD, Abraham T, Tandri H, Judge DP, Calkins H. Incidence and predictors of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy undergoing implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation for primary prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:1485-1496.
Link MS, Laidlaw D, Polonsky B, Zareba W, McNitt S, Gear K, Marcus F, Estes NAM 3rd. Ventricular arrhythmias in the North American multidisciplinary study of ARVC: predictors, characteristics, and treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:119-125.
Piccini JP, Dalal D, Roguin A, Bomma C, Cheng A, Prakasa K, Dong J, Tichnell C, James C, Russell S, Crosson J, Berger RD, Marine JE, Tomaselli G, Calkins H. Predictors of appropriate implantable defibrillator therapies in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Heart Rhythm 2005;2:1188-1194.
Saguner AM, Vecchiati A, Baldinger SH, Rueger S, Medeiros-Domingo A, Mueller-Burri AS, Haegeli LM, Biaggi P, Manka R, Luscher TF, Fontaine G, Delacretaz E, Jenni R, Held L, Brunckhorst C, Duru F, Tanner FC. Different prognostic value of functional right ventricular parameters in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014;7:230-239.
Wichter T, Paul M, Wollmann C, Acil T, Gerdes P, Ashraf O, Tjan TDT, Soeparwata R, Block M, Borggrefe M, Scheld HH, Breithardt G, Bocker D. Implantable cardioverter/defibrillator therapy in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: single-center experience of long-term follow-up and complications in 60 patients. Circulation 2004;109:1503-1508.
Rigato I, Bauce B, Rampazzo A, Zorzi A, Pilichou K, Mazzotti E, Migliore F, Marra MP, Lorenzon A, De Bortoli M, Calore M, Nava A, Daliento L, Gregori D, Iliceto S, Thiene G, Basso C, Corrado D. Compound and digenic heterozygosity predicts lifetime arrhythmic outcome and sudden cardiac death in desmosomal gene-related arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2013;6:533-542.
Gandjbakhch E, Redheuil A, Pousset F, Charron P, Frank R. Clinical diagnosis, imaging, and genetics of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:784-804.
Merner ND, Hodgkinson KA, Haywood AFM, Connors S, French VM, Drenckhahn J-D, Kupprion C, Ramadanova K, Thierfelder L, McKenna W, Gallagher B, Morris-Larkin L, Bassett AS, Parfrey PS, Young T-L. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy type 5 is a fully penetrant, lethal arrhythmic disorder caused by a missense mutation in the TMEM43 gene. Am J Hum Genet 2008;82:809-821.
Dhutia H, Malhotra A, Yeo TJ, Ster IC, Gabus V, Steriotis A, Dores H, Mellor G, Garc_?a-Corrales C, Ensam B, Jayalapan V, Ezzat VA, Finocchiaro G, Gati S, Papadakis M, Tome-Esteban M, Sharma S. Inter-rater reliability and downstream financial implications of electrocardiography screening in young athletes. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2017;10:e003881.
Gati S, Rajani R, Carr-White GS, Chambers JB. Adult left ventricular noncompaction: reappraisal of current diagnostic imaging modalities. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2014;7:1266-1275.
Gati S, Chandra N, Bennett RL, Reed M, Kervio G, Panoulas VF, Ghani S, Sheikh N, Zaidi A, Wilson M, Papadakis M, CarréF, Sharma S. Increased left ventricular trabeculation in highly trained athletes: do we need more stringent criteria for the diagnosis of left ventricular non-compaction in athletes? Heart 2013;99:401-408.
Gati S, Papadakis M, Papamichael ND, Zaidi A, Sheikh N, Reed M, Sharma R, Thilaganathan B, Sharma S. Reversible de novo left ventricular trabeculations in pregnant women: implications for the diagnosis of left ventricular noncompaction in low-risk populations. Circulation 2014;130:475-483.
Zemrak F, Ahlman MA, Captur G, Mohiddin SA, Kawel-Boehm N, Prince MR, Moon JC, Hundley WG, Lima JAC, Bluemke DA, Petersen SE. The relationship of left ventricular trabeculation to ventricular function and structure over a 9. 5-year follow-up: the MESA study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:1971-1980.
Caselli S, Ferreira D, Kanawati E, Di Paolo F, Pisicchio C, Attenhofer Jost C, Spataro A, Jenni R, Pelliccia A. Prominent left ventricular trabeculations in competitive athletes: a proposal for risk stratification and management. Int J Cardiol 2016;223:590-595.
Caselli S, Attenhofer Jost CH, Jenni R, Pelliccia A. Left ventricular noncompaction diagnosis and management relevant to pre-participation screening of athletes. Am J Cardiol 2015;116:801-808.
Gati S, Merghani A, Sharma S. Increased left ventricular trabeculation does not necessarily equate to left ventricular noncompaction in athletes. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:1247.
Gati S, Sharma S. The dilemmas in diagnosing left ventricular non-compaction in athletes. Eur Heart J 2015;36:891-893.
Pinto YM, Elliott PM, Arbustini E, Adler Y, Anastasakis A, Bohm M, Duboc D, Gimeno J, de Groote P, Imazio M, Heymans S, Klingel K, Komajda M, Limongelli G, Linhart A, Mogensen J, Moon J, Pieper PG, Seferovic PM, Schueler S, Zamorano JL, Caforio ALP, Charron P. Proposal for a revised definition of dilated cardiomyopathy, hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy, and its implications for clinical practice: a position statement of the ESC working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J 2016;37:1850-1858.
Hasselberg NE, Haland TF, Saberniak J, Brekke PH, Berge KE, Leren TP, Edvardsen T, Haugaa KH. Lamin A/C cardiomyopathy: young onset, high penetrance, and frequent need for heart transplantation. Eur Heart J 2018;39:853-860.
Ortiz-Genga MF, Cuenca S, Dal Ferro M, Zorio E, Salgado-Aranda R, Climent V, Padron-Barthe L, Duro-Aguado I, Jimenez-Jaimez J, Hidalgo-Olivares VM, Garcia-Campo E, Lanzillo C, Suarez-Mier MP, Yonath H, Marcos-Alonso S, Ochoa JP, Santome JL, Garcia-Giustiniani D, Rodriguez-Garrido JL, Dominguez F, Merlo M, Palomino J, Pena ML, Trujillo JP, Martin-Vila A, Stolfo D, Molina P, Lara-Pezzi E, Calvo-Iglesias FE, Nof E, Calo L, Barriales-Villa R, Gimeno-Blanes JR, Arad M, Garcia-Pavia P, Monserrat L. Truncating FLNC mutations are associated with high-risk dilated and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;68:2440-2451.
Halliday BP, Cleland JGF, Goldberger JJ, Prasad SK. Personalizing risk stratification for sudden death in dilated cardiomyopathy: the past, present, and future. Circulation 2017;136:215-231.
Holloway CJ, Dass S, Suttie JJ, Rider OJ, Cox P, Cochlin LE, Jackson H, Fast AM, Johnson AW, Karamitsos TD, Neubauer S, Clarke K. Exercise training in dilated cardiomyopathy improves rest and stress cardiac function without changes in cardiac high energy phosphate metabolism. Heart 2012;98:1083-1090.
Stolen KQ, Kemppainen J, Ukkonen H, Kalliokoski KK, Luotolahti M, Lehikoinen P, Hamalainen H, Salo T, Airaksinen KEJ, Nuutila P, Knuuti J. Exercise training improves biventricular oxidative metabolism and left ventricular efficiency in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:460-467.
Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Maleszewski JJ, Lopez-Anderson M, Owens D, Prutkin JM, Asif IM, Klossner D, Ackerman MJ. Pathogeneses of sudden cardiac death in national collegiate athletic association athletes. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014;7:198-204.
Claessen G, Schnell F, Bogaert J, Claeys M, Pattyn N, De Buck F, Dymarkowski S, Claus P, Carre F, Van Cleemput J, La Gerche A, Heidbuchel H. Exercise cardiac magnetic resonance to differentiate athlete's heart from structural heart disease. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018;19:1062-1070.
Millar LM, Fanton Z, Finocchiaro G, Sanchez-Fernandez G, Dhutia H, Malhotra A, Merghani A, Papadakis M, Behr ER, Bunce N, Oxborough D, Reed M, O'Driscoll J, Tome Esteban MT, D'Silva A, Carr-White G, Webb J, Sharma R, Sharma S. Differentiation between athlete's heart and dilated cardiomyopathy in athletic individuals. Heart 2020;106:1059-1065.
Gulati A, Jabbour A, Ismail TF, Guha K, Khwaja J, Raza S, Morarji K, Brown TDH, Ismail NA, Dweck MR, Di Pietro E, Roughton M, Wage R, Daryani Y, O'Hanlon R, Sheppard MN, Alpendurada F, Lyon AR, Cook SA, Cowie MR, Assomull RG, Pennell DJ, Prasad SK. Association of fibrosis with mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. JAMA 2013;309:896-908.
Neilan TG, Coelho-Filho OR, Danik SB, Shah RV, Dodson JA, Verdini DJ, Tokuda M, Daly CA, Tedrow UB, Stevenson WG, Jerosch-Herold M, Ghoshhajra BB, Kwong RY. CMR quantification of myocardial scar provides additive prognostic information in nonischemic cardiomyopathy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;6:944-954.
Masci PG, Doulaptsis C, Bertella E, Del Torto A, Symons R, Pontone G, Barison A, Droogne W, Andreini D, Lorenzoni V, Gripari P, Mushtaq S, Emdin M, Bogaert J, Lombardi M. Incremental prognostic value of myocardial fibrosis in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy without congestive heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2014;7:448-456.
Perazzolo Marra M, De Lazzari M, Zorzi A, Migliore F, Zilio F, Calore C, Vettor G, Tona F, Tarantini G, Cacciavillani L, Corbetti F, Giorgi B, Miotto D, Thiene G, Basso C, Iliceto S, Corrado D. Impact of the presence and amount of myocardial fibrosis by cardiac magnetic resonance on arrhythmic outcome and sudden cardiac death in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 2014;11:856-863.
Cattin M-E, Ferry A, Vignaud A, Mougenot N, Jacquet A, Wahbi K, Bertrand AT, Bonne G. Mutation in lamin A/C sensitizes the myocardium to exerciseinduced mechanical stress but has no effect on skeletal muscles in mouse. Neuromuscul Disord 2016;26:490-499.
Pasotti M, Klersy C, Pilotto A, Marziliano N, Rapezzi C, Serio A, Mannarino S, Gambarin F, Favalli V, Grasso M, Agozzino M, Campana C, Gavazzi A, Febo O, Marini M, Landolina M, Mortara A, Piccolo G, Vigano M, Tavazzi L, Arbustini E. Long-term outcome and risk stratification in dilated cardiolaminopathies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1250-1260.
Skjølsvik ET, Hasselberg NE, Dejgaard LA, Lie ØH, Andersen K, Holm T, Edvardsen T, Haugaa KH. Exercise is associated with impaired left ventricular systolic function in patients with lamin A/C genotype. J Am Heart Assoc 2020;9:e012937.
Kumar S, Baldinger SH, Gandjbakhch E, Maury P, Sellal J-M, Androulakis AFA, Waintraub X, Charron P, Rollin A, Richard P, Stevenson WG, Macintyre CJ, Ho CY, Thompson T, Vohra JK, Kalman JM, Zeppenfeld K, Sacher F, Tedrow UB, Lakdawala NK. Long-term arrhythmic and nonarrhythmic outcomes of lamin A/ C mutation carriers. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;68:2299-2307.
van Rijsingen IAW, Arbustini E, Elliott PM, Mogensen J, Hermans-van Ast JF, van der Kooi AJ, van Tintelen JP, van den Berg MP, Pilotto A, Pasotti M, Jenkins S, Rowland C, Aslam U, Wilde AAM, Perrot A, Pankuweit S, Zwinderman AH, Charron P, Pinto YM. Risk factors for malignant ventricular arrhythmias in lamin A/C mutation carriers: a European cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:493-500.
Caforio ALP, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, Basso C, Gimeno-Blanes J, Felix SB, Fu M, Helio T, Heymans S, Jahns R, Klingel K, Linhart A, Maisch B, McKenna W, Mogensen J, Pinto YM, Ristic A, Schultheiss H-P, Seggewiss H, Tavazzi L, Thiene G, Yilmaz A, Charron P, Elliott PM. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J 2013;34:2636-2648.
Sinagra G, Anzini M, Pereira NL, Bussani R, Finocchiaro G, Bartunek J, Merlo M. Myocarditis in clinical practice. Mayo Clin Proc 2016;91:1256-1266.
Breinholt JP, Moulik M, Dreyer WJ, Denfield SW, Kim JJ, Jefferies JL, Rossano JW, Gates CM, Clunie SK, Bowles KR, Kearney DL, Bowles NE, Towbin JA. Viral epidemiologic shift in inflammatory heart disease: the increasing involvement of parvovirus B19 in the myocardium of pediatric cardiac transplant patients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010;29:739-746.
Yilmaz A, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Sechtem U. A geographical mystery: do cardiotropic viruses respect national borders? J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:82; author reply 82-83.
Magnani JW, Danik HJS, Dec GWJ, DiSalvo TG. Survival in biopsy-proven myocarditis: a long-term retrospective analysis of the histopathologic, clinical, and hemodynamic predictors. Am Heart J 2006;151:463-470.
Smith SC, Ladenson JH, Mason JW, Jaffe AS. Elevations of cardiac troponin I associated with myocarditis. Experimental and clinical correlates. Circulation 1997;95:163-168.
Morgera T, Di Lenarda A, Dreas L, Pinamonti B, Humar F, Bussani R, Silvestri F, Chersevani D, Camerini F. Electrocardiography of myocarditis revisited: clinical and prognostic significance of electrocardiographic changes. Am Heart J 1992;124:455-467.
Pinamonti B, Alberti E, Cigalotto A, Dreas L, Salvi A, Silvestri F, Camerini F. Echocardiographic findings in myocarditis. Am J Cardiol 1988;62:285-291.
Caforio ALP, Calabrese F, Angelini A, Tona F, Vinci A, Bottaro S, Ramondo A, Carturan E, Iliceto S, Thiene G, Daliento L. A prospective study of biopsyproven myocarditis: prognostic relevance of clinical and aetiopathogenetic features at diagnosis. Eur Heart J 2007;28:1326-1333.
Schnell F, Claessen G, La Gerche A, Bogaert J, Lentz P-A, Claus P, Mabo P, Carre F, Heidbuchel H. Subepicardial delayed gadolinium enhancement in asymptomatic athletes: let sleeping dogs lie Br J Sports Med 2016;50:111-117.
Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, Alakija P, Cooper LT, White JA, Abdel-Aty H, Gutberlet M, Prasad S, Aletras A, Laissy J-P, Paterson I, Filipchuk NG, Kumar A, Pauschinger M, Liu P. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC white paper. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1475-1487.
Radenkovic D, Weingartner S, Ricketts L, Moon JC, Captur G. T1 mapping in cardiac MRI. Heart Fail Rev 2017;22:415-430.
Nadjiri J, Nieberler H, Hendrich E, Greiser A, Will A, Martinoff S, Hadamitzky M. Performance of native and contrast-enhanced T1 mapping to detect myocardial damage in patients with suspected myocarditis: a head-to-head comparison of different cardiovascular magnetic resonance techniques. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017;33:539-547.
Aquaro GD, Perfetti M, Camastra G, Monti L, Dellegrottaglie S, Moro C, Pepe A, Todiere G, Lanzillo C, Scatteia A, Di Roma M, Pontone G, Perazzolo Marra M, Barison A, Di Bella G. Cardiac MR with late gadolinium enhancement in acute myocarditis with preserved systolic function: ITAMY Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70:1977-1987.
Mewton N, Dernis A, Bresson D, Zouaghi O, Croisille P, Flocard E, Douek P, Bonnefoy-Cudraz E. Myocardial biomarkers and delayed enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance relationship in clinically suspected myocarditis and insight on clinical outcome. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2015;16:696-703.
Grun S, Schumm J, Greulich S, Wagner A, Schneider S, Bruder O, Kispert E-M, Hill S, Ong P, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Sechtem U, Mahrholdt H. Long-term followup of biopsy-proven viral myocarditis: predictors of mortality and incomplete recovery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:1604-1615.
Schumm J, Greulich S, Wagner A, Grun S, Ong P, Bentz K, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Bruder O, Schneider S, Sechtem U, Mahrholdt H. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance risk stratification in patients with clinically suspected myocarditis. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2014;16:14.
van de Schoor FR, Aengevaeren VL, Hopman MTE, Oxborough DL, George KP, Thompson PD, Eijsvogels TMH. Myocardial fibrosis in athletes. Mayo Clin Proc 2016;91:1617-1631.
Ammirati E, Moroni F, Sormani P, Peritore A, Milazzo A, Quattrocchi G, Cipriani M, Oliva F, Giannattasio C, Frigerio M, Roghi A, Camici PG, Pedrotti P. Quantitative changes in late gadolinium enhancement at cardiac magnetic resonance in the early phase of acute myocarditis. Int J Cardiol 2017;231:216-221.
Gr?ani C, Eichhorn C, Bière L, Kaneko K, Murthy VL, Agarwal V, Aghayev A, Steigner M, Blankstein R, Jerosch-Herold M, Kwong RY. Comparison of myocardial fibrosis quantification methods by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for risk stratification of patients with suspected myocarditis. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2019;21:14.
Matthias H, Alexander N, Uwe K, Michel N, Wolfgang P, Wolfgang H, Andreas M, Bernhard W, Carsten T, Heinz-Peter S, Matthias P. Complication rate of right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy via the femoral approach. Circulation 2008;118:1722-1728.
Yilmaz A, Kindermann I, Kindermann M, Mahfoud F, Ukena C, Athanasiadis A, Hill S, Mahrholdt H, Voehringer M, Schieber M, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Bohm M, Sechtem U. Comparative evaluation of left and right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy: differences in complication rate and diagnostic performance. Circulation 2010;122:900-909.
Cooper LTJ, Hare JM, Tazelaar HD, Edwards WD, Starling RC, Deng MC, Menon S, Mullen GM, Jaski B, Bailey KR, Cunningham MW, Dec GW. Usefulness of immunosuppression for giant cell myocarditis. Am J Cardiol 2008;102:1535-1539.
Bohm P, Scharhag J, Meyer T. Data from a nationwide registry on sportsrelated sudden cardiac deaths in Germany. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2016;23:649-656.
Phillips M, Robinowitz M, Higgins JR, Boran KJ, Reed T, Virmani R. Sudden cardiac death in Air Force recruits. A 20-year review. JAMA 1986;256:2696-2699.
Kiel RJ, Smith FE, Chason J, Khatib R, Reyes MP. Coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis in C3H/HeJ mice: description of an inbred model and the effect of exercise on virulence. Eur J Epidemiol 1989;5:348-350.
Gatmaitan BG, Chason JL, Lerner AM. Augmentation of the virulence of murine Coxsackie-virus B-3 myocardiopathy by exercise. J Exp Med 1970;131:1121-1136.
Ilback NG, Fohlman J, Friman G. Exercise in Coxsackie B3 myocarditis: effects on heart lymphocyte subpopulations and the inflammatory reaction. Am Heart J 1989;117:1298-1302.
Cabinian AE, Kiel RJ, Smith F, Ho KL, Khatib R, Reyes MP. Modification of exercise-aggravated Coxsackie virus B3 murine myocarditis by T lymphocyte suppression in an inbred model. J Lab Clin Med 1990;115:454-462.
Pelliccia A, Corrado D, Bjornstad HH, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Urhausen A, Carre F, Anastasakis A, Vanhees L, Arbustini E, Priori S. Recommendations for participation in competitive sport and leisure-time physical activity in individuals with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis and pericarditis. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006;13:876-885.
Maron BJ, Udelson JE, Bonow RO, Nishimura RA, Ackerman MJ, Estes NAM 3rd, Cooper LTJ, Link MS, Maron MS. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: Task Force 3: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and other cardiomyopathies, and myocarditis. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. Circulation 2015;132:e273-280.
Gati S, Sharma S, Pennell D. The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of highly trained athletes. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2018;11:1327-1339.
Enrico A, Manlio C, Claudio M, Claudia R, Daniela P, Paola S, Riccardo M, Marisa V, Patrizia P, Cristina C, Antonio M, Aurelia G, Daniele B, Silvia G, PG B., Stefania C, CS I., Cristina G, Alberto M, Valentina C, Marco M, Carlo L, Jeness C, Piergiuseppe A, Giovanni P, Laura S, Annalisa T, Giuseppe DT, Carlo C, Armando B, Fabrizio M, Andrea M, Antonio C, Michele S, Antonello G, Maria F, Fabrizio O, CP G., null null. Clinical presentation and outcome in a contemporary cohort of patients with acute myocarditis. Circulation 2018;138:1088-1099.
Alessandro Z, Martina PM, Ilaria R, Manuel DL, Angela S, Alice N, Kalliopi P, Federico M, Stefania R, Benedetta G, Giorgio DC, Patrizio S, Luis S, Giampiero P, Elia DM, Antonio P, Cristina B, Maurizio S, Barbara B, Sabino I, Gaetano T, Domenico C. Nonischemic left ventricular scar as a substrate of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in competitive athletes. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol 2016;9:e004229.
Anzini M, Merlo M, Sabbadini G, Barbati G, Finocchiaro G, Pinamonti B, Salvi A, Perkan A, Di Lenarda A, Bussani R, Bartunek J, Sinagra G. Long-term evolution and prognostic stratification of biopsy-proven active myocarditis. Circulation 2013;128:2384-2394.
Imazio M, Gaita F, LeWinter M. Evaluation and treatment of pericarditis: a systematic review. JAMA 2015;314:1498-1506.
Imazio M, Spodick DH, Brucato A, Trinchero R, Adler Y. Controversial issues in the management of pericardial diseases. Circulation 2010;121:916-928.
Pelliccia A, Solberg EE, Papadakis M, Adami PE, Biffi A, Caselli S, La Gerche A, Niebauer J, Pressler A, Schmied CM, Serratosa L, Halle M, Van Buuren F, Borjesson M, Carrè F, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop NM, Heidbuchel H, Olivotto I, Corrado D, Sinagra G, Sharma S. Recommendations for participation in competitive and leisure time sport in athletes with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and pericarditis: position statement of the Sport Cardiology Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J 2018;40:19-33.
La Gerche A, Robberecht C, Kuiperi C, Nuyens D, Willems R, de Ravel T, Matthijs G, Heidbuchel H. Lower than expected desmosomal gene mutation prevalence in endurance athletes with complex ventricular arrhythmias of right ventricular origin. Heart 2010;96:1268-1274.
Heidbuchel H. The athlete's heart is a proarrhythmic heart, and what that means for clinical decision making. EP Europace 2018;20:1401-1411.
Du X, Dong J, Ma C. Is atrial fibrillation a preventable disease J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:1968-1982.
Mozaffarian D, Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Siscovick D. Physical activity and incidence of atrial fibrillation in older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Circulation 2008;118:800-807.
Rienstra M, Hobbelt AH, Alings M, Tijssen JGP, Smit MD, Brugemann J, Geelhoed B, Tieleman RG, Hillege HL, Tukkie R, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Crijns H, Van Gelder IC IR. Targeted therapy of underlying conditions improves sinus rhythm maintenance in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: results of the RACE 3 trial. Eur Hear J 2018;39:2987-2996.
Elliott AD, Maatman B, Emery MS, Sanders P. The role of exercise in atrial fibrillation prevention and promotion: finding optimal ranges for health. Heart Rhythm 2017;14:1713-1720.
Andersen K, Farahmand B, Ahlbom A, Held C, Ljunghall S, Michaelsson K, Sundstrom J. Risk of arrhythmias in 52 755 long-distance cross-country skiers: a cohort study. Eur Heart J 2013;34:3624-3631.
Aizer A, Gaziano JM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Albert CM. Relation of vigorous exercise to risk of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2009;103:1572-1577.
Kwok CS, Anderson SG, Myint PK, Mamas MA, Loke YK. Physical activity and incidence of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2014;177:467-476.
La Gerche A, Schmied CM. Atrial fibrillation in athletes and the interplay between exercise and health. Eur Heart J 2013;34:3599-3602.
Elosua R, Arquer A, Mont L, Sambola A, Molina L, Garcia-Moran E, Brugada J, Marrugat J. Sport practice and the risk of lone atrial fibrillation: a case-control study. Int J Cardiol 2006;108:332-337.
Mont L, Sambola A, Brugada J, Vacca M, Marrugat J, Elosua R, Pare C, Azqueta M, Sanz G. Long-lasting sport practice and lone atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2002;23:477-482.
Heidbuchel H, Anne W, Willems R, Adriaenssens B, Van de Werf F, Ector H. Endurance sports is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation after ablation for atrial flutter. Int J Cardiol 2006;107:67-72.
Morseth B, Graff-Iversen S, Jacobsen BK, Jorgensen L, Nyrnes A, Thelle DS, Vestergaard P, Lochen M-L. Physical activity, resting heart rate, and atrial fibrillation: the Tromso Study. Eur Heart J 2016;37:2307-2313.
Kawabata M, Hirao K, Horikawa T, Suzuki K, Motokawa K, Suzuki F, Azegami K, Hiejima K. Syncope in patients with atrial flutter during treatment with class Ic antiarrhythmic drugs. J Electrocardiol 2001;34:65-72.
Brembilla-Perrot B, Houriez P, Beurrier D, Claudon O, Terrier de la Chaise A, Louis P. Predictors of atrial flutter with 1: 1 conduction in patients treated with class I antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial tachyarrhythmias. Int J Cardiol 2001;80:7-15.
Alboni P, Botto GL, Baldi N, Luzi M, Russo V, Gianfranchi L, Marchi P, Calzolari M, Solano A, Baroffio R, Gaggioli G. Outpatient treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation with the "pill-in-the-pocket" approach. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2384-2391.
Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B, Castella M, Diener H-C, Heidbuchel H, Hendriks J, Hindricks G, Manolis AS, Oldgren J, Popescu BA, Schotten U, Van Putte B, Vardas P, Agewall S, Camm J, Baron Esquivias G, Budts W, Carerj S, Casselman F, Coca A, De Caterina R, Deftereos S, Dobrev D, Ferro JM, Filippatos G, Fitzsimons D, Gorenek B, Guenoun M, Hohnloser SH, Kolh P, Lip GYH, Manolis A, McMurray J, Ponikowski P, Rosenhek R, Ruschitzka F, Savelieva I, Sharma S, Suwalski P, Tamargo JL, Taylor CJ, Van Gelder IC, Voors AA, Windecker S, Zamorano JL, Zeppenfeld K. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2016;50:e1_e88.
Steffel J, Verhamme P, Potpara TS, Albaladejo P, Antz M, Desteghe L, Haeusler KG, Oldgren J, Reinecke H, Roldan-Schilling V, Rowell N, Sinnaeve P, Collins R, Camm AJ, Heidbuchel H. The 2018 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2018;39:1330-1393.
Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, Kim Y-H, Saad EB, Aguinaga L, Akar JG, Badhwar V, Brugada J, Camm J, Chen P-S, Chen S-A, Chung MK, Nielsen JC, Curtis AB, Davies DW, Day JD, d'Avila A, de Groot NMSN, Di Biase L, Duytschaever M, Edgerton JR, Ellenbogen KA, Ellinor PT, Ernst S, Fenelon G, Gerstenfeld EP, Haines DE, Haissaguerre M, Helm RH, Hylek E, Jackman WM, Jalife J, Kalman JM, Kautzner J, Kottkamp H, Kuck KH, Kumagai K, Lee R, Lewalter T, Lindsay BD, Macle L, Mansour M, Marchlinski FE, Michaud GF, Nakagawa H, Natale A, Nattel S, Okumura K, Packer D, Pokushalov E, Reynolds MR, Sanders P, Scanavacca M, Schilling R, Tondo C, Tsao H-M, Verma A, Wilber DJ, Yamane T. 2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2017;14:e275_e444.
Calvo N, Mont L, Tamborero D, Berruezo A, Viola G, Guasch E, Nadal M, Andreu D, Vidal B, Sitges M, Brugada J. Efficacy of circumferential pulmonary vein ablation of atrial fibrillation in endurance athletes. Europace 2010;12:30-36.
Koopman P, Nuyens D, Garweg C, La Gerche A, De Buck S, Van Casteren L, Alzand B, Willems R, Heidbuchel H. Efficacy of radiofrequency catheter ablation in athletes with atrial fibrillation. Europace 2011;13:1386-1393.
Abdulla J, Nielsen JR. Is the risk of atrial fibrillation higher in athletes than in the general population? A systematic review and meta-analysis. EP Europace 2009;11:1156-1159.
Sorbo MD, Buja GF, Miorelli M, Nistri S, Perrone C, Manca S, Grasso F, Giordano GM, Nava A. [The prevalence of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in a population of 116,542 young males]. G Ital Cardiol 1995;25:681-687.
Sano S, Komori S, Amano T, Kohno I, Ishihara T, Sawanobori T, Ijiri H, Tamura K. Prevalence of ventricular preexcitation in Japanese schoolchildren. Heart 1998;79:374-378.
Timmermans C, Smeets JL, Rodriguez LM, Vrouchos G, van den Dool A, Wellens HJ. Aborted sudden death in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:492-494.
Waxman MB, Wald RW, Sharma AD, Huerta F, Cameron DA. Vagal techniques for termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1980;46:655-664.
Miljoen H, Ector J, Garweg C, Saenen J, Huybrechts W, Sarkozy A, Willems R HH. Differential presentation of AV nodal reentrant tachycardia in athletes and non-athletes. EP Europace 2019;21:944-949.
Obeyesekere MN, Leong-Sit P, Massel D, Manlucu J, Modi S, Krahn AD, Skanes AC, Yee R, Gula LJ, Klein GJ. Risk of arrhythmia and sudden death in patients with asymptomatic preexcitation: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2012;125:2308-2315.
Wellens HJ, Rodriguez LM, Timmermans C, Smeets JP. The asymptomatic patient with the Wolff-Parkinson-White electrocardiogram. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997;20:2082-2086.
Gaita F, Giustetto C, Riccardi R, Mangiardi L, Brusca A. Stress and pharmacologic tests as methods to identify patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome at risk of sudden death. Am J Cardiol 1989;64:487-490.
Pappone C, Manguso F, Santinelli R, Vicedomini G, Sala S, Paglino G, Mazzone P, Lang CC, Gulletta S, Augello G, Santinelli O, Santinelli V. Radiofrequency ablation in children with asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1197-1205.
Brugada J, Katritsis DG, Arbelo E, Arribas F, Bax JJ, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Calkins H, Corrado D, Deftereos SG, Diller G-P, Gomez-Doblas JJ, Gorenek B, Grace A, Ho SY, Kaski J-C, Kuck K-H, Lambiase PD, Sacher F, Sarquella-Brugada G, Suwalski P, Zaza A. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia. The Task Force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2019;41:655-720.
Bjornstad H, Storstein L, Meen HD, Hals O. Ambulatory electrocardiographic findings in top athletes, athletic students and control subjects. Cardiology 1994;84:42-50.
Zorzi A, Mastella G, Cipriani A, Berton G, Del Monte A, Gusella B, Nese A, Portolan L, Sciacca F, Tikvina S, Tollot S, Trovato D, Iliceto S, Schiavon M, Corrado D. Burden of ventricular arrhythmias at 12-lead 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring in middle-aged endurance athletes versus sedentary controls. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2018;25:2003-2011.
Biffi A, Pelliccia A, Verdile L, Fernando F, Spataro A, Caselli S, Santini M, Maron BJ. Long-term clinical significance of frequent and complex ventricular tachyarrhythmias in trained athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:446-452.
Palatini P, Maraglino G, Sperti G, Calzavara A, Libardoni M, Pessina AC, Dal Palu C. Prevalence and possible mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias in athletes. Am Heart J 1985;110:560-567.
Lee V, Perera D, Lambiase P. Prognostic significance of exercise-induced premature ventricular complexes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Heart Asia 2017;9:14-24.
Lin C-Y, Chang S-L, Chung F-P, Chen Y-Y, Lin Y-J, Lo L-W, Hu Y-F, Tuan T-C, Chao T-F, Liao J-N, Chang Y-T, Lin C-H, Allamsetty S, Walia R, Te ALD, Yamada S, Chiang S-J, Tsao H-M, Chen S-A. Long-term outcome of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in structurally normal hearts. PLoS One 2016;11:e0160181.
Hutchinson MD, Garcia FC. An organized approach to the localization, mapping, and ablation of outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2013;24:1189-1197.
Luebbert J, Auberson D, Marchlinski F. Premature ventricular complexes in apparently normal hearts. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2016;8:503-514.
Haissaguerre M, Nademanee K, Hocini M, Cheniti G, Duchateau J, Frontera A, Sacher F, Derval N, Denis A, Pambrun T, Dubois R, Jais P, Benoist D, Walton RD, Nogami A, Coronel R, Potse M, Bernus O. Depolarization versus repolarization abnormality underlying inferolateral J-wave syndromes: new concepts in sudden cardiac death with apparently normal hearts. Heart Rhythm 2019;16:781-790.
Leenhardt A, Glaser E, Burguera M, Nurnberg M, Maison-Blanche P, Coumel P. Short-coupled variant of torsade de pointes. A new electrocardiographic entity in the spectrum of idiopathic ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Circulation 1994;89:206-215.
Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, Bryant WJ, Callans DJ, Curtis AB, Deal BJ, Dickfeld T, Field ME, Fonarow GC, Gillis AM, Granger CB, Hammill SC, Hlatky MA, Joglar JA, Kay GN, Matlock DD, Myerburg RJ, Page RL. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Heart Rhythm 2018;15:e190_e252.
Latchamsetty R, Bogun F. Premature ventricular complexes and premature ventricular complex induced cardiomyopathy. Curr Probl Cardiol 2015;40:379-422.
Morshedi-Meibodi A, Evans JC, Levy D, Larson MG, Vasan RS. Clinical correlates and prognostic significance of exercise-induced ventricular premature beats in the community: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2004;109:2417-2422.
Selzman KA, Gettes LS. Exercise-induced premature ventricular beats: should we do anything differently? Circulation 2004;109:2374-2375.
Zorzi A, Perazzolo Marra M, Rigato I, De Lazzari M, Susana A, Niero A, Pilichou K, Migliore F, Rizzo S, Giorgi B, De Conti G, Sarto P, Serratosa L, Patrizi G, De Maria E, Pelliccia A, Basso C, Schiavon M, Bauce B, Iliceto S, Thiene G, Corrado D. Nonischemic left ventricular scar as a substrate of lifethreatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in competitive athletes. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016;9:e004229. doi: 10. 1161/ CIRCEP. 116. 004229. Originally published July 7, 2016.
Cipriani A, Zorzi A, Sarto P, Donini M, Rigato I, Bariani R, De Lazzari M, Pilichou K, Thiene G, Iliceto S, Basso C, Corrado D, Perazzolo Marra M, Bauce B. Predictive value of exercise testing in athletes with ventricular ectopy evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance. Heart Rhythm 2019;16:239-248.
Gimeno JR, Tome-Esteban M, Lofiego C, Hurtado J, Pantazis A, Mist B, Lambiase P, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM. Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias and risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2009;30:2599-2605.
Priori SG, Napolitano C, Memmi M, Colombi B, Drago F, Gasparini M, DeSimone L, Coltorti F, Bloise R, Keegan R, Cruz Filho FES, Vignati G, Benatar A, DeLogu A. Clinical and molecular characterization of patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 2002;106:69-74.
Heidbuchel H, Hoogsteen J, Fagard R, Vanhees L, Ector H, Willems R, Van Lierde J. High prevalence of right ventricular involvement in endurance athletes with ventricular arrhythmias. Role of an electrophysiologic study in risk stratification. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1473-1480.
Sofi F, Capalbo A, Pucci N, Giuliattini J, Condino F, Alessandri F, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Califano S. Cardiovascular evaluation, including resting and exercise electrocardiography, before participation in competitive sports: cross sectional study. BMJ 2008;337:a346.
Haugaa KH, Leren IS, Berge KE, Bathen J, Loennechen JP, Anfinsen O-G, Fruh A, Edvardsen T, Kongsgard E, Leren TP, Amlie JP. High prevalence of exerciseinduced arrhythmias in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia mutation-positive family members diagnosed by cascade genetic screening. Europace 2010;12:417-423.
Sharma S, Drezner JA, Baggish A, Papadakis M, Wilson MG, Prutkin JM, La Gerche A, Ackerman MJ, Borjesson M, Salerno JC, Asif IM, Owens DS, Chung EH, Emery MS, Froelicher VF, Heidbuchel H, Adamuz C, Asplund CA, Cohen G, Harmon KG, Marek JC, Molossi S, Niebauer J, Pelto HF, Perez MV, Riding NR, Saarel T, Schmied CM, Shipon DM, Stein R, Vetter VL, Pelliccia A, Corrado D. International recommendations for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes. Eur Heart J 2018;39:1466-1480.
Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, Napolitano C, Bloise R, Ronchetti E, Grillo M, Vicentini A, Spazzolini C, Nastoli J, Bottelli G, Folli R, Cappelletti D. Risk stratification in the long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1866-1874.
Sy RW, van der Werf C, Chattha IS, Chockalingam P, Adler A, Healey JS, Perrin M, Gollob MH, Skanes AC, Yee R, Gula LJ, Leong-Sit P, Viskin S, Klein GJ, Wilde AA, Krahn AD. Derivation and validation of a simple exercise-based algorithm for prediction of genetic testing in relatives of LQTS probands. Circulation 2011;124:2187-2194.
Chandra N, Bastiaenen R, Papadakis M, Panoulas VF, Ghani S, Duschl J, Foldes D, Raju H, Osborne R, Sharma S. Prevalence of electrocardiographic anomalies in young individuals: relevance to a nationwide cardiac screening program. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:2028-2034.
Basavarajaiah S, Wilson M, Whyte G, Shah A, Behr E, Sharma S. Prevalence and significance of an isolated long QT interval in elite athletes. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2944-2949.
Johnson JN, Ackerman MJ. Return to play? Athletes with congenital long QT syndrome. Br J Sports Med 2013;47:28-33.
Schwartz PJ, Priori SG, Spazzolini C, Moss AJ, Vincent GM, Napolitano C, Denjoy I, Guicheney P, Breithardt G, Keating MT, Towbin JA, Beggs AH, Brink P, Wilde AA, Toivonen L, Zareba W, Robinson JL, Timothy KW, Corfield V, Wattanasirichaigoon D, Corbett C, Haverkamp W, Schulze-Bahr E, Lehmann MH, Schwartz K, Coumel P, Bloise R. Genotype-phenotype correlation in the long-QT syndrome: gene-specific triggers for life-threatening arrhythmias. Circulation 2001;103:89-95.
Schwartz PJ, Ackerman MJ. The long QT syndrome: a transatlantic clinical approach to diagnosis and therapy. Eur Heart J 2013;34:3109-3116.
Vincent GM, Schwartz PJ, Denjoy I, Swan H, Bithell C, Spazzolini C, Crotti L, Piippo K, Lupoglazoff J-M, Villain E, Priori SG, Napolitano C, Zhang L. High efficacy of beta-blockers in long-QT syndrome type 1: contribution of noncompliance and QT-prolonging drugs to the occurrence of beta-blocker treatment "failures". Circulation 2009;119:215-221.
Ackerman MJ, Zipes DP, Kovacs RJ, Maron BJ. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: Task Force 10: The cardiac channelopathies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. Circulation 2015;132:e326-9.
Drezner JA, Rogers KJ. Sudden cardiac arrest in intercollegiate athletes: detailed analysis and outcomes of resuscitation in nine cases. Heart Rhythm 2006;3:755-759.
Brugada P, Brugada J. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:1391-1396.
Brugada J, Campuzano O, Arbelo E, Sarquella-Brugada G, Brugada R. Present status of Brugada syndrome: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:1046-1059.
Frustaci A, Priori SG, Pieroni M, Chimenti C, Napolitano C, Rivolta I, Sanna T, Bellocci F, Russo MA. Cardiac histological substrate in patients with clinical phenotype of Brugada syndrome. Circulation 2005;112:3680-3687.
Frustaci A, Russo MA, Chimenti C. Structural myocardial abnormalities in asymptomatic family members with Brugada syndrome and SCN5A gene mutation. Eur Heart J 2009;30:1763.
Catalano O, Antonaci S, Moro G, Mussida M, Frascaroli M, Baldi M, Cobelli F, Baiardi P, Nastoli J, Bloise R, Monteforte N, Napolitano C, Priori SG. Magnetic resonance investigations in Brugada syndrome reveal unexpectedly high rate of structural abnormalities. Eur Heart J 2009;30:2241-2248.
van Hoorn F, Campian ME, Spijkerboer A, Blom MT, Planken RN, van Rossum AC, de Bakker JMT, Wilde AAM, Groenink M, Tan HL. SCN5A mutations in Brugada syndrome are associated with increased cardiac dimensions and reduced contractility. PLoS One 2012;7:e42037.
Baranchuk A, Nguyen T, Ryu MH, Femenia F, Zareba W, Wilde AAM, Shimizu W, Brugada P, Perez-Riera AR. Brugada phenocopy: new terminology and proposed classification. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2012;17:299-314.
Bayes de Luna A, Brugada J, Baranchuk A, Borggrefe M, Breithardt G, Goldwasser D, Lambiase P, Riera AP, Garcia-Niebla J, Pastore C, Oreto G, McKenna W, Zareba W, Brugada R, Brugada P. Current electrocardiographic criteria for diagnosis of Brugada pattern: a consensus report. J Electrocardiol 2012;45:433-442.
Chockalingam P, Rammeloo LA, Postema PG, Hruda J, Clur S-AB, Blom NA, Wilde AA. Fever-induced life-threatening arrhythmias in children harboring an SCN5A mutation. Pediatrics 2011;127:e239_e244. doi: 10. 1542/peds. 2010-1688.
Miyazaki T, Mitamura H, Miyoshi S, Soejima K, Aizawa Y, Ogawa S. Autonomic and antiarrhythmic drug modulation of ST segment elevation in patients with Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:1061-1070.
Mizumaki K, Fujiki A, Tsuneda T, Sakabe M, Nishida K, Sugao M, Inoue H. Vagal activity modulates spontaneous augmentation of ST elevation in the daily life of patients with Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2004;15:667-673.
Matsuo K, Kurita T, Inagaki M, Kakishita M, Aihara N, Shimizu W, Taguchi A, Suyama K, Kamakura S, Shimomura K. The circadian pattern of the development of ventricular fibrillation in patients with Brugada syndrome. Eur Heart J 1999;20:465-470.
Probst V, Denjoy I, Meregalli PG, Amirault J-C, Sacher F, Mansourati J, Babuty D, Villain E, Victor J, Schott J-J, Lupoglazoff J-M, Mabo P, Veltmann C, Jesel L, Chevalier P, Clur S-AB, Haissaguerre M, Wolpert C, Le Marec H, Wilde AAM. Clinical aspects and prognosis of Brugada syndrome in children. Circulation 2007;115:2042-2048.
Takigawa M, Noda T, Shimizu W, Miyamoto K, Okamura H, Satomi K, Suyama K, Aihara N, Kamakura S, Kurita T. Seasonal and circadian distributions of ventricular fibrillation in patients with Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2008;5:1523-1527.
Michowitz Y, Milman A, Sarquella-Brugada G, Andorin A, Champagne J, Postema PG, Casado-Arroyo R, Leshem E, Juang JJM, Giustetto C, Tfelt-Hansen J, Wijeyeratne YD, Veltmann C, Corrado D, Kim S-H, Delise P, Maeda S, Gourraud J-B, Sacher F, Mabo P, Takahashi Y, Kamakura T, Aiba T, Conte G, Hochstadt A, Mizusawa Y, Rahkovich M, Arbelo E, Huang Z, Denjoy I, Napolitano C, Brugada R, Calo L, Priori SG, Takagi M, Behr ER, Gaita F, Yan GX, Brugada J, Leenhardt A, Wilde AAM, Brugada P, Kusano KF, Hirao K, Nam G-B, Probst V, Belhassen B. Fever-related arrhythmic events in the multicenter survey on arrhythmic events in Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2018;15:1394-1401.
Rossenbacker T, Carroll SJ, Liu H, Kuiperi C, de Ravel TJL, Devriendt K, Carmeliet P, Kass RS, Heidbuchel H. Novel pore mutation in SCN5A manifests as a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from atrial flutter, conduction disease, and Brugada syndrome to sudden cardiac death. Heart Rhythm 2004;1:610-615.
Kasanuki H, Ohnishi S, Ohtuka M, Matsuda N, Nirei T, Isogai R, Shoda M, Toyoshima Y, Hosoda S. Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation induced with vagal activity in patients without obvious heart disease. Circulation 1997;95:2277-2285.
Arai Y, Saul JP, Albrecht P, Hartley LH, Lilly LS, Cohen RJ, Colucci WS. Modulation of cardiac autonomic activity during and immediately after exercise. Am J Physiol 1989;256:H132-41.
Smith ML, Hudson DL, Graitzer HM, Raven PB. Exercise training bradycardia: the role of autonomic balance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989;21:40-44.
Deharo JC, Bongiorni MG, Rozkovec A, Bracke F, Defaye P, Fernandez-Lozano I, Golzio PG, Hansky B, Kennergren C, Manolis AS, Mitkowski P, Platou ES. Pathways for training and accreditation for transvenous lead extraction: a European Heart Rhythm Association position paper. Europace 2012;14:124-134.
Lamas GA, Keefe JM. The effects of equitation (horseback riding) on a motion responsive DDDR pacemaker. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1990;13: 1371-1373.
Deering JA, Pederson DN. Pacemaker lead fracture associated with weightlifting: a report of two cases. Mil Med 1993;158:833-834.
Gould L, Betzu R, Taddeo M, Judge JD, Lee J. Pulse generator failure due to blunt trauma. Clin Cardiol 1988;11:581-582.
Grieco JG, Scanlon PJ, Pifarre R. Pacing lead fracture after a deceleration injury. Ann Thorac Surg 1989;47:453-454.
Schuger CD, Mittleman R, Habbal B, Wagshal A, Huang SK. Ventricular lead transection and atrial lead damage in a young softball player shortly after the insertion of a permanent pacemaker. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1992;15:1236-1239.
Altun A, Erdogan O. Pacemaker lead failure suggestive of crush injury. Cardiol Rev 2003;11:256.
Noble SL, Burri H, Sunthorn H. Complete section of pacemaker lead due to subclavian crush. Med J Aust 2005;182:643.
Exner DV, Rothschild JM, Heal S, Gillis AM. Unipolar sensing in contemporary pacemakers: using myopotential testing to define optimal sensitivity settings. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 1998;2:33-40.
Jain P, Kaul U, Wasir HS. Myopotential inhibition of unipolar demand pacemakers: utility of provocative manoeuvres in assessment and management. Int J Cardiol 1992;34:33-39.
Heidbuchel H, Willems R, Jordaens L, Olshansky B, Carre F, Fernandez Lozano I, Wilhelm M, Mussigbrodt A, Huybrechts W, Morgan J, Anfinsen OG, Prior D, Mont L, Mairesse GH, Boveda S, Duru F, Kautzner J, Viskin S, Geelen P, Cygankiewicz I, Hoffman E, Vanden LR. Intensive recreational athletes in the prospective multinational ICD Sports Safety Registry: results from the European cohort. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019;26:764-775.
Barry MJ, Edgman-Levitan S. Shared decision making _ pinnacle of patientcentered care. N Engl J Med 2012;366:780-781.
Rahman B, Macciocca I, Sahhar M, Kamberi S, Connell V, Duncan RE. Adolescents with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: a patient and parent perspective. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2012;35:62-72.
Olshansky B, Atteya G, Cannom D, Heidbuchel H, Saarel EV, Anfinsen O-G, Cheng A, Gold MR, Mussigbrodt A, Patton KK, Saxon LA, Wilkoff BL, Willems R, Dziura J, Li F, Brandt C, Simone L, Wilhelm M, Lampert R. Competitive athletes with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators _ how to program? Data from the Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Sports Registry. Heart Rhythm 2019;16:581-587.
Auricchio A, Schloss EJ, Kurita T, Meijer A, Gerritse B, Zweibel S, AlSmadi FM, Leng CT, Sterns LD. Low inappropriate shock rates in patients with single-and dual/triple-chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillators using a novel suite of detection algorithms: PainFree SST trial primary results. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:926-936.
Theuns DAMJ, Brouwer TF, Jones PW, Allavatam V, Donnelley S, Auricchio A, Knops RE, Burke MC. Prospective blinded evaluation of a novel sensing methodology designed to reduce inappropriate shocks by the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Heart Rhythm 2018;15:1515-1522.
Camm CF, James CA, Tichnell C, Murray B, Bhonsale A, te Riele ASJM, Judge DP, Tandri H, Calkins H. Prevalence of atrial arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 2013;10:1661-1668.
Zeitler EP, Sanders GD, Singh K, Greenfield RA, Gillis AM, Wilkoff BL, Piccini JP, Al-Khatib SM. Single vs. dual chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillators or programming of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients without a bradycardia pacing indication: systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace 2018;20:1621-1629.
Wilkoff BL, Fauchier L, Stiles MK, Morillo CA, Al-Khatib SM, Almendral J, Aguinaga L, Berger RD, Cuesta A, Daubert JP, Dubner S, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM 3rd, Fenelon G, Garcia FC, Gasparini M, Haines DE, Healey JS, Hurtwitz JL, Keegan R, Kolb C, Kuck K-H, Marinskis G, Martinelli M, Mcguire M, Molina LG, Okumura K, Proclemer A, Russo AM, Singh JP, Swerdlow CD, Teo WS, Uribe W, Viskin S, Wang C-C, Zhang S. 2015 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on optimal implantable cardioverter-defibrillator programming and testing. EP Europace 2016;18:159-183.
Sinha A-M, Stellbrink C, Schuchert A, Mox B, Jordaens L, Lamaison D, Gill J, Kaplan A, Merkely B. Clinical experience with a new detection algorithm for differentiation of supraventricular from ventricular tachycardia in a dual-chamber defibrillator. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2004;15:646-652.
Deisenhofer I, Kolb C, Ndrepepa G, Schreieck J, Karch M, Schmieder S, Zrenner B, Schmitt C. Do current dual chamber cardioverter defibrillators have advantages over conventional single chamber cardioverter defibrillators in reducing inappropriate therapies? A randomized, prospective study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:134-142.
van der Linde D, Konings EEM, Slager MA, Witsenburg M, Helbing WA, Takkenberg JJM, Roos-Hesselink JW. Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:2241-2247.
Longmuir PE, Brothers JA, de Ferranti SD, Hayman LL, Van Hare GF, Matherne GP, Davis CK, Joy EA, McCrindle BW. Promotion of physical activity for children and adults with congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2013;127:2147-2159.
Marelli AJ, Ionescu-Ittu R, Mackie AS, Guo L, Dendukuri N, Kaouache M. Lifetime prevalence of congenital heart disease in the general population from 2000 to 2010. Circulation 2014;130:749-756.
Inuzuka R, Diller G-P, Borgia F, Benson L, Tay ELW, Alonso-Gonzalez R, Silva M, Charalambides M, Swan L, Dimopoulos K, Gatzoulis MA. Comprehensive use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing identifies adults with congenital heart disease at increased mortality risk in the medium term. Circulation 2012;125:250-259.
Pelliccia A, Adami PE, Quattrini F, Squeo MR, Caselli S, Verdile L, Maestrini V, Di Paolo F, Pisicchio C, Ciardo R, Spataro A. Are Olympic athletes free from cardiovascular diseases? Systematic investigation in 2352 participants from Athens 2004 to Sochi 2014. Br J Sports Med 2017;51:238-243.
Pierpont ME, Basson CT, Benson DWJ, Gelb BD, Giglia TM, Goldmuntz E, McGee G, Sable CA, Srivastava D, Webb CL. Genetic basis for congenital heart defects: current knowledge: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Congenital Cardiac Defects Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Circulation 2007;115:3015-3038.
Correia JD, da Rosa EB, Silveira DB, Grapiglia CG, Canabarro ST, Waterkemper R, Zen PRG, Rosa RFM. Major extracardic malformations among patients with congenital heart defects. Int J Cardiol 2016;214:154-156.
Lui GK, Saidi A, Bhatt AB, Burchill LJ, Deen JF, Earing MG, Gewitz M, Ginns J, Kay JD, Kim YY, Kovacs AH, Krieger EV, Wu FM, Yoo S-J. Diagnosis and management of noncardiac complications in adults with congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017;136:e348_e392.
Hacker A-L, Oberhoffer R, Hager A, Ewert P, Muller J. Age-related cardiovascular risk in adult patients with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2019;277:90-96.
Giannakoulas G, Ntiloudi D. Acquired cardiovascular disease in adult patients with congenital heart disease. Heart 2018;104:546-547.
Koyak Z, Harris L, de Groot JR, Silversides CK, Oechslin EN, Bouma BJ, Budts W, Zwinderman AH, Van Gelder IC, Mulder BJM. Sudden cardiac death in adult congenital heart disease. Circulation 2012;126:1944-1954.
Zomer AC, Vaartjes I, Uiterwaal CSPM, van der Velde ET, van den Merkhof LFM, Baur LHB, Ansink TJM, Cozijnsen L, Pieper PG, Meijboom FJ, Grobbee DE, Mulder BJM. Circumstances of death in adult congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2012;154:168-172.
Scanlan S. Shaun White's biggest fans are the ones that share his heart condition. USA Today, 2018. https://eu. usatoday. com/story/sports/olympics/2018/02/ 13/shaun-whites-biggest-fans-ones-share-his-heart-condition/333985002/.
Lynge TH, Jeppesen AG, Winkel BG, Glinge C, Schmidt MR, Sondergaard L, Risgaard B, Tfelt-Hansen J. Nationwide study of sudden cardiac death in people with congenital heart defects aged 0 to 35 years. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2018;11:e005757.
Tutarel O, Gabriel H, Diller G-P. Exercise: friend or foe in adult congenital heart disease Curr Cardiol Rep 2013;15:416.
van Dissel AC, Blok IM, Hooglugt J-LQ, de Haan FH, Jorstad HT, Mulder BJM, Bouma BJ, Winter MM. Safety and effectiveness of home-based, self-selected exercise training in symptomatic adults with congenital heart disease: a prospective, randomised, controlled trial. Int J Cardiol 2019;278:59-64.
Eijsvogels TMH, Thompson PD, Franklin BA. The "extreme exercise hypothesis": recent findings and cardiovascular health implications. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 2018;20:84.
Kim JH, Baggish AL. Strenuous exercise and cardiovascular disease outcomes. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2017;19:1.
Dua JS, Cooper AR, Fox KR, Graham Stuart A. Exercise training in adults with congenital heart disease: feasibility and benefits. Int J Cardiol 2010;138: 196-205.
Duppen N, Takken T, Hopman MTE, ten Harkel ADJ, Dulfer K, Utens EMWJ, Helbing WA. Systematic review of the effects of physical exercise training programmes in children and young adults with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2013;168:1779-1787.
Cordina RL, O'Meagher S, Karmali A, Rae CL, Liess C, Kemp GJ, Puranik R, Singh N, Celermajer DS. Resistance training improves cardiac output, exercise capacity and tolerance to positive airway pressure in Fontan physiology. Int J Cardiol 2013;168:780-788.
Duppen N, Etnel JR, Spaans L, Takken T, van den Berg-Emons RJ, Boersma E, Schokking M, Dulfer K, Utens EM, Helbing W, Hopman MT. Does exercise training improve cardiopulmonary fitness and daily physical activity in children and young adults with corrected tetralogy of Fallot or Fontan circulation? A randomized controlled trial. Am Heart J 2015;170:606-614.
Chaix M-A, Marcotte F, Dore A, Mongeon F-P, Mondesert B, Mercier L-A, Khairy P. Risks and benefits of exercise training in adults with congenital heart disease. Can J Cardiol 2016;32:459-466.
Muller J, Amberger T, Berg A, Goeder D, Remmele J, Oberhoffer R, Ewert P, Hager A. Physical activity in adults with congenital heart disease and associations with functional outcomes. Heart 2017;103:1117-1121.
Budts W, Borjesson M, Chessa M, van Buuren F, Trigo Trindade P, Corrado D, Heidbuchel H, Webb G, Holm J, Papadakis M. Physical activity in adolescents and adults with congenital heart defects: individualized exercise prescription. Eur Heart J 2013;34:3669-3674.
Takken T, Giardini A, Reybrouck T, Gewillig M, Hovels-Gurich HH, Longmuir PE, McCrindle BW, Paridon SM, Hager A. Recommendations for physical activity, recreation sport, and exercise training in paediatric patients with congenital heart disease: a report from the Exercise, Basic & Translational Research Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012;19:1034-1065.
Muscogiuri G, Secinaro A, Ciliberti P, Fuqua M, Nutting A. Utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the management of adult congenital heart disease. J Thorac Imaging 2017;32:233-244.
Sparrow P, Merchant N, Provost Y, Doyle D, Nguyen E, Paul N. Cardiac MRI and CT features of inheritable and congenital conditions associated with sudden cardiac death. Eur Radiol 2009;19:259-270.
Simonneau G, Montani D, Celermajer DS, Denton CP, Gatzoulis MA, Krowka M, Williams PG, Souza R. Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2019;53:1801913.
Moller T, Brun H, Fredriksen PM, Holmstrom H, Pettersen E, Thaulow E. Moderate altitude increases right ventricular pressure and oxygen desaturation in adolescents with surgically closed septal defect. Congenit Heart Dis 2010;5:556-564.
Kovacs G, Berghold A, Scheidl S, Olschewski H. Pulmonary arterial pressure during rest and exercise in healthy subjects: a systematic review. Eur Respir J 2009;34:888-894.
Augustine DX, Coates-Bradshaw LD, Willis J, Harkness A, Ring L, Grapsa J, Coghlan G, Kaye N, Oxborough D, Robinson S, Sandoval J, Rana BS, Siva A, Nihoyannopoulos P, Howard LS, Fox K, Bhattacharyya S, Sharma V, Steeds RP, Mathew T. Echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary hypertension: a guideline protocol from the British Society of Echocardiography. Echo Res Pract 2018;5:G11_G24.
Galie N, Humbert M, Vachiery J-L, Gibbs S, Lang I, Torbicki A, Simonneau G, Peacock A, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Beghetti M, Ghofrani A, Gomez Sanchez MA, Hansmann G, Klepetko W, Lancellotti P, Matucci M, McDonagh T, Pierard LA, Trindade PT, Zompatori M, Hoeper M. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the Joint Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J 2016;37:67-119.
Muller J, Heck PB, Ewert P, Hager A. Noninvasive screening for pulmonary hypertension by exercise testing in congenital heart disease. Ann Thorac Surg 2017;103:1544-1549.
Dimopoulos K, Wort SJ, Gatzoulis MA. Pulmonary hypertension related to congenital heart disease: a call for action. Eur Heart J 2014;35:691-700.
Grunig E, Eichstaedt C, Barbera J-A, Benjamin N, Blanco I, Bossone E, Cittadini A, Coghlan G, Corris P, D'Alto M, D'Andrea A, Delcroix M, de Man F, Gaine S, Ghio S, Gibbs S, Gumbiene L, Howard LS, Johnson M, Jureviciene E, Kiely DG, Kovacs G, MacKenzie A, Marra AM, McCaffrey N, McCaughey P, Naeije R, Olschewski H, Pepke-Zaba J, Reis A, Santos M, Saxer S, Tulloh RM, Ulrich S, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Peacock AJ. ERS statement on exercise training and rehabilitation in patients with severe chronic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2019;53:1800332.
Kuijpers JM, Koolbergen DR, Groenink M, Boekholdt SM, Meijboom FJ, Jongbloed MRM, Hoendermis ES, Duijnhouwer AL, Mulder BJM, Bouma BJ. Aortic dissection and prophylactic surgery in congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2019;274:113-116.
Zhao Q, Shi K, Yang Z-G, Diao K-Y, Xu H-Y, Liu X, Guo Y-K. Predictors of aortic dilation in patients with coarctation of the aorta: evaluation with dualsource computed tomography. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2018;18:124.
Loomba RS, Buelow MW, Aggarwal S, Arora RR, Kovach J, Ginde S. Arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease: what are risk factors for specific arrhythmias? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2017;40:353-361.
Khairy P, Van Hare GF, Balaji S, Berul CI, Cecchin F, Cohen MI, Daniels CJ, Deal BJ, Dearani JA, Groot N de, Dubin AM, Harris L, Janousek J, Kanter RJ, Karpawich PP, Perry JC, Seslar SP, Shah MJ, Silka MJ, Triedman JK, Walsh EP, Warnes CA. PACES/HRS expert consensus statement on the recognition and management of arrhythmias in adult congenital heart disease: developed in partnership between the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS). Can J Cardiol 2014;30:e1_e63.
Diller G-P, Dimopoulos K, Okonko D, Li W, Babu-Narayan SV, Broberg CS, Johansson B, Bouzas B, Mullen MJ, Poole-Wilson PA, Francis DP, Gatzoulis MA. Exercise intolerance in adult congenital heart disease: comparative severity, correlates, and prognostic implication. Circulation 2005;112: 828-835.
Mantegazza V, Apostolo A, Hager A. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adult congenital heart disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017;14:S93_S101.
Borg G. Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scand J Rehabil Med 1970;2:92-98.
Kempny A, Dimopoulos K, Uebing A, Moceri P, Swan L, Gatzoulis MA, Diller G-P. Reference values for exercise limitations among adults with congenital heart disease. Relation to activities of daily life _ single centre experience and review of published data. Eur Heart J 2012;33:1386-1396.
d'Udekem Y. Cardiorespiratory fitness, not the severity of the condition, dictates late outcomes after Fontan procedures. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:2745-2747.
Evangelista A, Flachskampf FA, Erbel R, Antonini-Canterin F, Vlachopoulos C, Rocchi G, Sicari R, Nihoyannopoulos P, Zamorano J, Pepi M, Breithardt O-A, Plonska-Gosciniak E. Echocardiography in aortic diseases: EAE recommendations for clinical practice. Eur J Echocardiogr 2010;11:645-658.
Ait Ali L, Pingitore A, Piaggi P, Brucini F, Passera M, Marotta M, Cadoni A, Passino C, Catapano G, Festa P. Respiratory training late after Fontan intervention: impact on cardiorespiratory performance. Pediatr Cardiol 2018;39:695-704.
Maron BJ, Shirani J, Poliac LC, Mathenge R, Roberts WC, Mueller FO. Sudden death in young competitive athletes. Clinical, demographic, and pathological profiles. JAMA 1996;276:199-204.
Maron BJ, Haas TS, Ahluwalia A, Murphy CJ, Garberich RF. Demographics and epidemiology of sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: from the United States National Registry. Am J Med 2016;129:1170-1177.
Locati EH, Zareba W, Moss AJ, Schwartz PJ, Vincent GM, Lehmann MH, Towbin JA, Priori SG, Napolitano C, Robinson JL, Andrews M, Timothy K, Hall WJ. Age-and sex-related differences in clinical manifestations in patients with congenital long-QT syndrome: findings from the International LQTS Registry. Circulation 1998;97:2237-2244.
Makkar RR, Fromm BS, Steinman RT, Meissner MD, Lehmann MH. Female gender as a risk factor for torsades de pointes associated with cardiovascular drugs. JAMA 1993;270:2590-2597.